Geological map of Athens Metropolitan Area, Attica (Greece): A review based on Athens Metro ground investigation data

PDF (English) Geological Map - Fig.2 (English) Fig.3 (English)
Δημοσιευμένα: Aug 5, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.26895
Konstantinos Boronkay
ATTIKO METRO S.A.
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3388-6189
Georgios Stoumpos
ATTIKO METRO S.A.
Maria Benissi
ATTIKO METRO S.A.
Georgios Rovolis
ATTIKO METRO S.A.
Konstantinos Korkaris
ATTIKO METRO S.A.
Despina Papastamatiou
ATTIKO METRO S.A.
Georgios Dimitriou
ATTIKO METRO S.A.
Anastasia Chrysikopoulou
ATTIKO METRO S.A.
Ioannis Miliotis
ATTIKO METRO S.A.
Aristidis Giakoumis
ATTIKO METRO S.A.
Mark Novack
ATTIKO METRO S.A.
Paul Marinos
National Technical University of Athens
Περίληψη
The ground investigations for the construction of Athens Metro –including over 60.000 m of sampling boreholes and geological mapping of the underground tunnel face–, planned and carried out under the supervision of ATTIKO METRO S.A., offer important geological data that enrich and locally modify our knowledge for the geology of Athens Metropolitan Area (AMA). On the basis of these data, this paper presents the Geological Map of AMA as well as a revised tectonostratigraphic scheme for the area and geological profiles along several sections of the Athens Metro lines. The geological map is a synthesis of the geological data obtained from the ground investigations with the already published geological maps and includes a Mesozoic rock assemblage as well as the Neogene-Quaternary Athens Basin. The following basic conclusions can be drawn from the interpretation of these data: (a) The Athens Unit, the basement of AMA, is divided into four formations (from bottom to top), the Lower Athens Schist, the Upper Athens Schist, the Athens Sandstone-Marl Series and the Crest Limestone. (b) Ultrabasic rocks (serpentinite) constitute the basement of Athens Unit. (c) Serpentinite bodies at the eastern border of Athens Basin, have undergone almost complete metasomatism to listwanite along their tectonic contacts with Alepovouni Marble on top and Kessariani Dolomite at their base. (d) The limestone outcrops at the western border of Athens Basin (e.g., Karavas hill) form tectonic windows of Pelagonian Upper Cretaceous limestone underneath the Athens Schist and not klippen of Crest Limestone on top of it. The revised geological map also includes the Attica-Evia Fault, which is the dominant structure of the broader area, locally mapped by two sampling boreholes across the planned metro line 4.
Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
  • Ενότητα
  • Αστική Γεωλογία
Creative Commons License

Αυτή η εργασία είναι αδειοδοτημένη υπό το CC Αναφορά Δημιουργού – Μη Εμπορική Χρήση 4.0.

Οι συγγραφείς θα πρέπει να είναι σύμφωνοι με τα παρακάτω: Οι συγγραφείς των άρθρων που δημοσιεύονται στο περιοδικό διατηρούν τα δικαιώματα πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας επί των άρθρων τους, δίνοντας στο περιοδικό το δικαίωμα της πρώτης δημοσίευσης. Άρθρα που δημοσιεύονται στο περιοδικό διατίθενται με άδεια Creative Commons 4.0 Non Commercial και σύμφωνα με την οποία μπορούν να χρησιμοποιούνται ελεύθερα, με αναφορά στο/στη συγγραφέα και στην πρώτη δημοσίευση για μη κερδοσκοπικούς σκοπούς. Οι συγγραφείς μπορούν να: Μοιραστούν — αντιγράψουν και αναδιανέμουν το υλικό με κάθε μέσο και τρόπο, Προσαρμόσουν — αναμείξουν, τροποποιήσουν και δημιουργήσουν πάνω στο υλικό.

Λήψεις
Τα δεδομένα λήψης δεν είναι ακόμη διαθέσιμα.
Αναφορές
Andronopoulos, B., Koukis, G., 1976. Engineering geology study in the Acropolis area – Athens (with 7 photos and 8 maps). Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mining Exploration, Engineering Geology Investigation No 1, 1–49.
Auboin, J., 1959. Contribution a l’étude géologique de la Grèce septentrionale. Les confins de l’Epire de la Thessalie. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, 10, p. 525.
Avigad, D., Garfunkel, Z., 1991. Uplift and exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic terrains: the example of the Cycladic blueschist belt (Aegean Sea). Tectonophysics, 188, 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90464-4
Baziotis, I., 2008. Petrology and geochemistry of the metamorphic formations of Attica. Ph.D. Thesis, National Technical University of Athens, Athens (in Greek).
Baziotis, I., Proyer, A., Mposkos, E., 2009. High-pressure / low temperature metamorphism of metabasites in Lavrion area (SE Attica, Greece): Implications for the preservation of peak metamorphic assemblages in blueschists and greenschists. European Journal of Mineralogy, 21, 133‒148. https://doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2008/0020-1853
Baziotis, I., Mposkos, E., 2011. Origin of metabasites from upper tectonic unit of the Lavrion area (SE Attica, Greece): geochemical implications for dual origin with distinct provenance of blueschist and greenschist’s protoliths. Lithos, 126, 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.07.014.
Baziotis, I., Proyer, A., Mposkos, E., Windley, B., Boukouvala I., 2019. Exhumation of the high-pressure northwestern Cyclades, Aegean: New P-T constraints, and geodynamic evolution. Lithos, 324–325, 439–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2018.11.027
Blake, M.C., Bonneau, M., Geyssant, J., Kienast, J.R., Lepvier, C., Maluski, H., Papanikolaou, D., 1981. A geological reconnaissance of the Cycladic blueschist belt, Greece. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 92, 247–254.
Bonneau, M., 1984. Correlation of the Hellenide nappes in the south-east Aegean and their tectonic reconstruction. In. Dixon, J.E. and Robertson, A.H.F. (Eds.), The geological evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean, Geological Society of London Special Publication, 17, 517–527.
Boronkay, K., Doutsos, T., 1994. Transpression and transtension within different structural layers in the central Aegean region. Journal of Structural Geology, 16, 1555–1573. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)90033-7
Bradley, K.E., 2012. The roof of the Cyclades: A structural, stratigraphic, and paleomagnetic study of Neogene extensional tectonics in Central Greece. Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Charalambakis, S., 1951. Contribution to the knowledge of Neogene of Attica. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, 4, 1–156 (in Greek).
Clement, B., Guernet, C., 1971. Données nouvelles sur le Carbonifère et le Permien du Mont Beletsi en Attique (Grèce). Bulletin de Société Géologique de France, 7, 795–799.
Coleman, M.J., Schneider, D.A., Grasemann, B., Soukis, K., Lozios, S., Hollinetz, M.S., 2020. Lateral Termination of a Cycladic-Style Detachment System (Hymittos, Greece). Tectonics, 39, e2020TC006128, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020TC006128
De Pian, Α., 1950. Aperçue de la mine de Peristeri. Hellenic Survey of Geological and Mineral Exploration, Athens (in French).
Deligiannakis, G., Papanikolaou, I.D., Roberts, G., 2018. Fault specific GIS based seismic hazard maps for the Attica region, Greece. Geomorphology, 306, 264–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.12.005
Doutsos, T., Pe-Piper, G., Boronkay, K., Koukouvelas, I., 1993. Kinematics of the central Hellenides. Tectonics, 12, 936–953 https://doi.org/10.1029/93TC00108 .
Faucher, A., Gueydan, F., Jolivet, M., Alsaf, M., Célérier, B., 2021. Dextral strike-slip and normal faulting during middle Miocene back-arc extension and westward Anatolia extrusion in Central Greece. Tectonics, 40, e2020TC006615 https://doi.org/10.1029/2020TC006615 .
Flansburg, M.E., Stockli, D.F., Poulaki, E.M., Soukis, K., 2019. Tectonomagmatic and stratigraphic evolution of the Cycladic basement, Ios Island, Greece. Tectonics, 38, 2291–2316 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005436 .
Freyberg, B., 1951. Die Pikermi fauna von tour la reine (Attika). Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, 5(3), 7–10.
Gaitanakis, P., 1982. Geological Map of Greece 1:50.000 Athinai – Piraievs Sheet. Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, Greece.
Ganas, A., Papadopoulos, G.A., Pavlides, S., 2001. The 7 September 1999 Athens 5.9 Ms earthquake: Remote sensing and digital elevation model inputs towards identifying the seismic fault. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 22, 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/014311601750038938
Ganas, A., Pavlides, S.B., Sboras, S., Valkaniotis, S., Papaioannou, S., Alexandris, G.A., Plessa, A., Papadopoulos, G.A., 2004. Active fault geometry and kinematics in Parnitha Mountain, Attica, Greece. Journal of Structural Geology, 26, 2103–2118 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2004.02.015 .
Hansen, L.D., Anderson, R.G., Dipple, G.M., Nakano, K., 2004. Geological setting of listwanite (carbonated serpentinite) at Atlin, British Columbia: implications for CO2 sequestration and lode-gold mineralization. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research, 2004–A5, 12p.
Ioakim, Ch., Rondoyanni, Th., Mettos, A., 2005. The Miocene Basins of Greece (Eastern Mediterranean) from a paleoclimatic perspective. Revue de Paléobiologie, 24, 735–748.
Jacobshagen, V., 1986. Geologie von Griechenland. Gebrueder Borntraeger, West Berlin, p. 363.
Jolivet, L., Brun, J.P., 2010. Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Aegean. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 99, 109–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0366-4.
Jolivet, L., Lecomte, Em., Huet, B., Denèle, Y., Lacombe, O., Labrousse, L., Le Pourhiet, L., Mehl, C., 2010. The North Cycladic Detachment System. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 289, 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.10.032
Karfakis, J., Loupasakis, C., 2006. Geotechnical characteristics of the formation of “Tourkovounia” Limestones and their influence on urban construction – City of Athens, Greece. In: 10th Congress of the International Association of Engineering Geology and the Environment (IAEG) 2006, Paper number 794, 1–8.
Katsikatsos, G., 1976. La structure tectonique de l’ Attique et de l’ ile de Eubée. Bulletin de Société Géologique de France, 19, 75–80.
Katsikatsos, G., 2002. Geological Map of Greece 1:50.000 Kifissia Sheet. Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens.
Katsikatsos, G., Kounis, G., Antoniades, P., Mettos, A., Papadopoulos, P., Gakis, Ach., 1981. Geological Map of Metro Area (summary). In: Kounis, G., (1981) Hydrogeological investigation for Athens Metro. Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens.
Katsikatsos, G., Mettos, A., Vidakis, M., Dounas, A. 1986. Geological Map of Greece 1:50.000 Athinai – Elefsis Sheet. Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens.
Kober, L., 1929a. Beiträge zur Geologie von Attika. Sitz. Ber. Ak. Wsch., math-natw. Kl., Wien 138/7, 299–327.
Kober, L., 1929b. Neue geologische Forschungen in Attika. Forsch. & Fortschr., 5, 271.
Konstantinou, K., Mouslopoulou, V., Saltogianni, V., 2020. Seismicity and Active Faulting around the Metropolitan Area of Athens, Greece. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 110, 1924–1941 https://doi.org/10.1785/0120200039 .
Kounis, G., 1981. Hydrogeological investigation for Athens Metro. Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens.
Krohe, A., Mposkos, E., Diamantopoulos, A., Kaouras, G., 2010. Formation of basins and mountain ranges in Attica (Greece): The role of Miocene to Recent low-angle normal detachment faults. Earth Science Reviews, 98, 81–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.10.005
Latsoudas, Ch., 2003. Geological Map of Greece 1:50.000 Koropi – Plaka Sheet. Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens.
Lepsius, R., 1893. Geologie von Attika. Ein breitag zur lehre von metamorphismus der gesteine (mit einem titelbild, 29 profilen im text, 8 tafeln und einem atlas von 9 geologischen karten). Dietrich Reimer, Berlin (in German).
Liati, A., Skarpelis, N., Fanning, C.M., 2013. Late Permian – Early Triassic igneous activity in the Attic Cycladic Belt (Attica): New geochronological data and geodynamic implications. Tectonophysics, 595–596, 140–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.05.009
Louis, I.F., Raftopoulos, D., Goulis, I., Lois, F.I., 2002. Geophysical imaging of faults and fault zones in the urban complex of Ano Liosia Neogene basin, Greece: synthetic simulation approach and field investigations. In: International Conference on Earth Sciences and Electronics – 2002 (ICESE-2002), 269–285.
Lozios, S., 1993. Tectonic analysis of the metamorphic formations of northeastern Attica. Ph.D. Thesis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, (in Greek).
Marinos, G., Petrascheck, W.E., 1956. Lavrium. Geological and Geophysical studies, Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, Greece (in Greek).
Marinos, G., Katsikatsos, G., Georgiades – Dikeoulia, E., Mirkou, R., 1971. The Athens’ Schists Formation, I. Stratigraphy and Structure. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, 23, 183–216 (in Greek).
Marinos, G., Katsikatsos, G., Mirkou - Peripopoulou, R.M., 1974. The Athens’ Schists Formation, II. Stratigraphy and Structure. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, 25, 439–444 (in Greek).
Papadopoulos, G.A., Drakatos, G., Papanastassiou, D., Kalogeras, I., Stavrakakis, G., 2000. Preliminary results about the catastrophic earthquake of 7 September 1999 in Athens, Greece. Seismological Research Letters, 71, 318–329. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.71.3.318
Papadopoulos, G.A., Ganas, A., Pavlides, S., 2002. The problem of seismic potential assessment: case study of the unexpected earthquake of 7 September 1999 in Athens, Greece. Earth Planets Space, 54, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03352417
Papanikolaou, D., Lozios, S., Soukis, K., Skourtsos, Em., 2004. The geological structure of the allochthonous “Athens Schists”. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 36, 1550–1559 (in Greek).
Papanikolaou, D., Royden, L.H., 2007. Disruption of the Hellenic arc: Late Miocene extensional detachment faults and steep Pliocene-Quaternary normal faults ‒ Or what happened at Corinth? Tectonics, 26, TC5003, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006TC002007
Papanikolaou, D., Papanikolaou, I., 2007. Geological, geomorphological and tectonic structure of NE Attica and seismic hazard implications for the northern edge of the Athens plain. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 40, 425–438.
Papp, A., 1947. Über die Alterrsstellung der Congerienschichten von Trachones, Piräus und Perama in der Umbenung von Athen. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, 4, 104–111 (in German).
Pavlides, S.B., Ganas, A., Papadopoulos, G.A., 2002. The fault that caused the Athens September 1999 Ms = 5.9 earthquake: field observations. Natural Hazards, 27, 61–84.
Philippon, M., Brun, J.P., Gueydan, F., 2012. Deciphering subduction from exhumation in the segmented Cycladic Blueschist Unit (Central Aegean, Greece). Tectonophysics, 524–525, 116–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.12.025
Pomonis, A., 2002. The mount Parnitha (Athens) earthquake of September 7, 1999: a disaster management perspective. Natural Hazards, 27, 171–199.
Poulaki, E.M., Stockli, D.F., Flansburg, M.E., Soukis, K. 2019. Zircon U-Pb chronostratigraphy and provenance of the Cycladic blueschist unit and the nature of the contact with the Cycladic basement on Sikinos and Ios Islands, Greece. Tectonics, 38(10), 3586–3613. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005403
Reischmann, T., 1998. Pre-Alpine origin of tectonic units from the metamorphic core complex of Naxos, Greece, identified by single zircon Pb/Pb dating. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 32, 101–111.
Ring, U., Glodny, J., Will, T., Thompson, S., 2007a. An Oligocene extrusion wedge of blueschist-facies nappes on Evia, Aegean Sea, Greece: implications for the early exhumation of high-pressure rocks. Journal of the Geological Society, 164, 637–652. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492006-041
Ring, U., Will, Th., Glodny, J., Kumerics, Ch., Gessner, K., Thomson, S., Güngör, T., Monié, P., Okrusch, M., Drüppel, K., 2007b. Early exhumation of high-pressure rocks in extrusion wedges: Cycladic blueschist unit in the eastern Aegean, Greece, and Turkey. Tectonics, 26, doi: 10.1029/2005TC001872, 1‒23. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005TC001872
Rozos, D., Vakondios, I., Kynigilaki, M., Argyris, Ch., 1999. Geological investigation of surface subsidence at Anthoupoli – Peristeri. Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, Greece (in Greek).
Scheffer, C., Vanderhaeghe, O., Lanari, P., Tarantola, A., Ponthus, L., Photiades, A., France, L., 2016. Syn- to post-orogenic exhumation of metamorphic nappes: Structure and thermobarometry of the western Attic-Cycladic metamorphic complex (Lavrion, Greece). Journal of Geodynamics, 96, 174–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2015.08.005
Schmid, S.M., Fügenschuh, B., Kounov, A., Maţenco, L., Nievergelt, P., Oberhänsli, R., Pleuger, J., Schefer, S., Schuster, R., Tomljenović, B., Ustaszowski, K., van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., 2020. Tectonic units of the Alpine collision zone between Eastern Alps and Western Turkey. Gondwana Research, 78, 308–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.005
Shaked, Y., Avigad, D., Garfunkel, Z., 2000. Alpine high-pressure metamorphism at the Almyropotamos window (southern Evia, Greece). Geological Magazine, 137, 367–380. https://doi.org/10.1017/S001675680000426X
Spanos, D., 2012. Geodynamic evolution of Attica. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Patras, Patras (in Greek).
Spanos, D., Xypolias, P., Koukouvelas, I., 2015. Vorticity analysis in calcite tectonites: An example from the Attico-Cycladic massif (Attica, Greece). Journal of Structural Geology, 80, 120–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.08.014.
Trikkalinos, I., Moussoulos, A., 1949. Lignite mines of Peristeri, stratigraphical and tectonic study of the lignite bearing deposit. Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, Greece (in Greek).
Tsikouras, B., Karipi, S., Grammatikopoulos, T.A., Hatzipanagiotou, K., 2006. Listwaenite evolution in the ophiolite mélange of Iti Mountain (continental Central Greece). European Journal of Mineralogy, 18, 243–255. Chem. Erde, 53, 315–329. https://doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2006/0018-0243
Tsodoulos, I.M., Koukouvelas, I.K., Pavlides, S., 2008. Tectonic geomorphology of the easternmost extension of the Gulf of Corinth (Beotia, Central Greece). Tectonophysics, 453, 211–232, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.06.015.
van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Schmid, S.M., 2012. Map view restoration of Aegean – West Anatolian accretion and extension since the Eocene. Tectonics, 31, TC5005, 1–40 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012TC003132 .
Voreadis, Ch., 1940. The lignite mines of the ‘Attica Lignite Mines S.A.’ at the Athens Basin. Ministry of National Economy, Geological Service, Athens, Greece (in Greek).
Xypolias, P., Kokkalas, S., Skourlis, K., 2003. Upward extrusion and subsequent transpression as a possible mechanism for the exhumation of HP/LT rocks in Evia Island (Aegean Sea, Greece). Journal of Geodynamics, 35, 303–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(02)00131-X