The ancient Levantine Botryllus schlosseri (Tunicata): population genetics landscape under frequent natural disturbances

Abstract

The colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri is a cosmopolitan species, commonly found in sheltered temperate marine environments, primarily marinas/harbors. B. schlosseri larvae settle immediately upon release on hard substrates in vicinity (<50cm) to maternal colonies, suggesting genetically structured populations on fine spatial scales. By employing seven microsatellite loci, this study characterizes long-term (2004-2008) genetic structures of a B. schlosseri population residing underneath stones at Michmoret harbor, the Israeli Mediterranean coast, revealing a persistence of genetic structure through time. Further, the Michmoret harbor was exposed to episodes of natural disturbances (October 2006 and November 2007), during which the entire populations were eradicated from shallow waters. These disturbances provide a unique opportunity to study the population genetic dynamics of newly established populations of a marine invasive species, within its geographic origin. The results revealed a four year-long structured single population in Michmoret harbor, homogeneous at the time but not at the micro-geographic scales. The B. schlosseri population from Michmoret harbor, unlike other populations of B. schlosseri worldwide, showed no genetic changes such as changes in the distribution of allele frequencies that were reported in other B. schlosseri populations after natural catastrophic events.