The use of transitology in the field of transitional justice: a critique of the literature on the 'third wave' of democratisation
Published:
Dec 3, 2015
Keywords:
transitology transitional justice democratisation Southern Europe Eastern Europe Latin America
Abstract
This article analyses the role and the limits of transitology in framing transitional justice studies after the collapse of dictatorial regimes in Southern Europe, Latin America and Eastern Europe. It examines the evolution of the scholarship with reference to three main topics that have been pioneered by transitologists and developed further by transitional justice scholars, namely: the connections between justice for past abuses and democratisation; the determinants of transitional justice; and the relationship between accountability and the passage of time. The article argues that while transitology has nurtured important research initiatives in the field of transitional justice, its approaches suffer from serious shortcomings. They remained overly prescriptive and short-term in focus, and they often dehistoricised social phenomena. Adopting a teleological perspective on transitions supposedly bound for democracy, they overlooked comparisons and interconnections between transitional justice processes originating in democratic contexts and those arising from dictatorial settings. Moreover, in their attempt to build general typologies and establish causalities between types of dictatorial regimes, exit modes from authoritarianism and justice mechanisms, transitological approaches often failed to explain the peculiarities of national cases, and likewise paid scant attention to international contexts and transnational interactions.
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Grosescu, R. (2015). The use of transitology in the field of transitional justice: a critique of the literature on the ’third wave’ of democratisation. Historein, 15(1), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.12681/historein.272
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References
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Borneman, John. Settling Accounts: Violence, Justice and Accountability in Post-socialist Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Brems, Eva. “Transitional Justice in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights.” The International Journal of Transitional Justice 5/2 (2011): 282–303.
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Choi, Susanne Y.P., and Roman David. “Lustration Systems and Trust: Evidence from Survey Experiments in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland.” American Journal of Sociology 117/4 (2012): 1172–1201.
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Elster, Jon. “Coming to Terms with the Past: A Framework for the Study of Justice in the Transition to Democracy.” Archives européennes de sociologie 39/1 (1998): 7–48.
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Huyse, Luc. “Comparing Transitional Justice Experience in Europe.” In Transitional Justice and Memory in Europe (1945–2013), edited by Nico Wouters, 351–368. Cambridge: Intersentia, 2014.
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Kiss, Csilla. “The Misuses of Manipulation: The Failure of Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Hungary.” Europe–Asia Studies 58/6 (2006): 925–940.
Kitschelt, Herbert, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslaw Markowski and Gabor Toka. Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation and Inter-party Competition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Kitschelt, Herbert. “Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-Communist Democracies: Theoretical propositions.” Party Politics 1/4 (1995): 447–472.
Kritz, Neil J., ed. Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995.
Lebow, Richard Ned, Wulf Kansteiner and Claudio Fogu, eds. The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe. London: Duke University Press, 2006.
Lessa, Francesca. Memory and Transitional Justice in Argentina and Uruguay: Against Impunity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
Letki, Natalia. “Lustration and Democratisation in East-Central Europe.” Europe–Asia Studies 54/4 (2002): 529–552.
Linz, Juan J., and Alfred Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Linz, Juan J., Crisis, Breakdown and Re-Equilibration. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
Macedo, Stephen, ed. Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
Malamud-Goti, Jaime. “Transitional Governments in the Breach: Why Punish State Criminals?” Human Rights Quarterly 12/1 (1990): 1–16.
McAdams, James, ed.. Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997.
Monson, Robert A. “The West German Statute of Limitations on Murder: A Political, Legal, and Historical Exposition.” American Journal of Comparative Law 30/4 (1982): 605–615.
Moran, John. “The Communist Torturers of Eastern Europe: Prosecute and Punish or Forgive and Forget?” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 27/1 (1994): 95–109.
Mouralis, Guillaume. “The Invention of ‘Transitional Justice’ in the 1990s.” In Dealing with Wars and Dictatorships: Legal Concepts and Categories in Action, edited by Liora Israel and Guillaume Mouralis, 83–100. The Hague: Springer, 2014.
Mouralis, Guillaume. Une épuration allemande: La RDA en procès 1949–2004. Paris: Fayard, 2008.
Nalepa, Monika. Skeletons in the Closet: Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Nedelsky, Nadia. “Divergent Responses to a Common Past: Transitional Justice in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.” Theory and Society 33/1 (2004): 65–115.
Nino, Carlos Santiago, “The Duty to Punish Past Abuses of Human Rights Put Into Context: The Case of Argentina.” The Yale Law Journal 100/8 (1991): 2619–2640.
Novick, Peter. The Resistance versus Vichy: The Purge of Collaborators in Liberated France. New York: Columbia University Press, 1968.
O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
Olsen, Tricia D., Leigh A. Payne and Andrew G. Wreiter. Transitional Justice in Balance: Comparing Processes, Weighing Efficacy. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2010.
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Rousso, Henry. The Haunting Past: History, Memory and Justice in Contemporary France. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.
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Spooner, Mary H. The General’s Slow Retreat: Chile after Pinochet. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.
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Stromseth, Jane. “Justice on the Ground: Can International Criminal Courts Strengthen Domestic Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Societies?” Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 1 (2000): 87–97.
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Weinke, Annette. “West Germany: A Case of Transitional Justice avant la lettre?” In Transitional Justice and Memory in Europe (1945–2013), edited by Nico Wouters, 25–62. Cambridge: Intersentia, 2014.
Weinschenk, Fritz. “Nazi before German Courts: The West German War Crimes Trials.” The International Lawyer 10/3 (1976): 515–529.
Wieviorka, Annette. Le procès Eichmann. Paris: Editions Complexe, 1989.
Williams, Kieran, Alks Szczerbiak and Brigid Fowler. “Explaining Lustration in Eastern Europe: A Post-communist politics approach.” SEI Working Paper 62 (2003). Accessed 4 Feb. 2009. http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sei/documents/wp62.pdf.
Zallaquett, José. “Balancing Ethical Imperatives and Political Constraints: The Dilemma of New Democracies Confronting Past Human Rights Violations.” Hastings Law Journal 43/6 (1992): 1425–1438.
Zielonka, Jan. Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Acuña, Carlos H., and Catalina Smulovitz. “Guarding the Guardians in Argentina: Some Lessons about the Risks and Benefits of Empowering the Courts.” In Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies, edited by James McAdams, 93–122. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997.
Aguilar, Paloma, and Clara Ramirez-Barat, “Amnesty and Reparations without Truth and Justice in Spain.” In Transitional Justice and Memory in Europe (1945–2013), edited by Nico Wouters, 199–258. Cambridge: Intersentia, 2014.
Alivizatos, Nicos C., and P. Nikiforos Diamandouros. “Politics and the Judiciary in the Greek Transition to Democracy.” In Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies, edited by James McAdams, 27–60. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997.
Arendt, Hannah. Eichmann in Jerusalem. London: Faber and Faber, 1963.
Barahona de Brito, Alexandra, Carmen Gonzalez-Enriques and Paloma Aguilar, eds. The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Barahona de Brito, Alexandra. “Truth, Justice, Memory and Democratization in the Southern Cone.” In The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, edited by Alexandra Barahona de Brito, Carmen Gonzalez-Enriques and Paloma Aguilar, 119–160. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Bevernage, Berber. “Time, Presence, and Historical Injustice.” History and Theory 47/2 (2008): 149–167.
Borneman, John. Settling Accounts: Violence, Justice and Accountability in Post-socialist Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Brems, Eva. “Transitional Justice in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights.” The International Journal of Transitional Justice 5/2 (2011): 282–303.
Cavarozzi, Marcelo. “Political Cycles in Argentina since 1955.” In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America, edited by Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead, 19–48. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.
Choi, Susanne Y.P., and Roman David. “Lustration Systems and Trust: Evidence from Survey Experiments in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland.” American Journal of Sociology 117/4 (2012): 1172–1201.
Collins, Cath. Post-transitional Justice: Human Rights Trials in Chile and El Salvador. University Park: Pennsylvania University Press, 2012.
Diamandouros, P. Nikiforos. “Regime Change and the Prospects for Democracy in Greece: 1974–1983.” In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe, edited Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, 138–164. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
Dobry, Michel. “Les voies incertaines de la transitologie: Choix stratégiques, séquences historiques, bifurcations et processus de la Path Dependence.” Revue Française de Science Politique 50/4–5 (2000): 585–614.
Elster, Jon. “Coming to Terms with the Past: A Framework for the Study of Justice in the Transition to Democracy.” Archives européennes de sociologie 39/1 (1998): 7–48.
Elster, Jon. Closing the Books: Transitional Justice in Historical Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Hermet, Guy. “Le charme trompeur des théories: un état des travaux.” In Démocraties d’ailleurs: Démocraties et démocratisations hors de l’Occident, edited by Christophe Jafferot, 314–342. Paris: Karthala, 2000.
Horovitz, Sigall. “How International Courts Shape Domestic Justice: Lessons from Rwanda and Sierra Leone.” Israel Law Review 46/3 (2013): 339–367.
Huntington, Samuel. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twenty Century. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
Huyse, Luc. “Comparing Transitional Justice Experience in Europe.” In Transitional Justice and Memory in Europe (1945–2013), edited by Nico Wouters, 351–368. Cambridge: Intersentia, 2014.
Huyse, Luc. “Justice after Transition: On the Choices Successor Elites Make in Dealing with the Past.” Law & Social Inquiry 20/1 (1995): 51–78.
Israel, Liora, and Guillaume Mouralis, eds., Dealing with Wars and Dictatorships: Legal Concepts and Categories in Action. The Hague: Springer, 2014.
Karl, Terry L., and Philippe Schmitter, “From the Iron Curtain to a Paper Curtain: Grounding Transitologists or Students of Postcommunism?” Slavic Review 54/4 (1995): 965–978.
Katsikas, Stefanos. “Transitional Justice after the Collapse of Dictatorship in Greece (1974–2000).” In Transitional Justice and Memory in Europe (1945–2013), edited by Nico Wouters, 259–287. Cambridge: Intersentia, 2014.
Keck, Margaret, and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.
Kirs, Eszter. “Limits of the Impact of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia on the Domestic Legal System of Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Goettingen Journal of International Law 3/1 (2011): 397–416.
Kiss, Csilla. “The Misuses of Manipulation: The Failure of Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Hungary.” Europe–Asia Studies 58/6 (2006): 925–940.
Kitschelt, Herbert, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslaw Markowski and Gabor Toka. Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation and Inter-party Competition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Kitschelt, Herbert. “Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-Communist Democracies: Theoretical propositions.” Party Politics 1/4 (1995): 447–472.
Kritz, Neil J., ed. Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995.
Lebow, Richard Ned, Wulf Kansteiner and Claudio Fogu, eds. The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe. London: Duke University Press, 2006.
Lessa, Francesca. Memory and Transitional Justice in Argentina and Uruguay: Against Impunity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
Letki, Natalia. “Lustration and Democratisation in East-Central Europe.” Europe–Asia Studies 54/4 (2002): 529–552.
Linz, Juan J., and Alfred Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Linz, Juan J., Crisis, Breakdown and Re-Equilibration. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
Macedo, Stephen, ed. Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
Malamud-Goti, Jaime. “Transitional Governments in the Breach: Why Punish State Criminals?” Human Rights Quarterly 12/1 (1990): 1–16.
McAdams, James, ed.. Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997.
Monson, Robert A. “The West German Statute of Limitations on Murder: A Political, Legal, and Historical Exposition.” American Journal of Comparative Law 30/4 (1982): 605–615.
Moran, John. “The Communist Torturers of Eastern Europe: Prosecute and Punish or Forgive and Forget?” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 27/1 (1994): 95–109.
Mouralis, Guillaume. “The Invention of ‘Transitional Justice’ in the 1990s.” In Dealing with Wars and Dictatorships: Legal Concepts and Categories in Action, edited by Liora Israel and Guillaume Mouralis, 83–100. The Hague: Springer, 2014.
Mouralis, Guillaume. Une épuration allemande: La RDA en procès 1949–2004. Paris: Fayard, 2008.
Nalepa, Monika. Skeletons in the Closet: Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Nedelsky, Nadia. “Divergent Responses to a Common Past: Transitional Justice in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.” Theory and Society 33/1 (2004): 65–115.
Nino, Carlos Santiago, “The Duty to Punish Past Abuses of Human Rights Put Into Context: The Case of Argentina.” The Yale Law Journal 100/8 (1991): 2619–2640.
Novick, Peter. The Resistance versus Vichy: The Purge of Collaborators in Liberated France. New York: Columbia University Press, 1968.
O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
Olsen, Tricia D., Leigh A. Payne and Andrew G. Wreiter. Transitional Justice in Balance: Comparing Processes, Weighing Efficacy. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2010.
Orentlicher, Diane F. “Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violation of a Prior Regime.” The Yale Law Journal 100/8 (1991): 2537–2615.
Pridham, Geoffrey, Eric Herring and George Sanford, eds. Building Democracy? The International Dimension of Democratization in Eastern Europe. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1994.
Psomiades, Harry. “Greece: From the Colonel’s Rule to Democracy.” In From Dictatorship to Democracy: Coping with the Legacy of Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism, edited by John H. Herz, 251–273. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1982.
Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. “Genocide and War Crimes in National Courts: the Conviction of Rios Montt in Guatemala and its Aftermath.” ASIL Insights 17/14 (2013). Accessed 24 Apr. 2015. http://www.asil.org/insights/volume/17/issue/14/genocide-and-war-crimes-national-courts-conviction-rios-montt-guatemala.
Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. The Pinochet Effect: Transitional Justice in the Age of Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
Rousso, Henry. The Haunting Past: History, Memory and Justice in Contemporary France. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.
Rustow, Dankwart A. “The Surging Tide of Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 3/1 (1992): 119–122.
Siani-Davies, Peter. The Romanian Revolution of December 1989. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.
Sikkink, Kathryn. “From Pariah State to Global Protagonist: Argentina and the Struggle for International Human Rights.” Latin American Politics and Society 50/1 (2008): 3–29.
Sikkink, Kathryn. The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics. New York: WW Norton, 2011.
Simić, Olivera, and Zala Volčič, eds. Transitional Justice and Civil Society in the Balkans. New York: Springer, 2013.
Snyder, Jack, and Leslie Vinjamuri, “Trials and Errors: Principles and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice.” International Security 28/3 (2003–2004): 5–44.
Spooner, Mary H. The General’s Slow Retreat: Chile after Pinochet. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.
Stan, Lavinia, ed., Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. London: Routledge, 2008.
Stan, Lavinia. “Determinants of Post-Communist Transitional Justice: An Overview.” Paper prepared for the Global Challenges Conference “Justice and Imagination: Building Peace in Post-Conflict Societies”, Mount Holyoke College, 28 February–1 March 2014.
Stromseth, Jane. “Justice on the Ground: Can International Criminal Courts Strengthen Domestic Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Societies?” Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 1 (2000): 87–97.
Teitel, Ruti. Transitional Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Touykova, Marta. “La genèse d’un parti successeur en Bulgarie.” Raisons Politiques 3 (2001): 127–138.
United States Institute of Peace. “Transitional Justice: Information Handbook,” 2008. Accessed 14 Nov. 2014. http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/ROL/Transitional_justice_final.pdf.
Weinke, Annette. “West Germany: A Case of Transitional Justice avant la lettre?” In Transitional Justice and Memory in Europe (1945–2013), edited by Nico Wouters, 25–62. Cambridge: Intersentia, 2014.
Weinschenk, Fritz. “Nazi before German Courts: The West German War Crimes Trials.” The International Lawyer 10/3 (1976): 515–529.
Wieviorka, Annette. Le procès Eichmann. Paris: Editions Complexe, 1989.
Williams, Kieran, Alks Szczerbiak and Brigid Fowler. “Explaining Lustration in Eastern Europe: A Post-communist politics approach.” SEI Working Paper 62 (2003). Accessed 4 Feb. 2009. http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sei/documents/wp62.pdf.
Zallaquett, José. “Balancing Ethical Imperatives and Political Constraints: The Dilemma of New Democracies Confronting Past Human Rights Violations.” Hastings Law Journal 43/6 (1992): 1425–1438.
Zielonka, Jan. Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
