CLIMATIC CHANGES: ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE OR NATURALLY INDUCED PHENOMENON


Published: Jan 1, 2010
Keywords:
CLIMATIC CHANGES ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE
A.E. Foscolos
Abstract
By the end of the 18th century eminent scientists explained the climatic changes on the basis of temperature and the ensuing glacial retreat. This disturbing observation led many prominent scientists to send air balloons equipped with special devices to trap air from the lower atmosphere in order to measure CO2 concentrations. Ninety thousand (90,000) measurements were carried out at 138 locations in 4 continents between 1810 and 1961. The data indicated that atmospheric CO2 concentrations, during the 19th century varied between 290 and 430 ppm (with an average of 322 ppm for the pre-industrial period). For the 20th century, the average concentration is 338 ppm when combined with comparable CO2 measurements carried out by Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, USA (1958- 2000). Measurement precision is ±3%. Based on thermometric measurements, the mean average temperature increase from 1850 to the present is 0.75o C (0.44o C/100 years) with the following fluctuations. From 1850 to 1940 the temperature increased by +0.6o C, while from 1941 to 1975 temperature dropped by -0.2o C. From 1976 to 1998, the temperature rose by +0.35o C. From 1999 to 2006 temperature increase was nil. Finally, since 2007 the Mean Annual Temperature of Earth’s surface has substantially decreased. As far as CO2 concentration in the air’s atmosphere is concerned, it has been well documented that during the Holocene Epoch there is a substantial time lag between maximum temperatures recorded during the Interglacial periods and maximum CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. Moreover, the same time lag is documented between 1850 and 1980, where CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere lag behind the increase of temperature for more than 100 years. A parallel increase of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and temperature increase is observed only between 1981 and 1995. No correlation is seen thereafter. The divergence is substantial from 2003 to the present where CO2 concentrations are increased while temperatures are decreased. These interpretations exclude any correlation between atmospheric CO2 concentrations and temperature fluctuations. Hence, in order to explain the well documented climatic changes the influence of many natural climate drivers should be accepted. Key words: climatic changes, temperatures, CO2 concentrations.
Article Details
  • Section
  • Special and Keynote Lectures
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
References
Agassiz, L. 1840. Etude sur les glaciers, Nauchatel. Digital book on Wikisource. en. wikipedia.
org/wiki/Louis_Agassiz
Allen, J.R.M., Long, A.J., Ottley, C.J., Pearson, D.G., Huntley, B., 2007. Holocene climate variability in
northernmost Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 1432-1453.
Arrhenius, S., 1896. On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air Upon the Temperature of the Ground.
Philosophical Magazine 41: 237-76.
Arrhenius, S., 1901. Über die Wärmeabsorption Durch Kohlensäure und Ihren Einfluss auf die Temperatur
der Erdoberfläche. Förhandlingar Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens 58: 25-58.
Atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa Observatory, 2009. Scripps Institute of Oceanography and US Department
of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory,
Gas Monitoring Data (NOAA ESRL/GMD). Http.//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: CO2-Mauna-Loa.png
Barnola, J.-M., Raynaud, D., Korotkevich, Y.S., Lorius, C., 1987. Vostok ice core provides 160,000-year
record of atmospheric CO2. Nature 329: 408-14.
Barnola, J.-M., Raynaud, D., Neftel, A., Oeschger, H., 1983. Comparison of CO2 measurements by two
laboratories on air from bubbles in polar ice. Nature 303: 410-13.
Barnola, J.-M., Pimienta, P., Raynaud, D., Korotkevich, Y.S., 1991. CO2-climate relationship as deduced
from the Vostok ice core: A re-examination based on new measurements and on a re-evaluation of the
air dating. Tellus 43(B):83- 90.
Barendregt, R.W., Duk-Rodkin, A., 2004. Chronology and Extent of Late Cenozoic Ice Sheets in North
America: A magnetostratigraphic Assessment” in Quaternary Glaciations-Extent and Chronology,
Part II, editors, J. Ehlers and P.L. Gibbard. Quaternary Science Reviews, p. 1-7.
Beck, E.G., 2007. 180 years of atmospheric CO2 gas analysis by chemical methods. Energy and Environ.,
, 259-282.
Beer, J., Baumgartner, St., Dittrich-Hannen, B., Hauenstein, J., Kubik, P., Lukasczyk, Ch., Mende, W.,
Stellmacher, R., Suter, M., 1994. Solar Variability Traced by Cosmogenic Isotopes in The Sun as a
Variable Star: Solar and Stellar Irradiance Variations (eds. J.M. Pap, C. Fröhlich, H.S. Hudson and
S.K. Solanki), Cambridge University Press, 291-300.
Beerling, D.J., McElwain, J.C., Osborne, C.P. 1998. Stomatal responses of the ‘living fossil’ Gingo biloba
L. to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Journal of Experimental Botany 49, 1603-1607.
Berglund, B.E., 2003. Human impact and climate changes — synchronous events and a causal link? Quaternary
International 105, 7-12.
Berner, R.A., Kothavala, Z. GEOCARB III: 2002. A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time.
IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Data Contribution Series #2002-051. NOAA/NGDC
Blundell, A., Barber, K., 2005. A 2800-year palaeoclimatic record from Tore Hill Moss, Stratspey, Scotland:
the need for a multi-proxy approach to peat-based climate reconstructions. Quaternary Science
Reviews 24, 1261-1277.
Bond, G., Heinrich, H., Broecker, W., Labeyrie, L., Mcmanus, J., Andrews, J., Huon, S., Jantschik, R.,
Clasen, S., Simet, C., 1992. Evidence for massive dis- charges of icebergs into the North Atlantic
ocean during the last glacial period. Nature 360, 245–249.
Bond, G.C., Showers, W., Elliot, M., Evans, M., Lotti, R., Hajdas, I., Bonani, G., Johnson, S., 1999. The
North Atlantic’s 1–2 kyr climate rhythm: relation to Heinrich events, Dansgaard/Oeschger cycles and
the little ice age. In Clark, P.U., Webb, R.S., Keigwin, L.D. Mechanisms of Global Change at Millennial
Time Scales. Geophysical Monograph. American Geophysical Union, Washing- ton DC. pp.
–76. ISBN 0-87590-033-X.
Braun, H., Christl, M., Rahmstorf, S., Ganopolski, A., Mangini, A., Kubatzki, C., Roth, K., Kromer, B.,
Possible solar origin of the 1,470-year glacial climate cycle demonstrated in a coupled model.
Nature, 438, 208-211.
Briffa, K.R., Osborn, T.J., Schweingruber, F.H., Harris, I.C., Jones, P.D., Shiyatov, S.G., Vaganov, E.A.,
a. A low-frequency Temperature Variations from a Northern Tree Ring Density Network. Journal
of Geophysical Research, 106 D3 pp. 2929-2941.
Briffa K.R., Jones, P.D., Schweingruber, F.H., Osborn, T.J., 1998b. Influence of volcanic eruptions on
northern hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years. Nature, 393, 450-455.
Broecker, W.S., 2001. Was the Medieval Warm Period global? Science, 291, 1497-1499.
Brown, Dale Mac Kenzie, 2000. The fate of Greenland’s Viking. Time-Life’s Book.www.archaelogy.org/online/features/Greenland/-Caillon
N, Severinghaus J.P., Jouzel J., Barnola, J. M., Kang, J., Lipenkov,
V.Y., 2003. Timing of atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperature changes across termination III. Science,
, 1728–1731.
Caillon, N., Severinghaus, J.P., Jouzel, J., Barnola, J.M., Kang, J., Lipenkov, V.Y., 2003. Timing of atmospheric
CO2 and Antarctic temperature changes across termination III. Science, 299, 1728–1731.
Callendar, G.S., 1958. On the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Tellus, 10, 243-248.
Cande, S.C., Kent, D.V., 1995. Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous
and Cenozoic. Journal of Geophysical Research, B100, 6093-6095.
Comiso, J.C., 2000. Variability and trends in Antarctic surface temperatures from in situ and satellite infrared
measurements. Journal of Climate, 13, 1674-1696.
Croll, J., 1864. On the Physical Cause of the Change of Climate During Geological Epochs. Philosophical
Magazine, 28, 121-37.
Czerney, Franz von 1881. Die Veränderlichkeit des Klimas und Ihre Ursachen. Vienna.
Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S.J., Moller, J., 1969. One thousand centuries of climatic record from the Camp
Century on the Greenland Sheet. Science, 166, 377-381.
D’ Arrigo, R., Mashig, E., Frank, D., Jacoby, G., Wilson, R., 2004. Reconstructed warm season temperatures
XLIII, No 1 – 26
for Nome, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, 10.1029/2004GL019756.
Doran, P.T., Priscu, J.C., Lyons, W.B., Walsh, J.E., Fountain, A.G., McKnight, D.M., Moorhead, D.L., Virginia,
R.A., Wall, D.H., Clow, G.D., Fritsen, C.H., McKay, C.P., Parsons, A.N., 2002. Antarctic climate
cooling and terrestrial ecosystem response. Nature advance online publication, 13 January 2002
(DOI 10.1038/nature710).
EPICA community members 2004. Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core. Nature 429, 623-628,
doi:10.1038/nature02599.
Falcon-Lang, H.J., 2005. Global climate analysis of growth rings in woods, and its implications for deeptime
paleoclimate studies. Paleobiology, 31, 434-444.
Fisher, H., Wahlen, M., Smith, J., Mastoianni, D., Deck, B., 1999. Ice core records of atmospheric CO2
around the last three Glacial terminations. Science, 283, 1712-1714.
Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Neff, U., Mudelsee, M., Mangini, A., Matter, A., 2004. Palaeoclimatic interpretation
of high-resolution oxygen isotope profiles derived from annually laminated speleothems
from Southern Oman. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 935-945.
Florides, G.A., Christodoulides, P., 2009. Global warming and carbon dioxide through sciences. Environmental
International, 35, 390-401.
Fourier, J., 1824. Remarques Générales sur les Températures Du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Plané-
taires. Annales de Chemie et de Physique 27: 136-67. Translation by Ebeneser Burgess, “General Remarks
on the Temperature of the Earth and Outer Space,” American Journal of Science 32, 1-20.
Fourier, J., 1827. Mémoire sur les Températures du Globe Terrestre dt des Espaces Planétaires. Mémoires
de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, 7, 569-604.
Franklin, B., 1784. Meteorological Imaginations and Conjectures (Paper Read 1784). Memoirs of the Literary
and Philosophical Society of Manchester 2nd ed., 1789: 373-77. Reprinted Weatherwise 35, 262 (1982).
Friedli, H., Lotscher, H., Oeschger, H., Siegenthaler, U., Stauffer, B., 1986.“Ice core record of the 13C/12C
ratio of atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries.” Nature, 324, 237-238.
Friss-Christiensen, E., Lassen, K., 1991. Length of the solar cycle: An indicator of solar activity closely
associated with climate. Science, 254, 698-700.
Galaxy M104. Hubble Heritage Gallery Images, 2009. www. Heritage.stsci.edu/…./galindex.html
Gerhard, L.C., 2001. Natural processes are the most significant climate drivers. www.geocraft.com/VWFossills/.../Gerhard-Climate-Change.
pdf
Grousset, F.E., Pujol, C., Labeyrie, L., Auffret, G., Boelaert, A., (2000-02-01). “Were the North Atlantic
Heinrich events triggered by the behaviour of the European ice sheets?” (abstract). Geology, 28(2):
–126. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<123:WTNAHE>2.0.CO;2. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/2/123
Grudd, H., Briffa, K.R., Karlen, W., Bartholin, T.S., Jones, P.D., Kromer, B., 2002. A 7400-year tree-ring
chronology in northern Swedish Lapland: natural climatic variability expressed on annual to millennial
timescales. The Holocene, 12, 657-665.
Hadley Meterological Center, 2008. HadCRUT 3. Global temperature record. Met Office Hadley Center
for Climatic Prediction and Research. www.metoffice.gov.uk/corporate/pressoffice/ 20081216 html-27K
Hathaway, D., 2008. What is wrong with the Sun? (Nothing). science.nasa.gov/…./11 Jul- solarcycleupdate.html
Hayes, J.D., Imbrie, J., Shackleton, N.J., 1976. Variations in the Earth’s Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages.
Science, 194, 1121-1132.
Heikkila, M., Seppa, H., 2003. A 11,000-yr palaeotemperature reconstruction from the southern boreal
zone in Finland. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22, 541-554.
(1) XLIII, No 1 – 27
Heinrich, H., 1988. Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean during
the past 130,000 years. Quaternary Research, 29, 142-152.
Holmgren, K., Karlen, W., Lauritzen, S.E., Lee-Thorp, J. A., Partridge, T. C., Piketh, S., Repinski, P.,
Stevenson, C., Svanered, O., Tyson, P.D., 1999. A 3000-year high-resolution stalagmite-based record
of paleoclimate for north- eastern South Africa. The Holocene, 9, 295-309.
Holmgren, K., Tyson, P.D., Moberg, A., Svanered, O., 2001. A preliminary 3000-year regional temperature
reconstruction for South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 99, 49-51.
Hormes, A., Karlen, W., Possnert, G., 2004. Radiocarbon dating of palaeosol components in moraines in
Lapland, northern Sweden. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 2031-2043.
Hoyt, D.V., Schatten, K.H., 1998a. Group sunspot numbers: A new solar activity reconstruction. Part 1.
Solar Physics, 179, 189-219.
Hoyt, D. V., Schatten K.H., 1998b. Group sunspot numbers: A new solar activity reconstruction. Part 2.
Solar Physics, 181, 491-512.
Hughes, J. D., 2009. The energy sustainability dilemma: Powering the future in a finite world. Global Sustainability
Research, Inc. Contact: dave-hughes@xplornet.com
Idso, C.D., Idso, K.E., 2000. The Greening of the American West. Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide
and Global Change, Tempe, AZ, USA.
Jaworowski, Z., Segalstad, T.V., Ono, N., 1992. Do glaciers tell a true atmospheric CO2 story? The Science
of the Total Environment, 114, 227-284.
Jones, P., 2008. Global temperature record. www.cru.uea. ac.uk/cru/info/warming/ and Brohan, P., J.J.
Kennedy, I. Harris, S.F.B. Tett and P.D. Jones, 2006: Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed
tem- perature changes: a new dataset from 1850. J. Geophysical Research 111, D12106.
Jiang, H., Seidenkrantz, M-S., Knudsen, K.L., Eiriksson, J., 2002. Late-Holocene summer sea-surface
temperatures based on a diatom record from the north Icelandic shelf. The Holocene, 12, 137-147.
Kah, L.C., Riding, R., 2007. Mesoproterozoic carbon dioxide levels inferred from calcified cyanobacteria.
Geology, 35, 799-802.
Kahn, M., 2009. Forests absorb 20% of fossil fuel emissions: study. www.reuters.com/article/ …../idUSTRE
IH5KE 20092018
Kaufman, A.J., Xiao, S., 2003. High CO2 levels in the Proterozoic atmosphere estimated from analyses
of individual microfossils. Nature, 425, 279-282.
Keigwin, L.D., 1996. The Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period in the Sargasso Sea. Science, 274,
-1508.
Kelly, P.F., Kobes, R., Kunstatter, G., 1994. Parametrization invariance and the resolution of the unitary
gauge puzzle. Phys. Rev. D 50, 7592-7602.
Khilyuk, K., Chillingar G.V., 2003. Global warming: are we confusing cause and effect. Energy Sources,
, 357-370.
Khilyuk, K., Chillingar, G.V., 2006. Global forces of nature driving the Earth’s climate. Are humans involved?
Environmental Geology, 50, 899-910.
Krüger, T., 2008. Die Entdeckung der Eiszeiten. Internationale Rezeption und Konsequenzen für das Verständnis
der Klimageschichte, Basel 2008, ISBN 978-3-7965-2439-4, pp.220-223, pp. 223-224, pp. 540-542.
Köppen, W., 1873. Über Mehrjährige Perioden der Witterung, Insbesondere Über die 11jährige Periode
der Temperatur. Zeitschrift der Osterreichischen Gesellschaft für Meteorologie, 8, 41-48, 141-50.
Kouwenberg, L.L.R., McElwain, J.C., Kurschner, W.M., Wagner, F., Beerling, D.J., Mayle, F.E., Visscher,
H., 2003. Stomatal frequency adjustment of four conifer species to historical changes in atXLIII,
No 1 – 28
mospheric CO2. American Journal of Botany, 90, 610-619.
Kouwenberg, L., 2004. Application of Conifer Needles in the Reconstruction of Holocene CO2 Levels.
PhD Thesis, University of Utrecht; 2004. bhttp://www.bio.uu.nl/~palaeo/Personeel/ Lenny/artikellinks/full.pdfN
Kouwenberg, L., Wagner, R., Kurschner, W., Visscher, H., 2005. Atmospheric CO2 fluctuations during the
last millennium reconstructed by stomatal frequency analysis of Tsuga heterophylla needles. Geology,
, 33–36.
Kurschner, W.M., Burgh, van der, J., Visscher, H., Dilcher, D.L., 1996. Oak leaves as biosensors of late
Neogene and early Pleistocene paleoatmospheric CO2 concentrations. Marine Micropaleontology,
, 299-312.
Lamb, H.H., 1995. Climate, History and the Modern World. Publisher: Routledge, 464 pp. ISBN: 13:
Landgraf, M., 2003. Galactic dust storm enters Solar System. www.Mewscientist.com/.../dn4021-galactic-dust-storm-enters-solar-system.html
Le Roy Ladurie, E., 1988. Times of feast, times of famine: a history of climate since the year 1000. Farrar-Straus
and Giroux, Publisher, ISBN: 13: 9780374521220.
Loehle, C., 2004. Climate change: detection and attribution of trends from long-term geologic data. Ecological
Modelling, 171, 433-450.
Loehle, C., 2005. Estimating climatic timeseries from multi-site data afflicted with dating error. Mathematical
Geology, 37, 127-140.
Loehle, C., 2007. A 2000 Year Global Temperature Reconstruction based on Non-Tree ring Proxy Data.
Energy & Environment, 18, 1049-1058.
Loehle, C., McCulloch, J.H., 2008. Correction to: A 2000-year global temperature reconstruction based
on non-treering proxies. Energy & Environment, 19, 93-100.
Linderholm, H.W., Gunnarson, B.E., 2005. Summer temperature variability in central Scandinavia during
the last 3600 years. Geografiska Annaler, 87A, 231-241.
Lindzen, R., 2005. Understanding common climate claims. International Seminar on Nuclear War and
Planetary Emergencies—34th Session, Erice, Italy, 19–24 August, 2005. Proceedings World Federation
of Scientists; 2006. bhttp://www.worldscibooks.com/environsci/ 6076.htmlN
Mann, M.E., Bradley, R.S., Hughes, M.K., 1998. Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing
over the past six centuries. Nature, 392, 779-787.
Mann, M.E., Bradley, R.S., Hughes, M.K., 1999. Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium:
inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 759-762.
Mariolakos, I.D., 2008. Water and Environment. A Geo-Mythological Approach. AQUA 2008. 4th Intl.
Exhibition of Water and Environment. www.mio-ecsde.org/filemgmt/visit. php2?lid= 364
Milankovitch, M., 1940. Mathematische Klimalehre und Astronomische Theorie der Klimaschwankungen. In
Handbuch der Klimatologie, edited by W. Köppen and R. Geiger, Vol. 1, Pt. A, pp. 1-176. Berlin: Borntraeger.
Moberg, A., Sonechkin, D.M., Holmgren, K., Datsenko, N.M., Karlén, W., 2005. Highly variable Northern
Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high resolution proxy data. Nature, 433, 613-617.
Munroe, J.S., 2003. Estimates of Little Ice Age climate inferred through historical rephotography, Northern
Unita Mountains, U.S.A. Arctic. Antarctic and Alpine Research, 35, 489-498.
Murad, E., Williams, I.P., 2002. Meteors in the Earth’s Atmosphere: Meteoroids and Cosmic Dust and their
Interaction with Earth’s Upper Atmosphere. Cambridge Univ. Press 322p. ISBN-13: 9780521804318,
ISBN: 10: 0521804310 NASA’s OCO satellite. Aims to Solve a Climate Change. Scientific American
www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id= nasas...satellite
XLIII, No 1 – 29
Neftel, A., Moor, E., Oeschger, H., Stauffer, B., 1985. Evidence from polar ice cores for the increase in
atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries. Nature, 315, 45-47.
Olafsdottir, R., Schlyter, P., Haraldsson, H.V., 2001. Simulating Icelandic vegetation cover during the
Holocene: Implications for long-term land degradation. Geografiska Annaler, 83A, 203-215.
Petit, J.R., Basile, I., Leruyuet, A., Raynaud, D., Lorius, C., Jouzel, J.M., Stievenard, M., Lipenkov, V.Y.,
Barkov, N.I., Kudryashov, B.B., Davis, M., Saltzman, E., Kotlyakov. V., 1997. Four climate cycles
in Vostok ice core. Nature, 387, 359-360.
Petit, J.R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N.I., Barnola, J.-M., Basile, I., Benders, M., Chappellaz,
J.,Davis, M., Delayque, G., Delmotte, M., Kotlyakov, V.M., Legrand, M., Lipenkov, V.Y., Lorius, C.,
Pépin, L., Ritz, C., Saltzman, E., Stievenard, M., 1999. Climate and atmospheric history of the past
,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature, 399, 429-436.
Pidwirny, M., 2006. Earth’s Climatic History. Fundamentals of Physical Geography, 2nd Edition. Date
Pisaric, M., Carey, S., Kokelj, S., Youngblut, D., 2007. Anomalous 20th century tree growth, Mackenzie
Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, doi:10.1029/2006GL029139
Raymo, M.E., 1992. Global climate change: a three million year perspective. In: Kukla, G. and Went, E.
(eds.), Start of a Glacial, Proceedings of the Mallorca NATO ARW, NATO ASI Series I, Vol. 3,
Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, p. 207-223.
Reuters, 2009. Orbital Set to Launch Orbiting Carbon Observatory Earth Sci- ence Satellite Aboard Taurus
Rocket for NASA, Monday February 23, 2009.
Rieu, R., Allen, P.A., Plotze, M., Pettke, T., 2007. Climatic cycles during a Neoproterozoic “snowball”
glacial epoch. Geology, 35, 299–302.
Royer, D.L., Berner, R.A., Montañez, I.P., Tabor, N.J., Beerling, D.J., 2004. CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic
climate. GSA Today 2004; 14(3). doi:10.1130/1052-5173.<http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/FACULTY/POPP/Royer%20et%20al.%202004%20GSA%20Today.pdf>.
Ruddiman, W.F., Raymo, M.E., Martinson, D.G., Clement, B.M., Backman, J., 1989. Mid-Pleistocene
evolution of Northern Hemisphere climate. Paleoceanography, 4, 353-412.
Rutledge, D., 2007. Hubbert’s Peak, the coal question and climate change. http;//www.aspousa.org/ proceedings/Houston/presentations/talk
% for 20% ASPO % from Dave%20 Rutledge pdf
Schönwiese, C., 1995. Klimaänderungen: Daten, Analysen, Prognosen, Springer, Heidelberg (Link to
Schmidt, G., 2006. Medieval warmth and English wine. RealClimate. http://www.realclimate.org/
index.php/archives/2006/07/medieval-warmth-and-english-wine/. Retrieved 2006-07-12.
Schneider, D.P., Steig, E.J., van Ommen, T.D., Dixon, D.A., Mayewski, P.A., Jones, J.M., Bitz, C.M.,
Antarctic temperatures over the past two centuries from ice cores. Geophysical Research Letters,
, 10.1029/2006GL027057.
Schulz, M., 2002. On the 1470-year pacing of Dansgaard-Oeschger warm events. Paleoceanography 17,
doi:10.1029/2000PA000571
Scotese, C. R., 2002. PALEOMAP Project, Arlington, Texas; 2002. http://www.scotese.comN
Seppa, H., Birks, H.J.B., 2001. July mean temperature and annual precipitation trends during the Holocene
in the Fennoscandian tree-line area: pollen-based climate reconstruction. The Holocene, 11, 527-539.
Seppa, H., Birks, H.J.B., 2002. Holocene climate reconstruction from the Fennoscandian tree-line area
based on pollen data from Toskaljavri. Quaternary Research, 57, 191-199.
Shaviv, N.J., Weizer, J., 2003.Celestial driver of Phanerozoic climate? GSA Today, 13, 4-10.
XLIII, No 1 – 30
Siegenthaler, Urs., Stokes, T,F., Monnin, E., Luthi, D., Schwander, J., Stauffer, B., Raynaud, D., Barnola,
J.-M., Fischer, H., Masson-Delmotte, V., Jouzel, J., 2005. Stable carbon cycle-climate relationship during
the Late Pleistocene. Science, 310, 1313-1317.
Singer, F.S., Idso, G., 2009. Climate change reconsidered. The Heartland Institute, 880 p. ISBN-10:
Slocum, G., 1955. Has the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changed significantly since the
beginning of the twentieth century? Month. Weather Rev.,1955 (October): 225-231.
Soon, W., Baliunas, S., 2003. Proxy Climatic and Environmental Changes of the Past 1000 Years. Climate
Research, 23, 89-110.
Sorokhtin, O.G., Chillingar, G.V., Khilyuk, L.F., 2007. Global warming and global cooling. Evolution of
climate on earth. Developments in Earth & Environmental Sciences, 978-0-444-53815-5.
Spears, T., 2009. Canadian mini-satellite may solve carbon puzzle. www2.canada.com/ calgaryherald/news/story.html?id
Spencer, R., 2007. 2000 years of Global Temperatures: The 2007-2008 Global cooling event. www. drroy
spencer. com/
Svensmark, H., Friss-Christensen, E., 1997. Variation of cosmic ray flux and global cloud relationships.
J. Atm. Solar-Terrest. Phys., 59, 1225-1232.
Svensmark, H., 1998. “Influence of Cosmic Rays on Earth’s Climate”. Physical Review Letters, 81, 5027–5030.
Svensmark, H, Pedersen, J. O. P., Marsh, N.D., Enghoff, M. B., Uggerhøj, U.I., 2007. “Experimental evidence
for the role of ions in particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions”. Proceedings of the
Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 463, 385–396.
Svensmark, H., 2007. Astronomy & Geophysics Cosmoclimatology: a new theory emerges. Astronomy
& Geophysics, 48, 1.18–1.24.
Thompson, D.W.J., Solomon, S., 2002. Interpretation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change.
Science, 296, 895-899.
Tjeerd, H. van A., 1994. New Views on an Old Planet: A History of Global Change 2nd ed. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK, p. 457 10: ISBN 0521447550.
Tyndall, J., 1861. On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours. Philosophical Magazine
ser. 4, 22, 169-94, 273-85.
Tyndall, J., 1863. On Radiation through the Earth’s Atmosphere. Philosophical Magazine ser. 4, 25, 200-206.
Viau, A.E., Gajewski, K., Sawada, M.C., Fines, P., 2006. Millennial-scale temperature variations in North
America during the Holocene. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D09102, doi: 1029/2005JD006031.
Voelker, A.H.L., 2002. Global distribution of centennial-scale records for Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3:
a database. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, 1185-1212. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00139-1.
Wagner, F., Sjoerd J.P., Bohncke, S.J.P., Dilcher, D.L., Kürschner, W.M., Geel, van B., Visscher, H., 1999. Century-Scale
Shifts in Early Holocene Atmospheric CO2 Concentration. Science, 284, 1971-1973.
Wagner, F., Lenny, L.R., Kouwenberg, L.LR., van Hoof, T.B., Visscher, H., 2004. Reproducibility of
Holocene atmospheric CO2 records based on stomatal fre- quency. Quaternary Science Review, 23,
-1954.
Wiki Answers, 2009. How reliable are air bubbles in ice core samples for deter- mining historic levels of Carbon
Dioxide in the atomsphere?wiki.answers.com/.../ How_reliable_are_air_bubbles_in_ice_core_samples_for_determining_historic_levels_of_Carbon_Dioxide_in_the...