Φυλακές εκτός Κράτους Δικαίου στη Βραζιλία: από την ποινική αυστηρότητα στην άτυπη συνδιοίκηση φυλακών με εγκληματικές οργανώσεις


Αντιγόνη: το Ερώτημα, Ιούνιος 2026, (VI)11
Δημοσιευμένα: Ιουλ 4, 2026
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
άτυπη συνδιοίκηση φυλακών Βραζιλία φυλακές Primeiro Comando da Capital άτυπος κώδικας συμπεριφοράς κρατούμενοι
Ουίλιαμ Αλοσκόφης
Περίληψη

Στο άρθρο αυτό εξετάζεται ένα παράδοξο της ποινικής αυστηρότητας στη Βραζιλία: διευκόλυνε τη συγκρότηση και τη γιγάντωση εγκληματικών οργανώσεων εντός των φυλακών και τη διαμόρφωση καθεστώτων άτυπης συνδιοίκησης με κρατουμένους. Οι φυλακές της Βραζιλίας μετατράπηκαν σε κέντρα διοίκησης, πεδία στρατολόγησης και μηχανισμούς εσωτερικού ελέγχου μελών και συνεργατών εγκληματικών οργανώσεων. Οργανώσεις που επεκτάθηκαν στη συνέχεια στις φαβέλες μεγάλων πόλεων, ελέγχοντας, μεταξύ άλλων, εμπόριο και εξαγωγές ναρκωτικών. Αποκαλυπτική είναι η περίπτωση της ισχυρότερης από όλες, της Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC), που συγκροτήθηκε σε φυλακή της Βραζιλίας και εξελίχτηκε σε υπερεθνική οργάνωση. Επισημαίνονται συνθήκες που ευνοούν τη διαμόρφωση καθεστώτων άτυπης συνδιοίκησης αξιοποιώντας παραδείγματα και από άλλες χώρες της Λατινικής Αμερικής. Σκοπός είναι να αναδειχτεί στον δημόσιο διάλογο στην Ελλάδα το αντιπαραγωγικό αποτέλεσμα που ενδέχεται να έχει μακροπρόθεσμα η ποινική αυστηρότητα στην αντιμετώπιση της οργανωμένης εγκληματικότητας.  

Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
  • Ενότητα
  • ΚΡΑΤΟΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΠΟΙΝΙΚΟ ΦΑΙΝΟΜΕΝΟ
Βιογραφικό Συγγραφέα
Ουίλιαμ Αλοσκόφης

Ο Ουίλιαμ Αλοσκόφης είναι Δρ. Κοινωνιολόγος, μόνιμος υπάλληλος κλάδου ΠΕ Κοινωνιολόγων, Σωφρονιστικό Κατάστημα Κορυδαλλού Ι από το 2000 μέχρι σήμερα. Είναι διδάκτωρ του Γενικού Τμήματος Δικαίου (1998) και πτυχιούχος του Τμήματος Κοινωνιολογίας (1988) του Παντείου Πανεπιστημίου Κοινωνικών και Πολιτικών Επιστημών. Έχει Πτυχίο Παιδαγωγικών Σπουδών της ΠΑ.ΤΕ.Σ. - Σ.Ε.Λ.Ε.Τ.Ε. Αθηνών (1998), και μεταπτυχιακή εξειδίκευση στην Ανοικτή και Εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπα΄ίδευση, τη μεθοδολογία της οποίας έχει διδάξει σε μεταπτυχιακό επίπεδο, ως μέλος Σ.Ε.Π. στη Σχολή Ανθρωπιστικών Σπουδών του Ελληνικού Ανοικτού Πανεπιστημίου (2001-2002). Οι επιστημονικές του δημοσιεύσεις κινούνται στο γνωστικό πεδίο της Κοινωνολογίας της Φυλακής και του Ποινικού Συστήματος γενικότερα. Έχει διδάξει ως Μέλος Σ.Ε.Π., στο ΠΜΣ "Εγκληματολογικές και ποινικές προσεγγίσεις της διαφθοράς, του οικονομικού και του οργανωμένου εγκλήματος", Σχολή Κοινωνικών Επιστημών, Ελληνικό Ανοικτό Πανεπιστήμιο (Ε.Α.Π.) (2018-2025) και ως Επιστημονικός Συνεργάτης στο ΠΜΣ "Εγκληματολογία και Αντεγκληματική Πολιτική" της Νομικής Σχολής του ΕΚΠΑ (2025-2026).

Αναφορές
Αναφερόμενη βιβλιογραφία
Ελληνόγλωσση
Αλοσκόφης, Ου. (2010). Ο άτυπος κώδικας συμπεριφοράς των κρατουμένων. Στρατηγικές επιβίωσης στη σύγχρονη φυλακή. Αθήνα: Αντ. Ν. Σάκκουλα.
Αλοσκόφης, Ου. και Πανάγος, Κ. (2025). Η σημασία των άτυπων ιεραρχιών κρατουμένων για την εμπειρία του εγκλεισμού: Σύγκριση δύο ερευνών σε ελληνικές φυλακές με βάση την πρόσφατη νομολογία του ΕΔΔΑ και τα νέα πρότυπα της CPT. The Art of Crime, 15, 103-138. https://theartofcrime.gr/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ART_OF_CRIME_15_ALOSKOFHS_PANAGOS.pdf
Ataíde, Y.D.B. de (2002). Κατανόησέ με ή σε καταβροχθίζω. Προφορικές μαρτυρίες από τη ζωή των παιδιών του δρόμου στο Σαλβαντόρ (μετ. Χ. Κακουρής, Λ. Τσιλίκου). Αθήνα: Κατάρτι.
Γενική Γραμματεία Αντεγκληματικής Πολιτικής (2026). Στατιστικά στοιχεία κρατουμένων. https://sofron.gov.gr/sofronistika-katastimata/statistika-stoixeia-kratoumenon/
Γεωργούλας, Σ. (2020). Ζητήματα ιστορικής και συγκριτικής κριτικής εγκληματολογίας. Αθήνα: ΚΨΜ.
Goffman, E. (1994). Άσυλα. Δοκίμια για την κοινωνική κατάσταση των ασθενών του ψυχιατρείου και άλλων τροφίμων (μετ. Ξ. Κομνηνός). Αθήνα: Ευρύαλος.
Μουζέλης, Ν.Π. (1986). Κοινοβουλευτισμός και εκβιομηχάνιση στην ημι-περιφέρεια. Ελλάδα, Βαλκάνια, Λατινική Αμερική. Αθήνα: Θεμέλιο.
Πανάγος, Κ.Ι. (2018). Η σεξουαλική βία μεταξύ κρατουμένων. Ο κοινωνικός έλεγχος του φαινομένου σε τυπικό και άτυπο επίπεδο. Αθήνα: Αντ. Ν. Σάκκουλα.
Σεραφετινίδου, Μ. (2003). Το φαινόμενο της γραφειοκρατίας. Τόμος Ι. Η θεωρητική συζήτηση. Αθήνα: Gutenberg.
Σπυρέα, Σ. (2021). Κοινωνική τάξη και εμπειρία της φυλακής: Μια εγκληματολογική προσέγγιση (Διδακτορική διατριβή). Κομοτηνή: ΔΠΘ. https://doi.org/10.12681/eadd/50626
Ξενόγλωσση
Adorno, S. & Salla, F. (2007). Organized criminality in prisons and the attacks of the PCC. Revista Estudos Avançados, 61(3), 7-29. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2013.02.37
Agapito, L. S. & Dias, C. N., Miranda, M. de A., Redies, R. K. & Januário, T. F. X. (2025). “Understanding the impacts of organized crime on the Brazilian prison system: A criminological analysis”. In L. Ilijić (edr), Prison life organization and security: Criminological, penological, sociological, psychological, legal, and security aspects, (pp. 25-46). Belgrade: Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research in Belgrade. DOI: 10.47152/PrisonLIFE.D4.5
Agapito, L., Miranda, M. A., Redies, R. K. & Januário, F. X. J. (2024). “On the relationship between organized crime and the Brazilian prison system”. In M. Milićević, I. Stevanović & L. Ilijić (eds.), Proceedings of the international scientific conference “Life in prison: criminological, penological, psychological, sociological, legal, security, and medical issues” (pp. 159–163). Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research. https://doi.org/10.47152/PrisonLIFE2024.30
Antillano, A. (2017). When prisoners make the prison: self-rule in Venezuelan prisons. Prison Service Journal, 229, 26-30.
Antillano, A., Pojomovsky, I., Zubillaga, V., Sepúlveda C., and Hanson, R. (2015). The Venezuelan prison: from neoliberalism to the Bolivarian revolution. Crime, Law & Social Change, 65, 195-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-015-9576-4
Antillano, A., Zubillaga, V., and Keymer, A. (2016). “Revolution and counter-revolution: the paradoxes of drug policy in Bolivarian Venezuela”. In: B.L. Labate, C. Cavnar & T. Rodrigues (Επιμ.), Drug policies and the politics of drugs in the Americas (pp. 105-122). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29082-9_7
Arias, E. D. (2006). The dynamics of criminal governance: Networks and social order in Rio de Janeiro. Journal of Latin American Studies, 38(2), 293-325. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X06000721
Bandariz-Garcia, J.A., & Sozzo, M. (2014, September). Beyond neoliberalism? A critical reading of the uses of this concept to think about contemporary transformations of penality. European Group for the Study of Deviance and Social Control 2014 annual Conference, Liverpool, England.
Berg, R.C. (2020). Breaking out. Brazil’s First Capital Command and the emerging prison-based threat. American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Breaking-Out.pdf
Biderman, C., De Mello, J. M. P., De Lima, R.S., Schneider, A. (2019). Pax monopolista and crime: the case of the emergence of the Primeiro Comando da Capital in São Paulo. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 35, 573-605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-018-9393-x
Biondi, K. (2016). Sharing this walk: An ethnography of prison life and the PCC in Brazil. University of North Carolina Press.
Biondi, K. (2017a). Movement between and beyond walls: micropolitics of incitements and variations among São Paolo’s prisoner’s movement, the ‘PCC’ and the prison system. Prison Service Journal, 229, 23-25.
Biondi, K. (2017b). Prison violence, prison justice: The rise of Brazil’s PCC: Could the origins and code of ethics of São Paulo’s largest prison gang offer a new way to think about prison security policy in Brazil? NACLA Report on the Americas, 49(3), 341–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2017.1373963
Biondi, K. & Curtis, J. (2019). “From structural to stochastic violence”. In: K. Biondi, J. Curtis & R. Irwin, Authoritarianism and confinement in the Americas (pp. 46-53). PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review.
Birkbeck, C. (2011). Imprisonment and internment: comparing penal institutions North and South. Punishment & Society, 13(3): 307–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474511404320
Butler, M., Slade, G. and Dias, C. (2022). Self-governing prisons: prison gangs in an international perspective. Trends in Organized Crime, 25, 427-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12117-018-9338-7
Carter, J. H. (2014). Gothic sovereignty: gangs and criminal community in a Honduran prison. South Atlantic Quarterly, 113(3): 475–502.
Carter, J. H. (2017a). Mass incarceration, co-governance, and prison reform in Honduras: Inmate councils have been crucial to the day-to-day administration of a prison system functioning at its financial limits. But President Juan Orlando Hernández has other reforms in mind. NACLA Report on the Americas, 49(3), 354–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2017.1373965
Carter, J. H. (2017b). Neoliberal penology and criminal finance in Honduras. Prison Service Journal, 229, 10-14.
Carter, J. H. (2021). Fire next time: gangs, prison, and the apocalyptic image in Honduras. In: Darke, S., Garces, C., Duno-Gottberg, L., Antillano, A. (eds) Carceral communities in Latin America (pp. 127-144), Palgrave Macmillan, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61499-7_6
Cerbini, F. (2017). From the panopticon to the anti-panopticon: The ‘art of government’ in the prison of San Pedro. Prison Service Journal, 229, 31-34.
Clegg, S., & Dunkerley, D. (1980). Organization, class, and control. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Council of Europe – European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (2011). Δημόσια δήλωση σχετικά με την Ελλάδα. CPT/Inf (2011) 10.
Council of Europe – European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (2014). Report to the Greek Government on the visit to Greece carried out by the CPT from 4 to 16 April 2013. CPT/Inf (2014) 26.
Council of Europe – European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (2025). Informal prisoner hierarchy. Prison standard CPT/Inf(2025) 12.
Council of Europe (2006). European Prison Rules. Recommendation Rec(2006)2 of the Committee of Ministers to member states, adopted on 11 January 2006. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
Darke, S. (2013). Inmate governance in Brazilian prisons. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 52(3), 272-284. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12010
Darke, S. (2014). Managing without guards in a Brazilian police lockup. Focaal: Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology, 68, 55-67. https://doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2014.680104
Darke, S. (2017). Surviving in the new mass carceral zone. Prison Service Journal, 229, 2-9.
Darke, S. (2017, 26/1). Who is really in control of Brazil’s prisons? The Conversation.
Darke, S. (2018). Conviviality and survival: Co-producing Brazilian prison order. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92210-2
Darke, S. (2023). Radical alternatives to punitive detention. In: M. Sozzo (Edr.), Power and prisons in Latin America (pp. 329-363). London: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98602-5_11
Dias, C. N., & Darke, S. (2016). From dispersed to monopolized violence: Expansion and consolidation of the Primeiro Comando da Capital's hegemony in São Paulo's prisons. Crime, Law and Social Change, 65(3), 213-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-015-9578-2
Dias, C. N., & Salla, F. (2013). Organized crime in Brazilian prisons: The example of the PCC. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 2, 397–408. http://www.lifescienceglobal.com/pms/index.php/ijcs/article/view/1459
Dieter, V. S. (2022). Co-governance of dialogue: hegemony in a Brazilian prison. In: M. Sozzo (ed.), Prisons, inmates and governance in Latin America (187-232), Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology, Cham: Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98602-5_7
Dieter, V. S. (2023). Rioting struggles in Brazil: Prison gangs, staff and criminal justice hegemony. In: R.P. Cavalcanti, P. Squires, & Z. Waseem, (Eds.), Southern and postcolonial perspectives on policing, security and social order (pp. 143-168). Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.56687/9781529223699-011
Dieter, V. S., & Freitas, R. A. de (2020). The ‘prison-presence’: Prison culture beyond its walls. Rivista Antigone, 11(2), 62-81.
Feltram, G., Pinho, I.V. & Ruiz-Benitez de Lugo, L.B. (2023, August). Atlantic connections. The PCC and the Brazil-West Africa cocaine trade. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
Fischer-Hoffman, C. (2016). Prisons and power: Carceral coloniality in hybrid post-neoliberal Venezuela. Alternautas, 3(2), 34-52. https://doi.org/10.54014/0144-av7z
Garces, C. (2010). The cross politics of Ecuador's penal state. Cultural Anthropology, 25(3), 459-496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01067.x
Gómez, J. (2018). Pran justice: Social order, dispute processing, and adjudication in the Venezuelan prison subculture. UC Irvine Law Review, 8(2), 183-206. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118845387.wbeoc051
Green, P. and Ward, T. (2004). State crime. Governments, violence, and corruption. London: Pluto Press.
Jański, K. (2022). Primeiro Comando da Capital and Comando Vermelho. Genesis, evolution and their impact through narco-culture. Ad Americam, 23, 5–27. https://doi.org/10.12797/adamericam.23.2022.23.01
Karam, M. L. (2017). Hearing the voices of Brazilian correction officers. Prison Service Journal, 229, 48-50.
Lessing, B. (2010). The danger of dungeons: prison gangs and incarcerated militant groups. In Small Arms Survey 2013: Everyday dangers (pp. 157-183). Cambridge University Press.
Lessing, B. (2014, May 5). How to build a criminal empire from behind bars: Prison gangs and projection of power [Conference paper]. IZA Riskonomics Conference. https://conference.iza.org/conference_files/riskonomics2014/lessing_b9947.pdf
Lessing, B. (2022). Criminal governance in Latin America from a comparative perspective: introduction to the Special Edition. Dilemas: Revista de Estudos de Conflito e Controle Social, Edição Especial, 2, 11-20.
Lessing, B., & Willis, G. D. (2019). Legitimacy in criminal governance: Managing a drug empire from behind bars. American Political Science Review, 113(2), 584-606. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055418000928
Macaulay, F. (2011). Federalism and state criminal justice systems. Στο: T.J. Power & M.M. Taylor, Corruption, and democracy in Brazil. The struggle for accountability (pp. 218-249). Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
Macaulay, F. (2013). Modes of prison administration, control, and governmentality in Latin America: Adoption, adaptation, and hybridity. Conflict, Security & Development, 13(4), 361-392. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2013.849471
Macaulay, F. (2017). The policy challenges of informal prisoner governance. Prison Service Journal, 229, 51-56.
Macaulay, F. (2018). Non-governmental organisations and the rule of law: The experience of Latin America. In: C. May & A. Winchester (Eds.), Handbook on the Rule of Law (pp. 257-270). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Macaulay, F. (2019). Prisoner capture. Welfare, lawfare, and warfare in Latin America’s overcrowded prisons. In: R. Sieder, K. Ansolabehere, & T. Alfonso (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Law, and Society in Latin America (pp. 243-258). Routledge.
Meirelles, F., & Lund, K. (Directors). (2002). City of God [Cidade de Deus] [Film]. O2 Filmes; VideoFilmes; Globo Filmes.
Mendoza, M. (2025). Building the beast: The evolution of Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) from street gang to transnational criminal organization (Doctoral dissertation, The Claremont Graduate University).
Mitchell, M.M., Fahmy, Ch., Pyrooz, D.C. & Decker, S. (2017). Criminal crews, codes, and contexts: Differences and similarities across the code of the street, convict code, street gangs, and prison gangs, Deviant Behavior, 38(10), 1197-1222, https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1246028
Morittu, A. (2024). Inside-out: Exploring prison culture. Form@re : Open Journal per la Formazione in Rete, 24 (3), 97-113. https://doi.org/10.36253/form-16484
Núñez, J. (2017). The blind Panopticon: prisoners’ subversion of the prison in Ecuador 1875-2014. Prison Service Journal, 229, 35-39.
Oliveira Muniz, J. de, & Dias, C.N. (2022). Armed domains and their criminal governments: A non-phantasmic approach to “organized crime”. Estudos Avançados, 36, 131-152.
Olivero, J. M. (1998). The crisis in Mexican prisons: the impact of the United States. In R.P. Weiss & N. South (Ed.), Comparing prison systems. Toward a comparative and international penology (pp. 99-113), Amsterdam: Gordon & Breach Publishers.
Olmo, R. (1998). The state of prisons and prisoners in four countries of the Andean Region. In R.P. Weiss & N. South (Ed.), Comparing prison systems. Toward a comparative and international penology (pp. 115-139), Amsterdam: Gordon & Breach Publishers.
Peirce, J., & Fondevila, G. (2020). Concentrated violence: The influence of criminal activity and governance on prison violence in Latin America. International Criminal Justice Review, 30(1), 99-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057567719850235
Ponce, C., & Bouchard, M. (2026). Still standing: proactive resilience mechanisms in the MS-13 in El Salvador. The British Journal of Criminology, 66, 168-187. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaf038
Skarbek, D. (2010). Self-governance in San Pedro prison. The Independent Review, 14(4), 569-585.
Skarbek, D. (2011). Governance and prison gangs. American Political Science Review, 105(4), 702-716. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055411000335
Skarbek, D. (2012). Prison gangs, norms, and organizations. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 82(1), 96-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2012.01.002
Skarbek, D. (2016). Covenants without the sword? Comparing prison self-governance globally. American Political Science Review, 110(4), 845-862. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055416000459
Skarbek, D. (2020). The puzzle of prison order. Why life behind bars varies around the world? Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672492.001.0001
Skarbek, D. (2024). The political economy of criminal governance. Public Choice, 200, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-024-01147-3
Stahlberg, S.G. (2022). From prison gangs to transnational mafia: the expansion of organized crime in Brazil. Trends in Organized Crime, 25, 443-465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-022-09453-2
Sykes, G. M. (1974/1958). The society of captives: A study of a maximum-security prison. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Tilly, C. (1985). War making and state making as organized crime. In P. B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol (Eds.), Bringing the state back in (pp. 169-191). Cambridge University Press.
Tritton, P. (2017). An insider’s view of reform in Ecuador. Prison Service Journal, 229, 40-44.
United Nations (2015). United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 17 December 2015, A/RES/70/175.
Wacquant, L. (2008). The militarization of urban marginality: Lessons from the Brazilian metropolis. International Political Sociology, 2(1), 56-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-5687.2008.00037.x
Wacquant, L. (2010). Urban outcasts. A comparative sociology of advanced marginality. Cambridge: Polity.
Wang, Μ. & Wang, P. (2026). ‘Allowed deviations’: Co-governance and patron–client relationships in Chinese prisons. The British Journal of Criminology, 66(1), 40–58, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaf012
Weegels, J. (2017). Prisoner self-governance and survival in a Nicaraguan city jail. Prison Service Journal, 229, 31-37.
Weegels, J. (2019). Inside out: confinement, revolt, and repression in Nicaragua. In: K. Biondi, J. Curtis & R. Irwin, Authoritarianism and confinement in the Americas, PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, pp. 9-14.
Weegels, J. (2020). Prison riots in Nicaragua: Negotiating co-governance amid creative violence and public secrecy. International Criminal Justice Review, 30(1), 61-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057567719849485
Weegels, J., Jefferson, A. M., & Martin, T. M. (2020). Introduction: Confinement beyond site: Connecting urban and prison ethnographies. The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology, 38(1), 1-14.