LAYER CHARGE AND CHARGE DISTRIBUTION OF SMECTITES: A PARAMETER WHICH CONTROLS IMPORTANT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENTONITES


Published: Jan 1, 2007
Keywords:
layer charge heterogeneity bentonites diagenesis rheological properties swelling
G. E. Christidis
Abstract

The new method of Christidis and E beri (2003), which determines the layer charge and charge distribution of dioctahedral smectites in bentonites is presented and is compared to the existing methods for determination of layer charge and charge distribution, namely the structural formula method and the alkylammonium method. The new method is based on the comparison ofXRD traces of K-saturated, ethyleneglycol solvated smectites with simulated XRD-traces calculated for three-component interlayering. Applications of the method include modeling of the evolution of smectite layers towards illite during diagenesis, and study of the influence of layer charge and charge distribution of smectites on important physical properties of bentonites such as rheological properties (viscosity, gel strength, yield point and thixotropy) and swelling. Smectites with layer charge between -0.425 and-0.47 to - 0.48 equivalents phfu affect rheological properties in a different way compared to smectites with higher or lower layer charge than this layer charge interval. Based on these observations a new classification scheme for smectites has been proposed according to their layer charge. In this classification scheme the term smectites with intermediate layer charge has been introduced.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Mineralogy-Petrology-Geochemistry-Economic Geology
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Beaufort, D., Berger, G., Lacharpagne, J.C., and Meunier Α., 2001. An experimental alteration of montmorilonite to a di + trioctahedral smectite assemblage at 100 and 200°C, Clay Minerals, 36, 211-225.
Bujdak, J., 2006. Effect of the layer charge of clay minerals on optical properties of organic dyes, A review. Applied Clay Science, 34, 58-73.
Christidis, G.E., 2004. A new method for the determination of layer charge and charge distribution of smectites, International workshop on current knowledge on the layer charge of clay minerals, program and abstracts, Smolenice, Slovakia.
Christidis, G.E., 2006. Genesis and compositional heterogeneity of smectites. Part III: Alteration of basic pyroclastic rocks-Α case study from the Troodos ophiolite Complex, Cyprus, American Mineralogist, 91, 685-701.
Christidis, G.E., and Eberl, D.D., 2003. Determination of layer charge characteristics of smectites, Clays and Clay Minerals, 51, 644-655.
Christidis, G.E., Blum, A.E., and Eberl, D.D., 2006. Influence of layer charge and charge distribution of smectites on the flow behaviour and swelling of bentonites, Applied Clay Science, 34, 125-138.
Cicel, V., and Machajdik, D., 1981. Potassium- and amnonium-treated montmorillonites. I. Interstratified structures with ethylene glycol and water, Clays and Clay Minerals, 29, 40-46.
Cuadros, J., Sainz-Diaz, C.I., Ramirez, R., and Hernandez-Laguna, Α., 1999, Analysis of Fe segregation in the octahedral sheet of bentonitic illite-smactite by means of FTIR, 7A1 MAS NMR and reverse Monte Carlo simulations, American Journal of Science, 299, 289-308.
Decarreau, Α., Colin, F., Herbillon, Α., Manceau, Α., Nahon, D., Paquet, H., Trauth-Badeaud, D., and Trescases, J.J., 1987. Domain segregation in Ni-Fe-Mg-smectites, Clays and Clay Minerals, 35, 1-10.
Drits, V.A., Sakharov, B.A., Lindgreen, H., and Salyn Α., 1997. Sequential structure transformation of illite-smectite-vermiculite during diagenesis of Upper Jurassic shales from the North Sea and Denmark, Clay Minerals, 32, 351 -371.
Drits, V.A., Lindgreen, H., Salyn, A.L., Ylagan, R., and McCarty, D.K., 1998. Semi quantitative detrmination of trans-vacant and cis-vacant 2:1 layers in illites and illite-smectites by thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction, American Mineralogist, 83, 1188-1198.
Eberl, D.D., and Christidis, G., 2002. LayerCharge: A computer program for calculation of layer charge and charge distribution of smectites, USGS, Boulder, Colorado.
Iwazaki, T., and Watanabe, T., 1988. Distribution of Ca and Na ions in dioctahedral smectites and interstratified dioctahedral mica/smectites, Clays and Clay Minerals, 36, 73-82.
Lagaly, G., 1981. Characterization of clays by organic compounds, Clay Minerals, 16, 1-21.
Lagaly, G., 1994. Layer charge determination by alkylammonium ions. In A.R.Mermut (ed.), Layer charge characteristics of 2:1 silicate clay minerals, 2-46pp., CMS Workshop lectures, 6, The Clay Minerals Society, Boulder Colorado.
Lagaly, G., and Weiss Α., 1975. The layer charge of smectitic layer silicates, Proceedings International Clay Conference Mexico, 157-172.
Laird, D.A., 1994. Evaluation of the structural formula and alkylammonium methods of determining layer charge. In A.R.Mermut (ed.), Layer charge characteristics of 2:1 silicate clay minerals, 80-103pp., CMS Workshop lectures, 6, The Clay Minerals Society, Boulder Colorado.
Laird, D.A., Scott, A.D., and Fenton, T.E., 1989. Evaluation of the alkylammonium method of determining layer charge, Clays and Clay Minerals, 37, 41-46.
MacEwan, D.A.C., and Wilson, M.J., 1984. Interlayer and intercalation complexes of clay minerals. In G.W. Brindley and G. Brown (eds), Crystal structures of clay minerals and their X-ray identification, 197-248pp., Mineralogical Society, London.
Maes, Α., and Cremers, Α., 1977. Charge density effects in ion exchange. Part 1. Heterovalent exchange equilibria, Faraday Transactions of the Royal Chemical Society, 73, 1807-1814.
Nadaeu, P.H, Farmer, V.C., McHardy, W.J., and Bain, D.C., 1985. Compositional variations of the Unterrupsroth beidellite, American Mineralogist, 70, 1004-1010.
Newman, A.C.D., and Brown, G., 1987. The chemical constitution of clays. In A.C.D Newman, (ed.), Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals 1-128, Mineralogical Society, London.
Olis, A.C., Malia, P.Β., and Douglas, L.A., 1990. The rapid estimation of the layer charges of 2:1 expanding clays from a single alkylammonium ion expansion, Clay Minerals, 25, 39-50. Petit, S., Righi, D., and Madejova, J., 2006. Infrared spectroscopy of NH4 +-bearing and saturated clay minerals: A review of the study of layer charge, Applied Clay Science, 34, 22-30.
Srodon, J., Morgan, D.J., Eslinger, E.V., Eberl., D.D., and Karlinger, M.R., 1986. Chemistry of illite/smectite and end-member illite, Clays and Clay Minerals, 34, 368-378.
Stul, M.S., and Mortier, W.J., 1974. The heterogeneity of the charge density in montmorillonites, Clays and Clay Minerals, 22, 391-396.
Talibudeen, O., and Goulding, K.W.T., 1983. Charge heterogeneity in smectites, Clays and Clay Minerals, 31, 37-42.
Tettenhorst, R., and Johns, W.D., 1966. Interstratification in montmorillonite, Clays and Clay Minerals, 15,85-93.
Vantelon, D., Montarges-Pelletier, E., Michot, L.J., Briois, V., Pelletier, M., and Thomas, F., 2003. Iron distribution in the octahedral sheet of dioctahedral smectites. An Fe K-edge Xray absorption spectroscopy study, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 30, 44-53.
Weaver, C.E., and Pollard, L.D., 1973. The chemistry of clay minerals, 55-77pp., Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Zviagina, B.B., McCarty, D.K., Srodon, J., and Drits, VA., 2004. Interpretation of infrared spectra of dioctahedral smectites in the region of OH-stretching vibrations, Clays and Clay Minerals, 52, 399-410.
Most read articles by the same author(s)