Ηidden homelessness and poverty trajectories in rural areas: stories of crisis counterurbanization in Greece


Published: Oct 14, 2019
Keywords:
housing precarity crisis coping strategies informal solidarity back-to-village
Theodosia Anthopoulou
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5652-3885
Maria Partalidou
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-2094
Nikos Kourachanis
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9034-7902
Abstract

The article examines invisible deprivation and housing precariousness in the countryside through the phenomenon of counterurbanization as a vehicle for overcoming poverty phenomena of urban households in Greece during the economic crisis. We argue that, despite the idealized picture for living in a village, as shown in the predominantly public discourse; rural life is governed by equally unfavorable living conditions for households at the risk of poverty. Through the theoretical framework of hidden homelessness in the rural, fundamental dimensions of housing problems and inadequate living conditions in the countryside are presented. Through the analysis of the different life pathways of people returning from the city to the village, the housing and social living conditions, during the crisis, in the Greek countryside are empirically examined. In the conclusions we find that returning back to rural areas, without accompanying established social support policies, only leads to the reproduction of a situation of proletarianization of households and to the transformation of urban poverty to rural poverty.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Articles
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Author Biographies
Theodosia Anthopoulou, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences
Professor, Dep. of Social Policy, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences
Maria Partalidou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Forestry & Environmental Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Nikos Kourachanis, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences
Post-doctoral Researcher, Dep. of Social Policy, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences
References
Adger, N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: are they related?. Progress in human geography, 24, pp. 347–364.
Allen, J., Barlow, J., Leal, J., Maloutas, T. and Padovani, L. (eds) (2004). Housing and welfare in southern Europe. Oxford: Blackwell.
Amore, K., Baker, M. & Howden-Chapman, P. (2011). The ETHOS Definition and Classification of Homelessness: An Analysis. European Journal of Homelessness, 5 (2), pp. 19-37. https://www.feantsa.org/download/article-1-33278065727831823087.pdf
Anderson, I. and Tulloch, D. (2000). Pathways through homelessness: A review of the research evidence. Edinburg: Scottish Homes.
Anthopoulou, T. and Petrou, M. (2015). Aspects of crisis and of return to rural areas. The discussion on rural resilience. AEICHOROS, 20, pp. 96-121 (in Greek).
Anthopoulou, T., Kaberis, N. and Petrou, M. (2013). Exploring aspects and dynamics of rural society in times of crisis. First findings, Proceedings of 11th ERSA- GR Conference 2013: Rural Economy, Rural Areas, Regional and Local Development, Patrai, 14-15 June. http://grsa.prd.uth.gr/conf2013/48_anthopoulou_etal_ersagr13.pdf (in Greek)
Anthopoulou, T., Kaberis, N., and Petrou, M., (2017). Aspects and experiences of crisis in rural Greece. Narratives of rural resilience. Journal of Rural Studies, 52, pp. 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.03.006
Arapoglou, V. and Gounis, K. (2017). Contested landscapes of poverty and homelessness in southern Europe. Reflections from Athens. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Backes, S., Gkiougki, J., Kay, S., Konstantinidis, Ch., Mattheisen, E., Sakali, Ch., Tzekou, E. Vatikiotis, L. and Vervest, P. (2018). Democracy not for sale. The struggle for food sovereignty in the age of austerity in Greece. Transnational Institute, FIAN International and Agroecopolis. https://www.etoconsortium.org/nc/en/?tx_drblob_pi1%5BdownloadUid%5D=229
Bennett, F., and Daly, M. (2014). Poverty through a gender lens: Evidence and policy review on gender and poverty. Oxford: Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, p. 149.
Cloke, P., Milbourne, P. and Widdowfield, R. (2002). Rural homelessness: Ιssues, experiences and policy responses. Bristol: Policy Press.
Cloke, P., Milbourne, P. and Widdowfield, R. (2001a.). Homelessness and rurality: Exploring connections in local spaces of rural England. Sociologia Ruralis, 41, pp. 438-453.
Cloke, P., Milbourne, P. and Widdowfield, R. (2001b). Making the homeless count? Enumerating rough sleepers and the distortion of homelessness. Policy and Politics, 29, pp. 259-279.
Cloke, P., Goodwin, M., Milbourne, P. and Thomas, C. (1995). Deprivation, poverty and marginalization in rural lifestyles in England and Wales. Journal of Rural Studies. 11 (4), pp. 351-366.
Cornwall, A. and Gaventa, J. (2001). From users and choosers to makers and shapers: Repositioning participation in social policy. Working Paper 127, Sussex: Institute of Development Studies.
Edgar, B. (2009). European review of statistics on homelessness. Brussels: FEANTSA.
Edgar, B., Anderson, I., Baptista, I., Kärkäinen, S., Schoibl, H. and Sapounakis, A. (2003). Service Provision of Homeless People in Europe: Regulation and Funding Implications for Service Development. Brussels: FEANTSA.
FEANTSA (2005). ETHOS – Taking Stock. Brussels http://www.feantsa.org/spip.php?article120.
Ferrera, M. (1996). The Southern model of welfare in social Europe. Journal of European Social Policy, 6 (1), pp. 17-37.
Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), pp. 253-267.
Gkartzios, M., (2013). ‘Leaving Athens’: Narratives of counterurbanisation in times of crisis. Journal of Rural Studies, 32, pp. 158-167.
Halfacree, K., (2011). Heterolocal identities? Counter-urbanization, second homes, and rural consumption in the era of mobilities. Population, Space and Place, 18 (2), pp. 209-224.
Knopf-Amelung, S. (2013). Rural homelessness: Identifying and understanding the “Hidden Homelessness”. In Focus: A Quarterly Research Review of the National HCH Council. 1 (4), pp. 1-4 https://www.nhchc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/InFocus_June2013.pdf
Kourachanis, N. (2017). Homelessness policies in crisis Greece: The case of the ‘housing and reintegration’ program. European Journal of Homelessness, 11 (1), pp. 1-22.
Kourachanis, N. (2019). Southern European welfare states and homelessness: Portugal and Greece. Housing, Care and Support, 22 (2), pp.114-128.
Kwan, A. (2017). From food to food justice: Pathways and narratives of young food activists in New York City. CUNY Academic Works. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/sph_etds/7
Magis, K. (2010). Community resilience: An indicator of social sustainability. Society and natural ressources, 23 (5), pp. 401-416.
Milbourne, P. (1997). Hidden from view: Poverty and marginalization in rural Britain. In P. Milbourne (ed.). Revealing rural ‘others’: Representation power and identity in the British countryside (pp. 89-116). London: Pinter.
Milbourne, P. (1992). Deprivation and lifestyles in rural Wales: II rurality and the cultural dimension. Journal of rural studies, 8 (4), pp. 359-371.
Milbourne, P. and Cloke, P., (2006). International perspectives on rural homelessness. London-New York: Routledge.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and UN Habitat (2009). The Right to Adequate Housing (Factsheet 21, revision 1). Geneva and New York: United Nations ISSN 1014-5567 http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FS21_rev_1_Housing_en.pdf
Papadakis, N. (2013). NEETs in Europe: Convergences and divergences. In N. Papadakis (ed.), Absents’ Barometer: The NEETs (Young People Not in Education, Employment or Training) in Greece (pp. 15-75). Athens: I. Sideris.
Papadopoulos, T. and Roumpakis, A. (2013). Familistic welfare capitalism in crisis: Social reproduction and anti-social policy in Greece. Journal of international and comparative social policy, 29(3), pp. 204-224.
Papadopoulou, D. and Kourachanis, N. (2017). Homeless and social exclusion in crisis Greece. Athens: Topos (in Greek).
Petmesidou, M., Delamonica, E., Papatheodorou, C. and Henry-Lee, A. (eds) (2016). Child poverty, youth (un)employment and social inclusion. Stuttgart/Hannover: CROP Series.
Pleace, N. (2017). Hidden homelessness measurement: Discussion paper. University of York.
Sakellaropoulos, T., Lalioti, V. and Kourachanis, N. (2019). The social impact of the 'social solidarity income' in Greece: A qualitative interpretation. Social Cohesion and Development, 18 (2).
Scott, M., (2013). Resilience: A conceptual lens for rural studies?. Geography compass. 7(9), pp. 597-610.
Woods, M. (2005). Rural geography. London: Sage.
Woodward, R. (1996). ‘Deprivation’ and ‘the rural’: an investigation into contradictory discourses. Journal of Rural Studies, 12(1), pp. 55-67.
Zufferey, C. and Chung, D. (2015). ‘Red dust homelessness’: Housing, home and homelessness in remote Australia. Journal of Rural Studies, 41, pp. 13-22.