test Exploring the relationship between visual inspection time task and intelligence in young children |Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society

Exploring the relationship between visual inspection time task and intelligence in young children

Manuscript
Published: Dec 31, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.36294
Keywords:
visual inspection time task intelligence attentional capacity diffusion models
George Spanoudis
University of Cyprus
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4853-8745
Anna Tourva
Cyprus Ministry of Education
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8193-2632
Abstract

Inspection time task (IT) indexes individual differences in perceptual discrimination speed and it is a reliable predictor of psychometric intelligence However, the reasons underlying the relationship between IT and intelligence are not clear, because few studies investigated factors shared by both of them. This study examined how performance on a modified version of the inspection time task relates to individual differences in attentional control and how this relation is affected by age. A total of 157 children from 7 through 18 years were tested in a visual inspection time task, a Go/no-go reaction time task, a letter-matching task, and the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). Diffusion modeling showed that IT captures top-down sensory and attentional processes underlying the IT-IQ relation and that individual differences in drift rate of ECTs predict individual differences in intelligence. Therefore, IT and attention make unique contributions to the prediction of IQ variability.

Article Details
  • Section
  • SPECIAL SECTION
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The journal PSYCHOLOGY adopts a Platinum open-access policy. Submission, processing or publication costs are waived by the Hellenic Psychological Society. Papers published in the journal PSYCHOLOGY are licensed under a 'Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International' licence. The authors reserve the copyright of their work and grant the journal the right of its first publication. Third-party licensees are allowed to use the published paper immediately after publication as they wish, provided they retain the defined by the license copyright formalities, regarding the reference to its author(s) and its initial publication in the journal PSYCHOLOGY. Moreover, any adjusted work should be shared under the same reuse rights, so with the same CC license.

Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Altmeyer, M., Schreiner, M., Schweizer, K. (2009). A process-based account of the speed-ability relationship for the Posner Task. Psychological Science Quarterly, 51, 470-482.
Astle, D. E., Nobre, A. C., Scerif, G. (2012). Attentional control constrains visual short-term memory: Insights from developmental and individual differences. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(2), 277-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2010.492622
Bors, D. A., Stokes, T. L., Forrin, B., Hodder, S. L. (1999). Inspection time and intelligence: Practice, strategies, and attention. Intelligence, 27, 111-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(99)00010-0
Burns, C. G. (2008). Electrophysiological correlates of intellectual and emotional intelligence [Unpubllished doctoral dissertation]. The University of Edinburgh.
Burns, N. R., Nettelbeck, T., White, M. (1998). Testing the interpretation of inspection time as a measure of speed of sensory processing, Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 25-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00142-6
Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor analytic studies. Cambridge University Press, USA. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511571312
Deary, I. J. (2001). Intelligence: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780192893215.001.0001
Deary, I. J., Stough, C. (1996). Intelligence and inspection time: Achievements, prospects, and problems. American Psychologist, 51(6), 599-608. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.51.6.599
Demetriou, A., Spanoudis, G., Shayer, M. (2014). Inference, reconceptualization, insight, and efficiency along intellectual growth: A general theory. Enfance, 3, 365-396. https://doi.org/10.3917/enf1.143.0365
Demetriou, A., Spanoudis, G., Shayer, M., Mouyi, A., Kazi, S., Platsidou, M. (2012). Cycles in speed-working memory-G relations: Towards a developmental -differential theory of the mind, Intelligence, 41(1), 34-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2012.10.010
Durston, S., Thomas, K. M., Yang, Y. H., Ulug, A. M., Zimmerman, R. D., Casey, B. J. (2002). A neural basis for the development of inhibitory control. Developmental Science, 5 (4), F9-F16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00235
Edmonds, C. J., Isaacs, E. B., Visscher, P. M., Rogers, M., Lanigan, J., Singhal, A., Lucas, A., Gringras, P., Denton, J., Deary, I. J. (2008). Inspection time and cognitive abilities in twins aged 7 to 17 years: age-related changes, heritability and genetic covariance, Intelligence, 36(3), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2007.05.004
Fox, M. C., Roring, R. W., Mitchum, A. L. (2009). Reversing the speed-IQ correlation: Intra-individual variability and attentional control in the inspection time paradigm. Intelligence, 37, 76 -80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2008.08.002
Fry, A., Hale, S. (1996). Processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence: Evidence for a developmental cascade. Psychological Science, 7, 237-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00366.x
Gomez, P., Ratcliff, R., Perea, M. (2007). A model of the Go/No-Go task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(3), 389-413. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.136.3.389
Grudnick, J. L., Kranzler, J. H. (2001). Meta-analysis of the relationship between intelligence and inspection time. Intelligence, 29, 523−535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(01)00078-2
Jensen, A. R. (2006). Clocking the mind: Mental Chronometry and individual differences. Elsevier.
Hill, D., Saville, C. W. N., Kiely, S., Roberts, M. V., Boehm, S. G., Haenschel, C., Klein, C. (2011). Early electro-cortical correlates of inspection time task performance. Intelligence, 39, 370 -377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2011.06.005
Hunt, E. (2011). Human Intelligence. Cambridge University Press.
Hunt, E. (1980). Intelligence as an information-processing concept. British Journal of Psychology, 71, 449-474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1980.tb01760.x
Hutton, U., Wilding J., Hudson, R. (1997). The role of attention in the relationship between inspection time and IQ in children. Intelligence, 24, 445-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90059-3
Kail, R. V. (2007). Longitudinal evidence that increases in processing speed and working memory enhance children's reasoning. Psychological Science, 18, 312-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01895.x
Lau, R. S., Cheung, G. W. (2012). Estimating and comparing specific mediation effects in complex latent variable models. Organizational Research Methods, 15(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428110391673
Leek, M. (2001). Adaptive procedures in psychophysical research. Perception & Psychophysics, 63(8), 1279-1292. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194543
Luce, R. D. (1986). Response times. Oxford University Press.
Luciano, M., Posthuma, D., Wright, M. J., de Geus, E. J., Smith, G. A., Geffen, G. M., Boomsma, D. I., Martin, N. G. (2005). Perceptual speed does not cause intelligence, and intelligence does not cause perceptual speed. Biological Psychology, 70, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.011
Muthén, L.K., Muthén, B. O. (2015). Mplus User's Guide. 7th ed. Muthén & Muthén.
Nettelbeck, T. (2001). Correlation between inspection time and psychometric abilities: A personal perspective. Intelligence, 29, 459 - 474. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(01)00072-1
Nettelbeck, T., Burns, N. (2010). Processing speed, working memory and reasoning ability from childhood to old age. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(4), 379-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.032
Neubauer, A. C., Riemann, R., Mayer, R., Angleitner, A. (1997). Intelligence and reaction times in the Hick, Sternberg, and Posner paradigms. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 885-894. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00003-2
O'Connor, T. A., Burns. N. R. (2003). IT and speed of processing, Personality and Individual Differences, 35(3), 713-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00264-7
Posner, M. I., Boies, S. J., Eichelman, W. H., & Taylor, R. L. (1969). Retention of visual and name codes of single letters. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 79(1, Pt.2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0026947
Ratcliff, R., Smith, P. L., Brown, S. D., & McKoon, G. (2016). Diffusion decision model: Current issues and history. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(4), 260–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.007
Ratcliff, R., Thapar, A., McKoon, G. (2011). Effects of aging and IQ on item and associative memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140, 464-487. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023810
Ratcliff, R., Thapar, A., & McKoon, G. (2010). Individual differences, aging, and IQ in two-choice tasks. Cognitive Psychology, 60(3), 127-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.09.001
Schmiedek, F., Oberauer, K., Wilhelm, O., Suss, H. M., Wittmann, W. W. (2007). Individual differences in components of reaction time distributions and their relations to working memory and intelligence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 414-429. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.136.3.414
Schubert, A-L., Frischkorn, G. T., Hagemann, D., Voss, A. (2016). Trait characteristics of diffusion model parameters. Journal of Intelligence, 4(7), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence4030007
Schubert, A.-L., Hagemann, D., Voss, A., Schankin, A., Bergmann, K. (2015). Decomposing the Relationship between Mental Speed and Mental Abilities. Intelligence, 51, 28-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.05.002
Sheppard, L. D., Vernon, P. A. (2008). Intelligence and speed of information-processing: A review of 50 years of research. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 535-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.015
Shrout, P. E., Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in Experimental and Nonexperimental Studies: New Procedures and Recommendations, Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422-445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
Spanoudis, G., Tourva, A. (2012). Greek-Cypriot Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). University of Cyprus, Cyprus.
van Leeuwen, M., van den Berg, S. M., Hoekstra, R. A., Boomsma, D. I. (2007). Endophenotypes for intelligence in children and adolescents. Intelligence, 35, 369−380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.008
van Ravenzwaaij, D., Brown, S., Wagenmakers, E-J. (2011). An integrated perspective on the relation between response speed and intelligence. Cognition, 119(3), 381-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2011.02.002
Vickers, D., Nettelbeck, T., Willson, R. J. (1972). Perceptual indices of performance: The measurement of "inspection time" and "noise" in the visual system. Perception, 1, 263-295. https://doi.org/10.1068/p010263
Voss, A., Rothermund, K., Voss, J. (2004). Interpreting the parameters of the diffusion model: An empirical validation. Memory & Cognition, 32(7), 1206-1220. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196893
Voss, A., Voss, J. (2007). Fast-dm: A free program for efficient diffusion model analysis. Behavioral Research Methods, 39, 767-775. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192967
Voss, A., Voss, J., Lerche, V. (2015). Assessing cognitive processes with diffusion model analyses: a tutorial based on fast-dm-30. Frontiers in Psychology, 6:336. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00336
Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. The Psychological Corporation, USA. https://doi.org/10.1037/t15170-000

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Most read articles by the same author(s)