The socio-psychological construction of friendship in middle adolescence

Manuscript (ελληνικά) Supplementary Material (ελληνικά)
Published: Απρ 21, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.45301
Keywords:
friendship, gender representations, socio-educational level, area of residence, middle adolescence
Vasilis Tsitos
Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, Panteion University
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1735-7185
Anna Mantoglou
Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, Panteion University
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1248-2599
Abstract

Friendships, as positive relationships, are a field of study in Positive Psychology. The aim of the research is to explore the socio-psychological construction of friendship in 920 students of general high schools (15-17 years old, Average: 16.4). We examine differences on the social representations of friendship based on participants’ gender, socio-educational level, and residence area (Athens/provincial cities). Participants were asked to write down three word/phrases about what friendships means. The innovation of the research lies in the fact that, through the method of Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA), it gives adolescents the opportunity to record their perceptions of friendship, presenting novel information about the issue. The results show that friendship in middle adolescence is represented as an ideal interpersonal relationship of mutual trust, love, good company and help. Girls mostly perceive friendship as an expression of interpersonal communication, emotional security and love, while institutional heteronormativity affects boys and girls. Boys' friendships are experienced in terms of wandering in space and time, while hegemonic masculine identity prevents the emotional description of their friendships. In addition, friendships are influenced by the socio-educational level of the parents and the area of residence. Adolescent’s friendships of low parents’ socio-educational level, who live in provincial cities, are characterized by an allocenric orientation, increased levels of solidarity, equality, and mutual help, while they are more strict in issues of betrayal of trust. Adolescents of upper parents’ socio-educational level, who live in Athens, represent friendships by an individualistic tendency and spend more free time for fun with their friends, while helping friendship is conceptualized as reinforcement of the their personal image. In conclusion, adolescent friendships are not simply individual constructs of free choice, since they are indubitably influenced by adolescents’ gender, social status, and the area of urban or provincial residence.

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