e-Securing the EU Borders: AI in European Integrated Border Management
Published:
Apr 24, 2023
Keywords:
European Union Integrated Border Management European External Borders Smart Borders Schengen Area
Abstract
In the European Union, the external borders were not always conceived as European ones. However, after experiencing a range of threats, the European policymakers identified external borders' importance to European security. Not forgetting that borders are connected with national authority, the EU through Frontex has made progressive steps towards a coordinated or even common border management. The main tools to achieve that are the shared European IT systems. Their enhanced capabilities, mostly based on Artificial Intelligence, will further establish the European Smart Borders. There is a complex "network” of IT border systems already operating or prospect automated ones that are necessary to be resilient and align with core fundamental rights.
Article Details
- Section
- Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0) license, that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Burgess, J. P., & Kloza, D. (2021). Border Control And New Technologies: Addressing Integrated Impact Assessment (p. 260). ASP editions-Academic and Scientific Publishers.
ETIAS. (2021). ETIAS & Artificial Intelligence: The Role of AI in Border Control. https://www.etiasvisa.com/etias-news/etias-artificial-intelligence-border-control
ETIAS. (n.d.). Eurodac Regulation to be updated and improved. Retrieved from: https://www.etiasvisa.com/etias-news/eurodac-database
eu-LISA. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in the Operational Management of Large-scale IT Systems. Retrieved from: https://www.eulisa.europa.eu/Publications/Reports/AI%20in%20the%20OM%20of%20Large-scale%20IT%20Systems.pdf
European Commission, Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs, (2020). Opportunities and challenges for the use of artificial intelligence in border control, migration and security . Volume 2, Addendum, Publications Office. Retrieved from: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c8823cd1-a152-11ea-9d2d-01aa75ed71a1/language-en
European Commission. (2021). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: “A strategy towards a fully functioning and resilient Schengen area”. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0277
European Commission. (2022). THE USE OF DIGITALISATION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MIGRATION MANAGEMENT. EMN-OECD INFORM. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd.org/migration/mig/EMN-OECD-INFORM-FEB-2022-The-use-of-Digitalisation-and-AI-in-Migration-Management.pdf
European Digital Rights (EDRi), Migration and Technology Monitor. (2021). Uses of AI in migration and border control: A fundamental rights approach to the Artificial Intelligence Act. Retrieved from: https://edri.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Migration_2-pager-02052022-for-online.pdf
European Parliament, & Council of the European Union. (2016). Regulation (EU) 2016/399 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code). Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32016R0399
European Parliament. (2021). Artificial intelligence at EU borders: Overview of applications and key issues. Retrieved from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2021/690706/EPRS_IDA(2021)690706_EN.pdf
FRA. (2019). Facial recognition technology: fundamental rights considerations in the context of law enforcement. FRA Focus. Rerieved from: https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2019-facial-recognition-technology-focus-paper-1_en.pdf
Frontex. (2021). Artificial Intelligence-based capabilities for the European Border and Coast Guard. Final Report. Retrieved from: https://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Research/Frontex_AI_Research_Study_2020_final_report.pdf
Frontex. (n.d.). EU Research. Retrieved from: https://frontex.europa.eu/future-of-border-control/eu-research/introductio
Frontex. (n.d.). Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) Agencies’ Network. Retrieved from: https://frontex.europa.eu/we-build/justice-and-home-affairs-jha-agencies-network/
Frontex. (n.d.). Roles and Responsibilities. Retrieved from: https://frontex.europa.eu/we-support/roles-responsibilities/
Frontex. (n.d.). Who we are: Origin & Tasks. Retrieved from: https://frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/who-we-are/origin-tasks/
Kazim, E., Kerrigan, C., & Koshiyama, A. (2021). EU proposed AI legal framework. Available at SSRN 3846898.
Kokkalis, K. (2019). Contribution of Artificial Intelligence to Border Security (Doctoral dissertation, Monterey, CA; Naval Postgraduate School).
Marin, L. (2011). Is Europe turning into a ‘technological fortress’? Innovation and technology for the management of EU’s external borders: Reflections on FRONTEX and EUROSUR. In Regulating technological innovation (pp. 131-151). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
OSCE, Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR). (2021). Border Management and Human Rights Collection, processing and sharing of personal data and the use of new technologies in the counter-terrorism and freedom of movement context. Retrieved from: https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/f/a/499777.pdf
Sadik, G., & Ceren, K., (2020). The Role of Surveillance Technologies in the Securitization of EU Migration Policies and Border Management. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 17(68), 145-160.
TELEFI project. (n.d.). About TELEFI Project. Retrieved from: https://www.telefi-project.eu/
Tyler, H. (2022). The increasing use of artificial intelligence in border zones prompts privacy questions. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/artificial-intelligence-border-zones-privacy
Valila, A. (2021). The use of AI for an efficient cross border management Home Affairs Funds. DG HOME.E1 – Funds Programming and Agencies Coordination.
Vavoula, N. (2021). Artificial intelligence (AI) at schengen borders: automated processing, algorithmic profiling and facial recognition in the era of techno-solutionism. European Journal of Migration and Law, 23(4), 457-484.
Wolff, S. (2008). Border management in the Mediterranean: internal, external and ethical challenges. Cambridge review of international affairs, 21(2), 253-271.
