Η Διάκριση μεταξύ Ουδετερότητας και Τελειοκρατίας στην Πολιτική και Ηθική Φιλοσοφία του Φιλελευθερισμού: Τι είναι και γιατί έχει σημασία

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Δημοσιευμένα: Sep 15, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/hpsa.14871
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
φιλελευθερισμός τελειοκρατία ουδετερότητα
Λεωνίδας Μακρής
Περίληψη

Η αντιπαραβολή των εννοιών της ‘ουδετερότητας’ και της ‘τελειοκρατίας’ στον φιλελευθερισμό και η εν τέλει αντιθετική πολιτικά ερμηνεία τους, είναι εφικτό να έχει χειροπιαστές και πρακτικές επιπτώσεις. Η επισήμανση των υπόρρητων πολιτικών μηνυμάτων που μπορούν οι έννοιες αυτές να φέρουν αλλά και που συστηματικά -συνειδητά ή ασυνείδητα- αποσιωπούνται, μπορεί, επηρεάζοντας το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο άσκησης πολιτικής, να αποκτήσει επίκαιρο χαρακτήρα με πρακτικό πεδίο εφαρμογής. Τα πλεονεκτήματα του τελειοκρατικού φιλελευθερισμού θα αναδειχθούν κυρίως μέσω της προβολής, της συσχέτισης, καθώς και της στοίχισης συγκεκριμένων επιχειρημάτων του J.S.Mill και του J.Raz αλλά και της αντιπαράθεσής τους με τα αντίστοιχα ‘ουδετεριστών’, όπως ο J.Rawls.

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Βιογραφικό Συγγραφέα
Λεωνίδας Μακρής
Διδάσκων του ΠΔ 407/80 στο Δημοκρίτειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θράκης, Τμήμα Κοινωνικής Διοίκησης και Πολιτικής Επιστήμης (2012-2014)
Αναφορές
Πρωτογενείς Πηγές:
John Stuart Mill:
-Robson, J., M., (ed.), (1963-1991), The Collected Works of J.S.Mill, 33vols. Toronto and London: University of Toronto Press and Routledge & Kegan Paul:
-Volume X (1985): Essays on Ethics, Religion, and Society (Mill’s Utilitarianism by D.P.Dryer, pp.lxiii-cxiv; Remarks on Bentham’s Philosophy, pp.3-18; Bentham, pp.75-116; Coleridge, pp.117-64; Whewell on Moral Philosophy, pp.165-202; Utilitarianism, pp.203-60).
-Volume XVIII (1977): Essays on Politics and Society, Part I (On Liberty, pp.213-310).
-Volume XIX (1977): Essays on Politics and Society, Part II (Considerations on Representative Government, pp.371-753) [abbreviated as ‘Repr.Govern.’].
-Volume XXI (1984): Essays on Equality, Law, and Education (Inaugural Address Delivered to the University of St. Andrews, pp.215-58; The Subjection of Women, pp.259-340).
Joseph Raz:
-Raz, J., (2002), “Liberalism, Autonomy, and the Politics of Neutral Concern”, in G.W.Smith (ed.) Liberalism: Critical Concepts in Political Theory, vol.III, pp.178-211. London and New York: Routledge.
-Raz, J., (1997), “Incommensurability and Agency” in R.Chang (ed.) Incommensurability, Incomparability and Practical Reason, pp.110-28. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
-Raz, J., (1995), Ethics in the Public Domain: Essays in the Morality of Law and Politics (R.E.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
-Raz, J., (1994), “Multiculturalism: A Liberal Perspective”, in Dissent, vol.41, winter 1994, pp.67-79.
-Raz, J., (1986), The Morality of Freedom. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Δευτερογενείς Πηγές:
-Ackerman, B., (1980), Social Justice in the Liberal State. New Haven: Yale University Press.
-Apperley, A., (2000), “Liberalism, Autonomy and Stability” in British Journal of Political Science, vol.30, n.2 (Apr.), pp.291-311.
-Beiner, R., (1992), What’s the Matter with Liberalism?, Berkeley: University of California Press.
-Berlin, I., (1969), “Two concepts of liberty”, in Four Essays on Liberty.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-Biondo, F., (2005), “Two Types of Liberal Perfectionism”, in Ratio Juris, vol.18, n.4 (December), pp.519-35.
-Chan, J., (2000), “Legitimacy, Unanimity, and Perfectionism”, in Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol.29, n.1 (Winter), pp.5-42.
-Clarke, S., (2006), “Debate: State Paternalism, Neutrality and Perfectionism”, in The Journal of Political Philosophy, vol.14, n.1, pp.111-21.
-Crowder, G., (2002), Liberalism and Value Pluralism. London and New York: Continuum.
-Damico, A., J., (1997), “What's Wrong with Liberal Perfectionism?”, in Polity, vol. 29, n. 3 (Spring), pp. 397-420.
-Devigne, R., (2006), Reforming Liberalism: J.S.Mill’s Use of Ancient, Religious, Liberal, and Romantic Moralities. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
-Donner, W., (1991), The Liberal Self: John Stuart Mill’s Moral and Political Philosophy. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
-Dworkin, G., (1988), The Theory and Practice of Autonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-Dworkin, R., (1988), “Foundations of Liberal Equality: The Point of Political Theory and the Ethics of Equal Concern”, in Tanner Lectures in Human Values, May, Stanford University.
-Dworkin, R., (1985), A Matter of Principle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
-Eurofound, (2017), Income inequalities and employment patterns in Europe before and after the Great Recession, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
-Finnis, J., (1987), “The Legal Enforcement of ‘Duties to Oneself’: Kant vs Neo-Kantians”, in Columbia Law Review, vol.87, n.3 (April), pp.433-56.
-Fukuyama, F., (1992), The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Avon Books.
-Galston, W., (2002a), “Defending Liberalism”, in G.W.Smith (ed.) Liberalism: Critical Concepts in Political Theory, vol.III, pp.139-54. London and New York: Routledge.
-George, R., P., (1990), “Moralistic Liberalism and Legal Moralism”, Book Review of J. Feinberg’s Harmless Wrongdoing: The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, in Michigan Law Review, vol.88, n.6, Survey of Books Relating to the Law (May), pp.1415-29.
-Gray, J., (2000b), “Mill’s Liberalism and Liberalism’s Posterity” in The Journal of Ethics, vol.4, n.1-2, pp.137-65.
-Gray, J., (1996), Mill on Liberty: A Defence (2nded.). London and New York: Routledge.
-Green, L., (1988), “Un-American Liberalism: Raz’s Morality of Freedom”, in The University of Toronto Law Journal, vol.38, n.3. (Summer), pp.317-32.
-Haksar, V., (1979), Equality, Liberty, and Perfectionism. Oxford: Oxford Univerity Press.
-Hurka, T., (1993), Perfectionism. New York: Oxford University Press.
-Johnston, D., (1994), The Idea of a Liberal Theory: A Critique and Reconstruction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
-Kymlicka, W., (2003b), “Rawls on Teleology and Deontology”, in C.Kukathas (ed.) John Rawls: Critical Assessments of Leading Political Philosophers. London and New York: Routledge.
-Larmore, C., (1987), Patterns of Moral Complexity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-Letvin, S., (1965), The Pursuit of Certainty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-Lomasky, L., E., (1990), “But is it Liberalism?”. Book Review of J.Raz’s The Morality of Freedom, in Critical Review, vol.4, n.1 (Winter/Spring), pp.86-105.
-McCabe, D., (2000), “Knowing about the Good: A Problem with Antiperfectionism”, in Ethics, vol.110, n.2 (Jan.), pp.311-38.
-Miller, D., (1989), Market, State, and Community: Theoretical Foundations of Market Socialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-Muller, J., Z., (2003), The Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Western Thought. New York: Anchor Books, Random House.
-Neal, P., (1997), Liberalism and Its Discontents. London: Macmillan Press.
-Nussbaum, M., C., (2003a), “Capabilities as Fundamental Entitlements: Sen and Social Justice”, in Feminist Economics, vol.9, n.2-3 (Jan.), pp.35-59.
-Nussbaum, M., C., (2003b), “Political Liberalism and Respect: A Response to Linda Barclay”, in Sats-Nordic Journal of Philosophy, vol.4, n.2 (Fall), pp.25-44.
-Oshana, M., (2006), Personal Autonomy in Society, Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
-OECD (2017), Stat data on Trends and levels in Gini coefficients before and after taxes and transfers, average and median household disposable incomes, relative poverty rates and poverty gaps, before and after taxes and transfers, etc.
-Perry, S., (1995), “Immigration, Justice and Culture”, in W.Schwartz (ed.) Justice in Immigration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-Pew Research Center, (2015), “The American Middle Classs Losing Ground: No longer the majority and falling behind financially.”Washington, D.C.: December.
-Rawls, J., (2001), Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, ed. by E.Kelly. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press.
-Rawls, J., (1993), Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
-Rawls, J., (1988), “The Priority of Right and Ideas of the Good”, in Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol.17, n.4 (Autumn), pp.251-76.
-Rawls, J., (1973), A Theory of Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-Regan, D., H., (1983), “Review of Social Justice in the Liberal State” by B., A., Ackerman, in The Philosophical Review, XCII, n.4, October, pp.604-7.
-Richardson, (1990), “The Problem of Liberalism and the Good”, in Douglass et al. (eds) Liberalism and the Good. New York: Routledge.
-Scoglio, S., (1998), Transforming Privacy: A Transpersonal Philosophy of Rights. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
-Sher, G., (2002), “Liberal Neutrality and the Value of Autonomy”, in G.W.Smith (ed.) Liberalism: Critical Concepts in Political Theory, vol. III, pp.349-367. London and New York: Routledge.
-Smith, G., W., (1984), “J. S. Mill on Freedom”, in Z.Pelczynski and J.Gray (eds) Conceptions of Liberty in Political Philosophy. London: The Athlone Press.
-Wall, S., (1998), Liberalism, Perfectionism, and Restraint. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-Wolfe, C., (2006), Natural Law Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Διαδικτυακές Πηγές:
-Brink, D., (2007), “Mill's Moral and Political Philosophy”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2007/entries/mill-moral political/>.
-Gaus, G., F., and Courtland, S., D., (2008), “Liberalism”, in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/liberalism/>.
-Stanton-Ife, J., (2006), “The Limits of Law”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2006/entries/law-limits/>.
-Wall, S., (2008), “Perfectionism in Moral and Political Philosophy”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL=<http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/perfectionism-moral/>.