Nurturing Resilience through Ethical Living: The Noble Eightfold Path as a Framework for Overcoming Childhood Adversity


Published: Dec 31, 2025
Keywords:
resilience; The Noble Eightfold Path; Theravāda Buddhism; childhood adversity; spirituality; mindfulness; Buddhist ethics
Tipsatree Tipmontree
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0926-5991
Abstract

Childhood adversity encompasses a range of experiences that can severely impact an individual’s mental, emotional, and physical well-being. Yet, resilience – the ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change – has been a focal point of research, aiming to understand how some individuals not only survive but thrive despite such challenges. Emerging evidence suggests that faith and spirituality significantly contribute to resilience, offering a framework through which individuals can find meaning, hope, and strength. This article aims to explore the Eightfold Path of Theravāda Buddhism as a protective factor against childhood adversity, arguing that its principles can serve as a foundation for developing resilience. By integrating philosophical inquiry with psychological research, this article will examine how the Eightfold Path’s emphasis on ethical conduct, mental discipline, and wisdom can offer a transformative perspective to those who have faced early life challenges.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Articles
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Bai, Heesoon, Mel A. V. Voulgaris, and Heather Williams. “Waking up from Delusion: Mindfulness (Sati) and Right Mind-and-Heart (Bodhicitta) for Educating Activists.” Religions 13, no. 4 (2022): 363. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13040363.
Basnet, Basant Kumar. “Mathematical Model of the Relationship Between Four Noble Truths.” Rupandehi Campus Journal 3, no. 1 (2022): 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.3126/rcj.v3i1.51542.
Berens, Anne E., Sarah K. G. Jensen, and Charles A. Nelson. “Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity: From Physiological Mechanisms to Clinical Implications.” BMC Medicine 15, no. 1 (2017): 135. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0895-4.
Boccia, Maddalena, Laura Piccardi, and Paola Guariglia. “The Meditative Mind: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of MRI Studies.” BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/419808.
Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed. The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A [New] Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya; Translated from the Pali. The Teachings of the Buddha. Wisdom Publications, 2009.
Bodhi, Bhikkhu, trans. The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Saṃyutta Nikāya; Translated from the Pāli; Original Translation by Bhikkhu Bodhi. Wisdom Publications, 2000.
Bodhi, Bhikkhu. The Noble Eightfold Path: Way to the End of Suffering. Pariyatti Publishing, 2020.
Braquehais, Dolores M., Maria A. Oquendo, Enrique Baca-García, and Leo Sher. “Is Impulsivity a Link between Childhood Abuse and Suicide?” Comprehensive Psychiatry 51, no. 2 (2010): 121-129. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.05.003.
Buddhaghosa, Bhadantácariya, and Bhikkhu Ñáóamoli. The Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga). Buddhist Publication Society, 2010.
Burke, Patricia. “Enhancing Hope and Resilience Through a Spiritually Sensitive Focus in the Treatment of Trauma and Addiction.” Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment 8, no. 2 (2006): 187-206. doi: https://doi.org/10.1300/J034v08n02_10.
Canetti, Laura, Eytan Bachar, Omer Bonne, et al. “The Impact of Parental Death versus Separation from Parents on the Mental Health of Israeli Adolescents.” Comprehensive Psychiatry 41, no. 5 (2000): 360-368. doi: https://doi.org/10.1053/comp.2000.9002.
Cerniglia, Luca, Silvia Cimino, Giulia Ballarotto, and Gianluigi Monniello. “Parental Loss During Childhood and Outcomes on Adolescents’ Psychological Profiles: A Longitudinal Study.” Current Psychology 33, no. 4 (2014): 545-556. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-014-9228-3.
Chen, Siyin, and Christian H. Jordan. “Incorporating Ethics into Brief Mindfulness Practice: Effects on Well-Being and Prosocial Behavior.” Mindfulness 11, no. 1 (2020): 18-29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0915-2.
Classen, Albrecht. “Management of Stress through Philosophical Reflections: Teachings by Boethius (d. 524) for Our Modern Life.” Conatus – Journal of Philosophy 7, no. 2 (2022): 63-78. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.25648.
Connor, Kathryn M., Jonathan R. T. Davidson, and Li‐Ching Lee. “Spirituality, Resilience, and Anger in Survivors of Violent Trauma: A Community Survey.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 16, no. 5 (2003): 487-494. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025762512279.
Cook, Christopher C. H., and Nathan H. White. “Resilience and the Role of Spirituality.” In Oxford Textbook of Public Mental Health, edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Kamaldeep Bhui, Samuel Y. S. Wong, and Stephen E. Gilman. Oxford University Press, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198792994.003.0054.
Copeland, William E., Dieter Wolke, Adrian Angold, and E. Jane Costello. “Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Bullying and Being Bullied by Peers in Childhood and Adolescence.” JAMA Psychiatry 70, no. 4 (2013): 419-426. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.504.
Crow, Thomas, Dorthie Cross, Abigail Powers, and Bekh Bradley. “Emotion Dysregulation as a Mediator between Childhood Emotional Abuse and Current Depression in a Low-Income African-American Sample.” Child Abuse & Neglect 38, no. 10 (2014): 1590-1598. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.05.015.
Davidson, Richard J., Jon Kabat-Zinn, Jessica Schumacher, et al. “Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation.” Psychosomatic Medicine 65, no. 4 (2003): 564-570. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000077505.67574.E3.
Davis, Mary C., Linda Luecken, and Kathryn Lemery‐Chalfant. “Resilience in Common Life: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Journal of Personality 77, no. 6 (2009): 1637-1644. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00595.x.
De Carvalho, Hudson W., Rebeca Pereira, Julia Frozi, Luísa W. Bisol, Gustavo L. Ottoni, and Diogo R. Lara. “Childhood Trauma Is Associated with Maladaptive Personality Traits.” Child Abuse & Neglect 44 (2015): 18-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.10.013.
Dimou, Nikos. “The Two Greek Buddhas.” Conatus – Journal of Philosophy 7, no. 2 (2022): 79-86. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.25939.
Ding, Xiaojun, Yueyao Ma, Feng Yu, and Lily M. Abadal. “The Therapy of Desire in Times of Crisis: Lessons Learned from Buddhism and Stoicism.” Religions 14, no. 2 (2023): 237. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14020237.
Doehring, Carrie. “Resilience as the Relational Ability to Spiritually Integrate Moral Stress.” Pastoral Psychology 64, no. 5 (2015): 635-649. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-015-0643-7.
Dong, Maxia, Robert F. Anda, Vincent J. Felitti, et al. “The Interrelatedness of Multiple Forms of Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction.” Child Abuse & Neglect 28, no. 7 (2004): 771-784. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.01.008.
Egeland, Byron, Elizabeth Carlson, and Alan L. Sroufe. “Resilience as Process.” Development and Psychopathology 5, no. 4 (1993): 517-528. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006131.
Esch, Tobias. “The Neurobiology of Meditation and Mindfulness.” In Meditation – Neuroscientific Approaches and Philosophical Implications, edited by Stefan Schmidt and Harald Walach, vol. 2. Springer, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01634-4_9.
Faraz Ali, Syed, and Aqeel Khan. “Association between Bullying or Peer Victimization and Psychopathology Symptoms among Adolescents.” Cultural Communication and Socialization Journal 3, no. 2 (2022): 31-33. doi: https://doi.org/10.26480/ccsj.02.2022.31.33.
Fritz, Jessica, Anne M. De Graaff, Helen Caisley, Anne-Laura Van Harmelen, and Paul O. Wilkinson. “A Systematic Review of Amenable Resilience Factors That Moderate and/or Mediate the Relationship Between Childhood Adversity and Mental Health in Young People.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 9 (2018): 1-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00230.
Galderisi, Silvana, Andreas Heinz, Marianne Kastrup, Julian Beezhold, and Norman Sartorius. “Toward a New Definition of Mental Health.” World Psychiatry 14, no. 2 (2015): 231-233. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20231.
Garfield, Jay L. Buddhist Ethics: A Philosophical Exploration. Oxford University Press, 2022.
Gartland, Deirdre, Elisha Riggs, Sumaiya Muyeen, et al. “What Factors Are Associated with Resilient Outcomes in Children Exposed to Social Adversity? A Systematic Review.” BMJ Open 9, no. 4 (2019): 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024870.
Gethin, Rupert. The Foundations of Buddhism. OPUS. Oxford University Press, 1998.
Gilbert, Desleigh, and Jennifer Waltz. “Mindfulness and Health Behaviors.” Mindfulness 1, no. 4 (2010): 227-234. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-010-0032-3.
Goffi, Emmanuel Roberto. “Back to Eudaimonia as a Social Relation: What Does the Covid Crisis Teach Us about Individualism and Its Limits?” Conatus – Journal of Philosophy 7, no. 2 (2022): 105-118. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.26698.
Graham, Christopher D., Joanna Gouick, Charlotte Krahé, and David Gillanders. “A Systematic Review of the Use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in Chronic Disease and Long-Term Conditions.” Clinical Psychology Review 46 (2016): 46-58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.009.
Greenfield, Patricia M., Heidi Keller, Andrew Fuligni, and Ashley Maynard. “Cultural Pathways Through Universal Development.” Annual Review of Psychology 54, no. 1 (2003): 461-490. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145221.
Hanfstingl, Barbara. “Ego and Spiritual Transcendence: Relevance to Psychological Resilience and the Role of Age.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/949838.
Harrington, Anne, and John D. Dunne. “When Mindfulness Is Therapy: Ethical Qualms, Historical Perspectives.” American Psychologist 70, no. 7 (2015): 621-631. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039460.
Harvey, Peter. An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Hayes, Richard P. “Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition.” Journal of Indian Philosophy 16, no. 1 (1988): 5-28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00235404.
Heijningen, Carline J. M. van, Sheila R. van Berkel, Selena J. Rosinda, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, Lenneke R. A. Alink, and Bernet M. Elzinga. “Long-Term Effects of Experiencing Childhood Parental Death on Mental and Physical Health: A NESDA Study.” Stress and Health 40, no. 3 (2024): 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3322.
Hussen, Sophia Ahmed, Mulugeta Tsegaye, Meron Gurji Argaw, Karen Andes, Danielle Gilliard, and Carlos Del Rio. “Spirituality, Social Capital and Service: Factors Promoting Resilience among Expert Patients Living with HIV in Ethiopia.” Global Public Health 9, no. 3 (2014): 286-298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2014.880501.
Huxter, Malcolm, and Leandro Pizutti. “Principles and Practices of Buddhism in Relationship to Mental Health.” In Spirituality and Mental Health Across Cultures, edited by Alexander Moreira-Almeida, Bruno Paz Mosqueiro, and Dinesh Bhugra. Oxford University Press, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198846833.003.0014.
Jones, Angela, Daniel Cohen, Brick Johnstone, et al. “Relationships Between Negative Spiritual Beliefs and Health Outcomes for Individuals with Heterogeneous Medical Conditions.” Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health 17, no. 2 (2015): 135-152. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2015.1023679.
Josefsson, Torbjörn, Pernilla Larsman, Anders G. Broberg, and Lars-Gunnar Lundh. “Self-Reported Mindfulness Mediates the Relation Between Meditation Experience and Psychological Well-Being.” Mindfulness 2, no. 1 (2011): 49-58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0042-9.
Joseph, Stephen, and Alex P. Linley. “Positive Adjustment to Threatening Events: An Organismic Valuing Theory of Growth through Adversity.” Review of General Psychology 9, no. 3 (2005): 262-280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.262.
Kalra, Sanjay, Gagan Priya, Emmy Grewal, et al. “Diabetes Management and the Buddhist Philosophy: Toward Holistic Care.” Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 22, no. 6 (2018): 806-811. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.IJEM_285_17.
Kavouras, Pavlos. “Between and Betwixt the Other Theatre and the Theatre of the Other: Performativity as (Re)presenting, Show and Self-Awareness in the Myth of Barba.” Conatus – Journal of Philosophy 8, no. 1 (2023): 201-232. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.32387.
Keng, Shian-Ling, Moria J. Smoski, and Clive J. Robins. “Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies.” Clinical Psychology Review 31, no. 6 (2011): 1041-1056. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006.
Keown, Damien. The Nature of Buddhist Ethics. Palgrave Macmillan, 1992.
Khanna, Surbhi, and Bruce Greyson. “Near-Death Experiences and Posttraumatic Growth.” Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 203, no. 10 (2015): 749-755. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000362.
Kormas, Panagiotis. “Stoic Cognitive Theories and Contemporary Neuropsychological Treatments.” Conatus – Journal of Philosophy 7, no. 2 (2022): 87-102. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.31706.
Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Harold G Koenig, and Alessandra Lamas Granero Lucchetti. “Spirituality, Religiousness, and Mental Health: A Review of the Current Scientific Evidence.” World Journal of Clinical Cases 9, no. 26 (2021): 7620-7631. doi: https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i26.7620.
Luecken, Linda J., and Danielle S. Roubinov. “Pathways to Lifespan Health Following Childhood Parental Death.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 6, no. 3 (2012): 243-257. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00422.x.
Luthar, Suniya S., and Dante Cicchetti. “The Construct of Resilience: Implications for Interventions and Social Policies.” Development and Psychopathology 12, no. 4 (2000): 857-885. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400004156.
Manning, Lydia, Morgan Ferris, Carla Narvaez Rosario, Molly Prues, and Lauren Bouchard. “Spiritual Resilience: Understanding the Protection and Promotion of Well-Being in the Later Life.” Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging 31, no. 2 (2019): 168-186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2018.1532859.
Marciniak, Rafał, Katerina Sheardova, Pavla Čermáková, Daniel Hudeček, Rastislav Šumec, and Jakub Hort. “Effect of Meditation on Cognitive Functions in Context of Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases.” Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 8 (2014): 1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00017.
Marlatt, G. Alan. “Buddhist Philosophy and the Treatment of Addictive Behavior.” Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 9, no. 1 (2002): 44-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1077-7229(02)80039-6.
Masten, Ann S., Karin M. Best, and Norman Garmezy. “Resilience and Development: Contributions from the Study of Children Who Overcome Adversity.” Development and Psychopathology 2, no. 4 (1990): 425-444. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005812.
McEwen, Bruce S., Jason D. Gray, and Carla Nasca. “Recognizing Resilience: Learning from the Effects of Stress on the Brain.” Neurobiology of Stress 1 (2015): 1-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.09.001.
Mikulas, William L. “Four Noble Truths of Buddhism Related to Behavior Therapy.” The Psychological Record 28, no. 1 (1978): 59-67. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03394510.
Mortier, Philippe, Jordi Alonso, Randy P. Auerbach, et al. “Childhood Adversities and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors among First-Year College Students: Results from the WMH-ICS Initiative.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 57, no. 8 (2022): 1591-1601. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02151-4.
Nakasone, Ronald Y. “Suffering and Healing: An Interpretation of the Buddhist Doctrine of the Four Noble Truths.” The Journal of Medical Humanities 14, no. 2 (1993): 81-87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01140208.
Narasimhan, Pavithra Lakshmi, and Heru Saputra. “Contriving Emotional Resilience through Spirituality in the Light of Vedanta.” IJoReSH: Indonesian Journal of Religion, Spirituality, and Humanity 2, no. 1 (2023): 1-21. doi: https://doi.org/10.18326/ijoresh.v2i1.1-21.
Neff, Kristin D. “The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion.” Self and Identity 2, no. 3 (2003): 223-250. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027.
Negrao, Claudio, George A. Bonanno, Jennie G. Noll, Frank W. Putnam, and Penelope K. Trickett. “Shame, Humiliation, and Childhood Sexual Abuse: Distinct Contributions and Emotional Coherence.” Child Maltreatment 10, no. 4 (2005): 350-363. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559505279366.
Nygren, Aléx B. L., E. Jonsén, Y. Gustafson, A. Norberg, and B. Lundman. “Resilience, Sense of Coherence, Purpose in Life and Self-Transcendence in Relation to Perceived Physical and Mental Health among the Oldest Old.” Aging & Mental Health 9, no. 4 (2005): 354-362. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360500114415.
O’Grady, Kari A. “Spirituality in Resilience Processes in International Contexts: An Introduction.” Journal of Psychology and Theology 44, no. 2 (2016): 107-108. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711604400201.
Oh, Debora Lee, Petra Jerman, Sara Silvério Marques, et al. “Systematic Review of Pediatric Health Outcomes Associated with Childhood Adversity.” BMC Pediatrics 18, no. 1 (2018): 1-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1037-7.
Pardini, Dustin A., Thomas G. Plante, Allen Sherman, and Jamie E. Stump. “Religious Faith and Spirituality in Substance Abuse Recovery.” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 19, no. 4 (2000): 347-354. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(00)00125-2.
Purewal Boparai, Sukhdip K., Vanessa Au, Kadiatou Koita, et al. “Ameliorating the Biological Impacts of Childhood Adversity: A Review of Intervention Programs.” Child Abuse & Neglect 81 (July 2018): 82-105. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.04.014.
Rāhula, Walpola. What the Buddha Taught. Grove Press, 1974.
Rodman, Alexandra M., Jessica L. Jenness, David G. Weissman, Daniel S. Pine, and Katie A. McLaughlin. “Neurobiological Markers of Resilience to Depression Following Childhood Maltreatment: The Role of Neural Circuits Supporting the Cognitive Control of Emotion.” Biological Psychiatry 86, no. 6 (2019): 464-473. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.033.
Rodrigues, Hillary Peter. “Buddhist Orientations to Mental Health.” In Global Psychologies, edited by Suman Fernando and Roy Moodley. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95816-0_7.
Roemer, Lizabeth, Sarah Krill Williston, and Laura Grace Rollins. “Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation.” Current Opinion in Psychology 3 (2015): 52-57. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.006.
Rupčić Kelam, Darija, and Ivica Kelam. “Care and Empathy as a Crucial Quality for Social Change.” Conatus – Journal of Philosophy 7, no. 2 (2022): 157-172. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.29127.
Rutter, Michael. “The Promotion of Resilience in the Face of Adversity.” In Families Count: Effects on Child and Adolescent Development, edited by Alison Clarke-Stewart and Judy Dunn. Cambridge University Press, 2006. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511616259.003.
Saddhatissa, Hammalava. Buddhist Ethics: The Path to Nirvāna. A Wisdom Basic Book Orange Series. Wisdom Publications, 1987.
Sangma, Dipty D., and M. Bharani. “Spiritual Values in Buddhism and Christianity: A Philosophical Study.” Journal of Advanced Zoology 45, no. 2 (2024): 788-800. doi: https://doi.org/10.53555/jaz.v45i2.3917.
Schwalm, Fábio Duarte, Rafaela Brugalli Zandavalli, Eno Dias De Castro Filho, and Giancarlo Lucchetti. “Is There a Relationship between Spirituality/Religiosity and Resilience? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.” Journal of Health Psychology 27, no. 5 (2022): 1218-1232. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320984537.
Schwartz, Shalom H., and Wolfgang Bilsky. “Toward a Universal Psychological Structure of Human Values.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53, no. 3 (1987): 550-562. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.550.
Sherman, Nancy. “Stoic Consolations.” Conatus – Journal of Philosophy 8, no. 2 (2023): 565-587. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.35405.
Smith, Bruce W., Alexis J. Ortiz, Kathryn T. Wiggins, Jennifer F. Bernard, and Jeanne Dalen. “Spirituality, Resilience, and Positive Emotions.” In The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Spirituality, edited by Lisa J. Miller. Oxford University Press, 2012. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199729920.013.0028.
Stewart, Donna E., and Tracy Yuen. “A Systematic Review of Resilience in the Physically Ill.” Psychosomatics 52, no. 3 (2011): 199-209. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2011.01.036.
Sys, Samantha, William Van Gordon, and Paul Gilbert. “A Qualitative Comparison of Secular and Buddhist-Informed Mental Health Practitioners’ Perceptions of Non-Attachment.” Mindfulness 15, no. 2 (2024): 345-358. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02291-5.
Taku, Kanako, and Arnie Cann. “Cross-National and Religious Relationships With Posttraumatic Growth: The Role of Individual Differences and Perceptions of the Triggering Event.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 45, no. 4 (2014): 601-617. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113520074.
Taylor, Elizabeth Johnston. “Health Outcomes of Religious and Spiritual Belief, Behavior, and Belonging: Implications for Healthcare Professionals.” In Spirituality in Healthcare: Perspectives for Innovative Practice, edited by Fiona Timmins and Sílvia Caldeira. Springer, 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04420-6_5.
Teicher, Martin H., and Jacqueline A. Samson. “Annual Research Review: Enduring Neurobiological Effects of Childhood Abuse and Neglect.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 57, no. 3 (2016): 241-266. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12507.
Teicher, Martin H., Jacqueline A. Samson, Carl M. Anderson, and Kyoko Ohashi. “The Effects of Childhood Maltreatment on Brain Structure, Function and Connectivity.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 17, no. 10 (2016): 652-666. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.111.
Tempski, Patricia, Itamar S. Santos, Fernanda B. Mayer, et al. “Relationship among Medical Student Resilience, Educational Environment and Quality of Life.” PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (2015): e0131535. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131535.
Thanissaro, Bhikkhu, trans. “Culavedalla Sutta: The Shorter Set of Questions-and-Answers (MN 44).” 1998. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.044.than.html.
Traub, Flora, and Renée Boynton-Jarrett. “Modifiable Resilience Factors to Childhood Adversity for Clinical Pediatric Practice.” Pediatrics 139, no. 5 (2017): 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2569.
Tunnard, Catherine, Lena J. Rane, Sarah C. Wooderson, et al. “The Impact of Childhood Adversity on Suicidality and Clinical Course in Treatment-Resistant Depression.” Journal of Affective Disorders 152-154 (2014): 122-130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.037.
Ungar, Michael. “Resilience across Cultures.” British Journal of Social Work 38, no. 2 (2006): 218-235. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcl343.
Ungar, Michael. “The Social Ecology of Resilience: Addressing Contextual and Cultural Ambiguity of a Nascent Construct.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 81, no. 1 (2011): 1-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01067.x.
Ungar, Michael, Mehdi Ghazinour, and Jörg Richter. “Annual Research Review: What Is Resilience within the Social Ecology of Human Development?” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 54, no. 4 (2013): 348-366. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12025.
Van Cappellen, Patty, Vassilis Saroglou, Caroline Iweins, Maria Piovesana, and Barbara L. Fredrickson. “Self-Transcendent Positive Emotions Increase Spirituality through Basic World Assumptions.” Cognition & Emotion 27, no. 8 (2013): 1378-1394. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.787395.
Van Gordon, William, Edo Shonin, Mark D. Griffiths, and Nirbhay N. Singh. “Mindfulness and the Four Noble Truths.” In Buddhist Foundations of Mindfulness, edited by Edo Shonin, William Van Gordon, and Nirbhay N. Singh. Springer, 2015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18591-0_2.
Van Kessel, Gisela. “The Ability of Older People to Overcome Adversity: A Review of the Resilience Concept.” Geriatric Nursing 34, no. 2 (2013): 122-127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2012.12.011.
Wallace, Alan B., and Shauna L. Shapiro. “Mental Balance and Well-Being: Building Bridges between Buddhism and Western Psychology.” American Psychologist 61, no. 7 (2006): 690-701. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.690.
Wang, Vanessa, and Bryant M. Stone. “Buddhism in Addiction Recovery.” Encyclopedia 2, no. 1 (2022): 530-537. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2010035.
Wayment, Heidi A., Bill Wiist, Bruce M. Sullivan, and Meghan A. Warren. “Doing and Being: Mindfulness, Health, and Quiet Ego Characteristics Among Buddhist Practitioners.” Journal of Happiness Studies 12, no. 4 (2011): 575-589. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9218-6.
Wolke, Dieter, and Suzet Tanya Lereya. “Long-Term Effects of Bullying.” Archives of Disease in Childhood 100, no. 9 (2015): 879-885. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-306667.
Wu, Gang, Adriana Feder, Hagit Cohen, et al. “Understanding Resilience.” Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 7 (2013): 1-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00010.
Yapijakis, Christos, Evangelos D. Protopapadakis, and George P. Chrousos. “Philosophical Management of Stress based on Science and Epicurean Pragmatism: A Pilot Study.” Conatus – Journal of Philosophy 7, no. 2 (2022): 229-242. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.28077.
Yeh, Pi-Ming, and Gavin Waters. “Path Analysis Testing the Development of Personality and Psychological Well-Being Model.” Western Journal of Nursing Research 43, no. 1 (2021): 25-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945920932559.
Young, Joanna Cahall, and Cathy Spatz Widom. “Long-Term Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect on Emotion Processing in Adulthood.” Child Abuse & Neglect 38, no. 8 (2014): 1369-1381. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.03.008.
Yuliawati, Livia, Afinnisa Rasyida, and Putri Ayu P. Wardhani. “Who I Am and Who I Want to Be: The Positive Effect of Self-Concept Clarity on Purpose, Life Satisfaction, and Personal Meaning among Chinese and Indonesian Emerging Adults.” Current Issues in Personality Psychology 13, no. 1 (2024): 50-57. doi: https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp/188359.
Zhong, Xue, Daxing Wu, Xueqing Nie, et al. “Parenting Style, Resilience, and Mental Health of Community-Dwelling Elderly Adults in China.” BMC Geriatrics 16, no. 1 (2016): 1-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-016-0308-0.