The adventure of aging: Rethinking our metaphors for later life


Published: Apr 20, 2026
Keywords:
aging, narrative, counselling, older adults, metaphor, adventure
William L. Randall
Abstract

For many of us, aging can be viewed and experienced in what are implicitly tragic terms: in other words, as a narrative of decline, as a downward trajectory toward decrepitude and death. Such a way of “storying” later life can set us up for (among other things) narrative foreclosure, which may feed the mild-to-moderate depression to which we are susceptible in the face of aging’s challenges and changes. This paper offers a more positive narrative of later life. Borrowing ideas from narrative gerontology and narrative psychology, it outlines how aging can be “re-genre-ated” from tragedy to adventure in at least four intersecting directions: outward, backward, inward, and forward.

Article Details
  • Section
  • SPECIAL SECTION
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Adler, A. (1927). The neurotic character: Fundamentals of a comparative individualistic psychology and psychotherapy. Harcourt, Brace & Company.
Alheit, P. (1995). Biographical learning: Theoretical outline, challenges, and contradictions of a new approach in adult education. In P. Alheit, A. Bron-Wojciechowska, E. Brugger, & P. Dominicé (Eds.), The biographical approach in European adult education (pp. 57–74). Verband Wiener Voksbildung.
Baldwin, C. (2006). Narrative dispossession of people with dementia: Thinking about the theory and method of narrative. In K. Milnes, C. Horrocks, & N. Kelly (Eds.), Narrative, memory, and knowledge: Representations, aesthetics, and contexts (pp. 101-109). University of Huddersfield Press.
Baldwin, C., Carty, B., & Estey, J. (2015a). Aging, spirituality, and narrative: Loss and repair. arrative Works, 5(2). 1-24.
Baldwin, C., & Estey, J. (2015b). The self and spirituality: Overcoming narrative loss in aging. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work, 34(2), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2014.999978
Baltes, P., & Baltes, M. (Eds.) (1990). Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences. Cambridge University Press.
Bauer, J., & Park, S. (2010). Growth is not just for the young: Growth narratives, eudaimonic resilience, and the aging self. In P. Frye & C. Keyes (Eds.), New frontiers in resilient aging: Life-strengths and well-being in late life (pp. 60-89). Cambridge University Press.
Beuttner, D. (2008). The Blue Zones: Lessons for living longer from the people who’ve lived them the longest. National Geographic.
Birren, J., Kenyon, G., Ruth, J.-E., Schroots, J., & Svensson, T. (Eds.) (1996). Aging and biography: Explorations in adult development. Springer.
Bohlmeijer, E., Westerhof, G., Randall, W., Tromp, T., & Kenyon, G. (2011). Narrative foreclosure in later life: Preliminary considerations for a new sensitizing concept. Journal of Aging Studies, 25(4), 364–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2011.01.001
Bohlmeijer, E., & Westerhof, G. (2011). Reminiscence interventions: Bringing narrative gerontology into practice. In G. Kenyon, E. Bohlmeijer, & W. Randall (Eds.), Storying later life: Issues, investigations, and interventions in narrative gerontology. (pp. 273-289). Oxford University Press.
Carstensen, L. L., & Mikels, J. A. (2005). At the intersection of emotion and cognition: Aging and the positivity effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 117–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00348.x
Cohen, G. D. (2005). The mature mind: The positive power of the aging brain. Basic Books.
Erikson, E. (1963). Childhood and society. W. W. Norton.
Fenwick, P. (2013, February). The final border. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/peter_fenwick_the_final_border
Fenwick, P., & Fenwick, E. (2008). The art of dying: A journey to elsewhere. Bloomsbury.
Frank, A. (1995). The wounded storyteller: Body, illness, and ethics. The University of Chicago Press.
Freeman, M. (2000). When the story’s over: Narrative foreclosure and the possibility of self-renewal. In M. Andrews, S. Sclater, C. Squire, & A. Treacher (Eds.), Lines of narrative: Psychosocial perspectives (pp. 81–91). Routledge.
Freeman, M. (2008). Beyond narrative: Dementia’s tragic promise. In L.-C. Hydén & J. Brockmeier (Eds.), Health, illness, and culture: Broken narratives (pp. 169-184). Routledge.
Freeman, M. (2010). Hindsight: The promise and peril of looking backward. Oxford University Press.
Freeman, M. (2018). Commentary: The theological moment of the life story. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 38(2), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/teo0000080
Freeman, M. (2022). Do I look at you with love? Reimagining the story of dementia. Brill / Sense
Freeman, M. (n.d.). From self to soul: The transcendent horizon of the life story [Unpublished manuscript]
Furman, B. (1998). It’s never too late to have a happy childhood: From adversity to resilience. BT Press. (Original work published 1997 as Ei koskaan liian myöhäistä saada onnellinen lapsuus)
Gold, J. (2002). The story species: Our life–literature connection. Fitzhenry & Whiteside.
Greyson, B. (2021). After: A doctor explores what near-death experiences reveal about life and beyond. St. Martins Essentials.
Gullette, M. (1997). Declining to decline. University of Virginia Press.
Hammarskjöld, D. (1964). Markings. (L. Sjöberg & W. Auden, Trans.). Ballantine.
Kenyon, G., & Randall, W. (2015). Introduction: Special issue on “narrative care.” Journal of Aging Studies, 34, 143–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2015.06.001
Kenyon, G., & Randall, W. (1997). Restorying our lives: Personal growth through autobiographical reflection. Praeger.
Killick, S., Curry, V., & Myles, P. (2016). The mighty metaphor: A collection of therapists’ favourite metaphors and analogies. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 9, e5. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X16000071
King, L. A., & Mitchell, G. L. (2015). Lost possible selves and personality development. In K. E. Cherry (Ed.), Traumatic stress and long-term recovery: Coping with disasters and other negative life events (pp. 309–325). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18866-9_15
Jung, C. (1963). Memories, dreams, and reflections. Vintage.
Jung, C. (1976). The stages of life. In J. Campbell (Ed.), The portable Jung (pp. 3-22). Penguin.
Lakoff, G., & M. Johnson. (1980). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
van Lommel, P. (2007). Consciousness beyond life: The science of the near-death experience. Harper Perennial..
van Lommel, P., van Wees, R., Meyers, V., & Elfferich, I. (2001). Near-death experiences in survivors of cardiac arrest: A prospective study in the Netherlands. The Lancet, 358(9298), 2039–2045. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07100-8
Miller, J. (1978). The problematic of ending in narrative. Nineteenth-Century Fiction 33(1), 3-7.
Moody, H. (1995). Mysticism. In M. Kimble, S. McFadden, J. Ellor, & J. Seeber (Eds.), Aging, spirituality, and religion: A handbook (pp. 87-101). Augsburg Fortress.
Plato (1953). The Republic (D. Lee, Trans.) Penguin.
Randall, W. (2012a). Composing a good strong story: The advantages of a liberal arts environment for experiencing and exploring the narrative complexity of human life. Journal of General Education, 61(3), 277–293. https://doi.org/10.5325/jgeneeduc.61.3.0277
Randall, W. (2012b). Beyond healthy aging: The practice of narrative care in gerontology. In L. English (Ed.), Adult education and health (pp. 178-192). University of Toronto Press.
Randall, W. (2013). The importance of being ironic: Narrative openness and personal resilience in later life. The Gerontologist, 53(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gns098
Randall, W. (2014). The stories we are: An essay on self-creation. University of Toronto Press. (Original work published 1995)
Randall, W. (2016). Narrative environments for narrative care: The importance of honoring people’s stories. International Journal for Human Caring, 20(3), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.20467/1091-5710-20.3.1
Randall, W. (2020a). The end of the story? Narrative openness in life and death. Narrative Works: Issues, Investigations, and Interventions. 9(2). 152-170.
Randall, W. (2020b). Strengthening our stories in the second half of life: Narrative resilience through narrative care. In S. McNamee, M. Moscheta, & M. Gergen (Eds.), Handbook of social constructionist practice. (pp. 444-454). Sage.
Randall, W. (2022a). Age as adventure: Retorying later life. Narrative Works: Issues, Investigations, and Interventions, 11(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.7202/1108955ar
Randall, W. (2022b). The philosophic homework of later life: On narrative, wisdom, and the positive potential of growing old. In A. Teodorescu & D. Chirabuća (Eds.), Shaping aging: Social transformations and enduring meanings (pp. 13–26). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003149935-3
Randall, W. (2023a). In praise of adventure: Changing the narrative of later life. Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging, 47(3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.21061/gen.47.3.2
Randall, W. (2023b). How to help clients change the narrative of aging. Psychotherapy.net. https://www.psychotherapy.net/article/How-to-Help-Clients-Change-the-Narrative-of-Aging
Randall, W. (2023c). Slower, deeper, wider: What “soulful aging” means to me. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 35(3), 262–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2023.2194600
Randall, W. (2023d, June 15–17). The transcendent horizon of the life story: Aging as a nearing-death experience [Paper presentation]. Narrative Matters 2023 Conference, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
Randall, W., & Kenyon, G. (2001). Ordinary wisdom: Biographical aging and the journey of life. Praeger.
Randall, W., & McKim, E. (2008). Reading our lives: The poetics of growing old. Oxford University Press.
Rogers, B., Chicas, H., Kelly, J., Kubin, E., Christian, M., Kachanoff, F., Berger, J., Puryear, C., McAdams, D. P., & Gray, K. (2023). Seeing your life story as a hero’s journey increases meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 125(4), 752–778. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000452
Rowe, J., & Kahn, R. (1998). Successful aging. Pantheon.
Ruth, J.-E., & Kenyon, G. (1996). Biography in adult development and aging. In J. E. Birren, G. Kenyon, J.-E. Ruth, J. Schroots, & T. Svensson (Eds.), Aging and biography: Explorations in adult development (pp. 1–20). Springer.
Sarbin, T. R. (1986). The narrative as a root metaphor for psychology. In T. R. Sarbin (Ed.), The storied nature of human conduct (pp. 3–21). Praeger.
Sarbin, T. R. (1998). Believed-in imaginings: A narrative approach. In J. de Rivera & T. R. Sarbin (Eds.), Believed-in imaginings: The narrative construction of reality (pp. 15–30). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10303-001
Sarton, M. (1977). Journal of a solitude. W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1973.)
Scheib, K. (2016). Pastoral care: Telling the stories of our lives. Abingdon.
Scheibe, K. E. (1986). Self-narratives and adventure. In T. R. Sarbin (Ed.), Narrative psychology: The storied nature of human conduct (pp. 129–151). Praeger.
Scott-Maxwell, F. (1968). The measure of my days. Penguin.
Sheldrake, R. (2013). Science set free: 10 paths to new discovery. Deepak Chopra.
Teilhard de Chardin, P. (1964). Le milieu divin: An essay on the interior life. Fontana. (Original published 1957).
Tennyson, A. (1889). Crossing the bar. In Demeter and Other Poems (pp. 174–175). Macmillan & Co
Tornstam, L. (1997). Gerotranscendence: The contemplative dimension of aging. Journal of Aging Studies, 11(2). 143-154.
Wacks, V. Q. (2011). The elder as sage, old age as spiritual path: Towards a transpersonal gerontology. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 43(2). 127-155.
Zohar, D. (1991). The quantum self: Human nature and consciousness defined by the new physics. Bloomsbury.