Innovations and Contradictions in Applying Blockchain Technology in Records Management under General Data Protection Regulation

PDF
Published: Jul 17, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26265/jiim.v10i1.41216
Keywords:
Records management, Information Governance, Blockchain Technology, GDPR.
Nikolaos Kareklas
Department of Archival, Library & Information Studies, University of West Attica
Artemis Chaleplioglou
Department of Archival, Library & Information Studies, University of West Attica
Abstract

Purpose – This review aims to highlight the innovations and contradictions of Blockchain Technology applications in Records regarding the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union (EU).


Design/methodology/approach – An extensive literature review was conducted, which revealed of many articles based on research into blockchain, most written from a legal perspective. This report focuses on the extent of analysis of the contradiction that exists between Blockchain information storage and international personal data protection legal requirements, with an emphasis on EU. The variety of proposed solutions to overcome this issue are discussed.


Findings – The incompatibility between blockchain technology and data privacy is because of three fundamental inconsistencies: (a) Data cannot be modified once inserted into a block, which conflicts with the right to delete and correct them; (b) Data is publicly available in each participant of the blockchain, a function that conflicts with the principles of confidentiality, accountability, and the designation of a central data processor; and (c) The data is stored indefinitely, in conflict with the GDPR principles related to the purpose, necessity and minimizing of information.


Originality/value - This paper contributes an original analysis of the implications of the adoption of Blockchain in Records Management and the implications that exist with GDPR.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Research Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Copyright Notice

Authors who publish with JIIM agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with:
  2. An acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
References
N. Al-Zaben, M. M. H. Onik, J. Yang, N. Y. Lee, and C. S. Kim, "General data protection regulation complied blockchain architecture for personally identifiable information management," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput., Electron. Commun. Eng. (iCCECE), Southend, UK, pp. 77–82, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1109/iCCECOME.2018.8658586.
A. Rieger, J. Lockl, N. Urbach, F. Guggenmos, and G. Fridgen, "Building a Blockchain Application that Complies with the EU General Data Protection Regulation," MIS Quarterly Executive, vol. 18, no. 4, Article 7, Dec. 2019. [Online]. Available: https://aisel.aisnet.org/misqe/vol18/iss4/7
V. L. Lemieux, "Trusting records: Is blockchain technology the answer?," Records Management Journal, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 110–139, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1108/RMJ-12-2015-0042.
G. W. Peters and E. Panayi, "Understanding modern banking ledgers through blockchain technologies: Future of transaction processing and smart contracts on the internet of money," in Banking Beyond Banks and Money: A Guide to Banking Services in the Twenty-First Century, P. Tasca, A. Aste, L. Pelizzon, and N. Perony, Eds. Cham: Springer, 2016, pp. 239–278, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-42448-4_13.
P. Vigna and M. J. Casey, The Truth Machine: The Blockchain and the Future of Everything. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2018.
B. Markey-Towler, "Anarchy, blockchain, and utopia: A theory of political-socioeconomic systems organized using blockchain," The Journal of the British Blockchain Association, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–13, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.31585/jbba-1-1-(1)2018.
Hamilton, C., Harris, V., Taylor, J., Pickover, M., Reid, G., & Saleh, R. (2005). Refiguring the Archive. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3089-6
Duranti, L., & Michetti, G. (2012). Archival method. In A. Gilliland, S. McKemmish, & A. Lau (Eds.), Archival Multiverse (pp. 75–95). Victoria: Monash University Publishing.
Lemieux, V. L. (2019). Blockchain and public recordkeeping: Of temples, prisons and the (re)configuration of power. Frontiers in Blockchain, 2, 5.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2019.00005
International Organization for Standardization. (2001). ISO 15489-1:2001—Information and documentation—Records management—Part 1: General. Geneva: ISO. [Withdrawn; superseded by ISO 15489-1:2016].
ARMA International. (2013). Generally Accepted Recordkeeping Principles. ARMA International. Retrieved from https://sosmt.gov/Portals/142/ARM/2015/notices/the-principles_executive-summaries_final.pdf
[Duranti, L., & Rogers, C. (2014). Trust in records and data online. In J. Lowry & J. Wamukoya (Eds.), Integrity in Government through Records Management: Essays in Honour of Anne Thurston (pp. 203–216). Farnham: Ashgate.
DLM Forum Foundation. (2011). MoReq2010: Modular Requirements for Records Systems—Volume 1: Core Services & Plug-in Modules. Brussels: Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/3e4c72c8-e802-4d73-bb1d-6cf3753d761c
Franks, PC (2020). Implications of blockchain distributed ledger technology for records management and information governance programs. Records Management Journal (in press). Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 287-299. https://doi.org/10.1108/RMJ-08-2019-0047, Issue publication date: 4 December 2020
Macrinici, D., Cartofeanu, C., & Gao, S. (2018). Smart contract applications within blockchain technology: A systematic mapping study. Telematics and Informatics, 35(8), 2337–2354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.10.004​:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
Lemieux, V. L., Hofman, D., Batista, D., & Joo, A. (2019). Blockchain Technology & Recordkeeping. ARMA International Educational Foundation. Retrieved from https://armaedfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/AIEF-Research-Paper-Blockchain-Technology-Recordkeeping.pdf​:contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}
Bhatia, S., Douglas, E. K., & Most, M. (2020). Blockchain and records management: Disruptive force or new approach? Records Management Journal, 30(3), 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1108/RMJ-08-2019-0040OUCI+2IGI Global+2Ejournals+2
Zyskind, G., Nathan, O., & Pentland, A. S. (2015). Decentralizing privacy: Using blockchain to protect personal data. In 2015 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (pp. 180–184). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SPW.2015.27SCIRP
Cong, L. W., & He, Z. (2019). Blockchain disruption and smart contracts. The Review of Financial Studies, 32(5), 1754–1797. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz007IDEAS/RePEc+2OUP Academic+2SCIRP+2
Halamka, J. D., Lippman, A., & Ekblaw, A. (2017). The potential for blockchain to transform electronic health records. Harvard Business Review, 3(3), 2–5. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2017/03/the-potential-for-blockchain-to-transform-electronic-health-records
Shrier, A. A., Chang, A., Diakun-Thibault, N., Forni, L., Landa, F., Mayo, J., & van Riezen, R. (2016). Blockchain and Health IT: Algorithms, Privacy, and Data. Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from:
https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/1-78-blockchainandhealthitalgorithmsprivacydata_whitepaper.pdf
Sunil, B., & Sangamesh, K. (2019). Blockchain Technology for Securing Healthcare Records. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 6(4), 1804–1806. DOI not available.
Harshini, V. M., Danai, S., Usha, H. R., & Kounte, M. R. (2019, April). Health Record Management through Blockchain Technology. In 2019 3rd International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI) (pp. 1411–1415). IEEE.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOEI.2019.8862594Webology+2OUCI+2OUCI+2
Vaibhav, S., Manas, J., Raj, B., & Kishore, S. (2020). Electronic Health Records Maintenance Using Blockchain. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 4624–4627. DOI not available.
Sadiku, M. N. O., Eze, K. G., & Musa, S. M. (2018). Blockchain Technology in Healthcare. International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering, 4(5), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.31695/IJASRE.2018.32723EurekaSelect+2ijasre.net+2ResearchGate+2
Noh, S. W., Park, Y., Sur, C., Shin, S. U., & Rhee, K. H. (2017). Blockchain-Based User-Centric Records Management System. International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems, 10(11), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijca.2017.10.11.12MDPIPMC
Azaria, A., Ekblaw, A., Vieira, T., & Lippman, A. (2016, August). MedRec: Using Blockchain for Medical Data Access and Permission Management. In 2016 2nd International Conference on Open and Big Data (OBD) (pp. 25–30). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/OBD.2016.11
Armstrong, S. (2018). Bitcoin Technology Could Take a Bite Out of the NHS Data Problem. BMJ, 361, k1996.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k1996
Navadkar, V. H., Nighot, A., & Wantmure, R. (2018). Overview of Blockchain Technology in Government/Public Sectors. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(6), 2287–2292. DOI not available.
Tasnim, M. A., Al Omar, A., Rahman, M. S., & Bhuiyan, M. Z. A. (2018, December). CRAB: Blockchain-Based Criminal Record Management System. In International Conference on Security, Privacy and Anonymity in Computation, Communication, and Storage (pp. 294–303). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05345-1_25
Vermont Agency of Digital Services. (2019). Blockchains for Public Recordkeeping and Recording Land Records. A White Paper of the Vermont State Archives and Records Administration Office of the Vermont Secretary of State. Vermont: Vermont League of Cities and Towns.
Thakur, V., Doja, M. N., Dwivedi, Y. K., Ahmad, T., & Khadanga, G. (2020). Land records on blockchain for implementation of land titling in India. International Journal of Information Management, 52, 101940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.04.013OUCI+4pure.kfupm.edu.sa+4Cronfa+4
Lazuashvili, N., Norta, A., & Draheim, D. (2019, September). Integration of blockchain technology into a land registration system for immutable traceability: A case study of Georgia. In International Conference on Business Process Management (pp. 219-233). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30429-4_16
Ramya, U. M., Sindhuja, P., Atsaya, R. A., Dharani, B. B., & Golla, S. M. V. (2018, July). Reducing forgery in land registry systems using blockchain technology. In International Conference on Advanced Informatics for Computing Research (pp. 725-734). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1580-0_64
Hou, H. (2017, July). The application of blockchain technology in E-government in China. In 2017 26th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN) (pp. 1-4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCN.2017.8038519
Franciscon, E. A., Nascimento, M. P., Granatyr, J., Weffort, M. R., Lessing, O. R., & Scalabrin, E. E. (2019, May). A systematic literature review of blockchain architectures applied to public services. In 2019 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD) (pp. 33-38). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCWD.2019.8791894
Hyvärinen, H., Risius, M., & Friis, G. (2017). A blockchain-based approach towards overcoming financial fraud in public sector services. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 59(6), 441–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-017-0502-4IDEAS/RePEc+4
Elisa, N., Yang, L., Chao, F., & Cao, Y. (2018). A framework of blockchain-based secure and privacy-preserving E-government system. Wireless Networks, 26, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-018-1866-y
Fanning, K., & Centers, D. P. (2016). Blockchain and its coming impact on financial services. Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance, 27(5), 53–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22179
Treleaven, P., Brown, R. G., & Yang, D. (2017). Blockchain technology in finance. Computer, 50(9), 14–17. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2017.3571042
Chang, V., Baudier, P., Zhang, H., Xu, Q., Zhang, J., & Arami, M. (2020). How blockchain can impact financial services–Expert interviewees' overview, challenges, and recommendations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 158, 120166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120166
Miraz, M. H., & Donald, D. C. (2018, August). Application of blockchain in booking and registration systems of securities exchanges. In 2018 International Conference on Computing, Electronics & Communications Engineering (iCCECE) (pp. 35–40). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/iCCECOME.2018.8658513
Tian, Z., Li, M., Qiu, M., Sun, Y., & Su, S. (2019). Block-DEF: A secure digital evidence framework using blockchain. Information Sciences, 491, 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2019.04.005
Gürkaynak, G., Yılmaz, İ., Yeşilaltay, B., & Bengi, B. (2018). Intellectual property law and practice in the blockchain realm. Computer Law & Security Review, 34(4), 847–862.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2018.05.027
Kshetri, N., & Voas, J. (2018). Blockchain-enabled e-voting. IEEE Software, 35(4), 95–99. https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2018.2801546
Lee, J., Seo, A., Kim, Y., & Jeong, J. (2018). Blockchain-based one-off address system to guarantee transparency and privacy for a sustainable donation environment. Sustainability, 10(12), 4422. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124422
Galvez, J.F., Mejuto, J.C., & Simal-Gandara, J. (2018). Future challenges on the use of blockchain for food traceability analysis. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 107, 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.011
Loklindt, C., Moeller, M.P., & Kinra, A. (2018). How blockchain could be implemented for exchanging documentation in the shipping industry. In International Conference on Dynamics in Logistics (pp. 194–198). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74225-0_27SpringerLink
Jabbar, K., & Bjørn, P. (2018). Infrastructural grind: Introducing blockchain technology in the shipping domain. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Conference on Supporting Groupwork (pp. 297–308). https://doi.org/10.1145/3148330.3148345dl.acm.org+2dl.eusset.eu+2dl.acm.org+2
Chen, G., Xu, B., Lu, M., & Chen, N.S. (2018). Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for education. Smart Learning Environments, 5(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-017-0050-xProQuest+3ThaiJo2.1: Thai Journal Online+3SpringerOpen+3
Lemieux, V.L., & Sporny, M. (2017). Preserving the archival bond in distributed ledgers: A data model and syntax. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion (pp. 1437–1443). https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053896DOI+2OUCI+2De Gruyter Brill+2
Cuccuru, P. (2017). Beyond bitcoin: an early overview on smart contracts. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 25(3), 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eax003
Sakho, S. S., Zhang, J., Kiki, M. M., Bonzou, A. K., & Essaf, F. (2019). Privacy protection issues in blockchain technology. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, 17(2), 23–39.
Sutton, A., & Samavi, R. (2017). Blockchain-enabled privacy audit logs. In Proceedings of the 16th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC) (pp. 645–660).
Biswas, S., Sharif, K., Li, F., Nour, B., & Wang, Y. (2018). A scalable blockchain framework for secure transactions in IoT. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 6(3), 4650–4659. https://doi.org/10.1109/JI
[European Parliament and Council of the European Union, Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data (General Data Protection Regulation), Official Journal of the European Union, L119, 4 May 2016, pp. 1–88.
Mantelero, A. (2016). Right to be forgotten and public registers – A request to the European Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling. European Data Protection Law Review, 2(2), 231–235. https://doi.org/10.21552/edpl/2016/2/10
Ferrer, A. L., Alchieri, E., Kharouf, R., Pimenta, M., & Melo, C. (2024). Olympus: A Model and Implementation for GDPR-Compliant Blockchain. International Journal of Information Security, 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-023-00782-z
Hofman, D., Lemieux, V. L., Joo, A., & Batista, D. A. (2019). The margin between the edge of the world and infinite possibility: Blockchain and archival discourse. Records Management Journal, 29(1/2), 240–257. https://doi.org/10.1108/RMJ-12-2018-0045
Finch, M. (2019). Blockchain and the General Data Protection Regulation: Can distributed ledgers be squared with European data protection law? Study for the European Parliamentary Research Service. [Online]. Available:
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2019/634445/EPRS_STU(2019)634445_EN.pdf
Tatar, U., Gokce, Y., & Nussbaum, B. (2020). Law versus technology: Blockchain, GDPR, and tough tradeoffs. Computer Law & Security Review, 38, 105431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105431
Yaga, D., Mell, P., Roby, N., & Scarfone, K. (2018). Blockchain Technology Overview. National Institute of Standards and Technology. NISTIR 8202. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8202
Di Ciommo, F. (2017). Privacy in Europe after Regulation (EU) No. 2016/679: What will remain of the right to be forgotten? Italian Law Journal, 3(2), 623–646. [Online]. Available:
https://www.theitalianlawjournal.it/privacy-in-europe-after-regulation-eu-no-2016679/
Pizzetti, F. (2017). Privacy e blockchain: la protezione dei dati personali nella catena di blocchi. Rivista di diritto dei media, 2(2), 1–20
Herian, R. (2018). Regulating Blockchain: Critical Perspectives in Law and Technology. London: Routledge.
Berberich, M., & Steiner, M. (2016). Blockchain technology and the GDPR—How to reconcile privacy and distributed ledgers. European Data Protection Law Review, 2(4), 422–448.
https://doi.org/10.21552/EDPL/2016/4/10
Iansiti, M., & Lakhani, K. R. (2017). The truth about blockchain. Harvard Business Review, Jan–Feb, 118–127. [Online]. Available: https://hbr.org/2017/01/the-truth-about-blockchain
Finck, M. (2018). Blockchains and data protection in the European Union. European Data Protection Law Review, 4(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.21552/EDPL/2018/1/6
Herian, R. (2020). Blockchain, GDPR, and fantasies of data sovereignty. Law, Innovation and Technology, 12(1), 156–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2020.1729523
Buocz, T., Ehrke-Rabel, T., Hödl, E., & Eisenberger, I. (2019). Bitcoin and the GDPR: Allocating responsibility in distributed networks. Computer Law & Security Review, 35(2), 182–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2019.02.002
Biryukov, A., Khovratovich, D., & Pustogarov, I. (2014). Deanonymisation of clients in Bitcoin P2P network. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (pp. 15–29). https://doi.org/10.1145/2660267.2660379
Daniels, J., Sargolzaei, S., Sargolzaei, A., Ahram, T., Laplante, P. A., & Amaba, B. (2018). The Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and Professionalism. IT Professional, 20(6), 15–19. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2018.2876925
Alabdulatif, A., Khalil, I., & Alzahrani, A. (2025). Blockchain-based privacy-preserving authentication and access control for e-health systems. Future Generation Computer Systems, [In Press]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2025.02.012
Manski, S., & Manski, B. (2018). No gods, no masters, no coders? The future of sovereignty in a blockchain world. Law and Critique, 29(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10978-018-9225-zInternet Policy Review+4Academia+4ORCID+4
Van Humbeeck, A. (2019). The blockchain-GDPR paradox. Journal of Data Protection & Privacy, 2(3), 208–212. https://doi.org/10.69554/EYOF8218HSTalks
Herian, R. (2018). Regulating disruption: Blockchain, GDPR, and questions of data sovereignty. Journal of Internet Law, 22(2), 1–16.
Schwerin, S. (2018). Blockchain and privacy protection in the case of the European general data protection regulation (GDPR): A Delphi study. The Journal of the British Blockchain Association, 1(1), 3554. https://doi.org/10.31585/jbba-1-1-(10)2018
Mattila, J. (2016). The blockchain phenomenon – The disruptive potential of distributed consensus architectures. ETLA Working Papers, No. 38. The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy. https://www.etla.fi/wp-content/uploads/ETLA-Working-Papers-38.pdfEconPapers+2IDEAS/RePEc+2EconStor+2
Voigt, P., & von dem Bussche, A. (2017). The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Practical Guide. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57959-7SCIRP+1Dokumen+1
Baldwin, J. (2018). In digital we trust: Bitcoin discourse, digital currencies, and decentralized network fetishism. Palgrave Communications, 4(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0065-0SSRN+8Internet Policy Review+8The Crypto Syllabus+8
Henderson, A., & Burnie, J. (2018). Putting names to things: Reconciling cryptocurrency heterogeneity and regulatory continuity. Journal of International Banking and Financial Law, 33(2), 83–86.
Henry, R., Herzberg, A., & Kate, A. (2018). Blockchain access privacy: Challenges and directions. IEEE Security & Privacy, 16(4), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2018.3111245ResearchGate+2
Pollicino, O., & De Gregorio, G. (2017). Privacy or Transparency? A New Balancing of Interests for the 'Right to Be Forgotten' of Personal Data Published in Public Registers. Italian Law Journal, 3(2), 647–668. theitalianlawjournal.it+2theitalianlawjournal.it+2SSRN+2
Dorri, A., Kanhere, S. S., & Jurdak, R. (2019). MOF-BC: A Memory-Optimized and Flexible Blockchain for Large-Scale Networks. Future Generation Computer Systems, 92, 357–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.10.002
Ateniese, G., Magri, B., Venturi, D., & Andrade, E. R. (2017). Redactable Blockchain – or – Rewriting History in Bitcoin and Friends. In 2017 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P) (pp. 111–126). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/EuroSP.2017.37BibBase
Vukolić, S., Jain, A., & Oprea, A. (2024). Chameleon Hash Functions for GDPR-Compliant Blockchains. Journal of Cybersecurity, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyaf002
Ferrer, A. L., Alchieri, E., Kharouf, R., Pimenta, M., & Melo, C. (2024). Olympus: A Model and Implementation for GDPR-Compliant Blockchain. International Journal of Information Security, 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-023-00782-z
Pagallo, U., Bassi, E., Crepaldi, M., & Durante, M. (2018). Chronicle of a Clash Foretold: Blockchains and the GDPR's Right to Erasure. In M. Palmirani (Ed.), Legal Knowledge and Information Systems: JURIX 2018 (pp. 81–90). IOS Press.
Ibáñez, L.-D., O'Hara, K., & Simperl, E. (2018). On Blockchains and the General Data Protection Regulation. EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum. European Parliament+3King's College London+3Blockchain+3
Wirth, C., & Kolain, M. (2018). Privacy by Blockchain Design: A Blockchain-Enabled GDPR-Compliant Approach for Handling Personal Data. In Proceedings of the 1st ERCIM Blockchain Workshop 2018.
Bourka, A., & Drogkaris, P. (2018). Recommendations on Shaping Technology According to GDPR Provisions. European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA).
Eberhardt, J., & Tai, S. (2017). On or Off the Blockchain? Insights on Off-Chaining Computation and Data. In F. de Paoli, S. Schulte, & E. B. Johnsen (Eds.), Service-Oriented and Cloud Computing (pp. 3–15). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67262-5_1SpringerLink
Kuner, C., Cate, F. H., Lynskey, O., Millard, C., Ni Loideain, N., & Svantesson, D. J. B. (2018). Blockchain versus data protection. International Data Privacy Law, 8(2), 103–104. https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipy008
Hristov, P., & Dimitrov, W. (2019). The blockchain is a backbone of GDPR compliant frameworks. Calitatea, 20(S1), 305.
European Data Protection Board (EDPB). (2025). Guidelines 02/2025 on the Use of Blockchain for Personal Data Processing. [Online].
Available: https://edpb.europa.eu/system/files/2025-04/edpb_guidelines_202502_blockchain_en.pdf
Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Liu, X., & He, B. (2024). Blockchain-enabled trustworthy federated unlearning for GDPR compliance. arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.15917. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.15917