test Alternative forms of psychological interventions: Trauma and emotional expression|Homo Virtualis

Alternative forms of psychological interventions: Trauma and emotional expression

PDF (English)
Опубликован: Nov 25, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/homvir.43493
Katerina Alexandra Mati
Department of Psychology, Panteion University
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6085-4111
Аннотация

This study examines the subjective meaning-making of psychological trauma among young individuals, through the recollection of personal traumatic experiences, combined with the potential effectiveness of alternative forms of psychological interventions. The central aim of the research is an in-depth understanding of trauma as an experience that exceeds the individual’s adaptive capacities and often leads to emotional numbness. The theoretical framework draws on classic theories, such as those of Van der Kolk, Porges and others, focusing on how a traumatic event affects, among other things, both the formation of personality and the development of interpersonal relationships. The methodology combines literature review with innovative multimodal approaches, such as non-verbal expression through art, narrative and sand therapy, as well as the use of Appreciative Inquiry. The main findings indicate that trauma profoundly impacts memory, emotional regulation and the ability for interpersonal connection. Finally, reference is made to specific therapeutic methods, such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Somatic Experiencing, which significantly contribute to trauma processing, transforming the traumatic experience into a starting point for personal reconstruction.

Article Details
  • Раздел
  • Articles
Лицензия Creative Commons

Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution» («Атрибуция») 4.0 Всемирная.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

· Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Скачивания
Данные скачивания пока недоступны.
Библиографические ссылки
American Psychological Association. (2023). Trauma. https://www.apa.org/topics/trauma
Alexander, J. C. (2012). Trauma: A social theory. Polity Press.
Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x
Becker, K. D., Luebbe, A. M., & Greco, L. A. (2021). The role of social evaluation in trauma and mental health. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 40(3), 245–261.
Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (2003). The historical trauma response among Natives and its relationship with substance abuse. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 35(1), 7–13.
Brailas, A. (2020). Using drawings in qualitative interviews: An introduction to the practice. The Qualitative Report, 25(12), 4447–4460. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4585
Brailas, A. (2025). The Appreciative Qualitative Interview: A research method for empowering people. Methodology. European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 21(1), 74–90. https://doi.org/10.5964/meth.15421
Brailas, A., & Papachristopoulos, K. (2023). Systems thinking, rhizomes, and community-based qualitative research: An introduction to nomadic thematic analysis. In E. Tseliou, C. Demuth, E. Georgaca, & B. Gough (Eds.), The Routledge International Handbook of Innovative Qualitative Psychological Research (1st ed., pp. 304–319). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003132721-28
Brailas, A., Tragou, E., & Papachristopoulos, K. (2023). Introduction to qualitative data analysis and coding with QualCoder. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 7(3), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/13230
Cahill, S. P., & Pontoski, K. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder I: Their nature and assessment considerations. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 2(4), 14.
Cannon, W. B. (1932). The wisdom of the body. W. W. Norton & Company.
Clark, A. (2017). Seeing the world through children’s eyes: Visual methodology and the place of children in research. In P. Thomson (Ed.), Doing visual research with children and young people (pp. 17–36). Routledge.
Cooperrider, D. L., & Whitney, D. (2005). Appreciative inquiry: A positive revolution in change. Berrett-Koehler.
Courtois, C. A., & Ford, J. D. (Eds.). (2013). Treating complex traumatic stress disorders (adults): Scientific foundations and therapeutic models. Guilford Press.
DeRoon-Cassini, T. A., Mancini, A. D., Rusch, M. D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010). Psychopathology and resilience following traumatic injury: A latent growth mixture model analysis. Rehabilitation Psychology, 55(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018601
Ellis, J., Janson, A., & Rahilly, T. (2013). Using drawing as a research method with children: Lessons from practice. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 36(3), 236–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2013.817050
Figley, C. R. (Ed.). (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress in those who treat the traumatized. Brunner/Mazel.
Freedy, J. R., Magruder, K. M., & Mainous, A. G. (2010). Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients. Military Medicine, 175(10), 750–758.
Frost, L., & Hoggett, P. (2008). Human agency and social suffering. Critical Social Policy, 28(4), 438–460.
Galea, S., Nandi, A., & Vlahov, D. (2005). The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters. Epidemiologic Reviews, 27(1), 78–91.
Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence—from domestic abuse to political terror. Basic Books.
Homeyer, L. E., & Sweeney, D. S. (2022). Sandtray therapy: A practical manual. Routledge.
Hurst, A. (2023). Introduction to qualitative research methods. Oregon State University. https://open.oregonstate.education/qualresearchmethods/
Levine, P. A. (1997). Waking the tiger: Healing trauma. North Atlantic Books.
Levine, P. A. (2010). In an unspoken voice: How the body releases trauma and restores goodness. North Atlantic Books.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.
Markowitz, J. C., & Milrod, B. L. (2011). The importance of responding to negative affect in psychotherapies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(2), 124–128.
Μπράιλας, Α., Παπαχριστόπουλος, Κ., & Τράγου, Έ. (2023). Εισαγωγή στην ποιοτική ανάλυση δεδομένων με το λογισμικό Taguette: Ζητήματα εγκυρότητας και αξιοπιστίας στην ποιοτική έρευνα. Ανοικτή Εκπαίδευση, 19(1), 29–54. https://doi.org/10.12681/jode.26960
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy. W. W. Norton & Company.
Pearlman, L. A., & Saakvitne, K. W. (1995). Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. W. W. Norton & Company.
Pink, S. (2015). Doing sensory ethnography (2nd ed.). SAGE.
Porges, S. W. (2007). The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology, 74(2), 116–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009
Porges, S. W. (2009). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology.
Schore, A. N. (2003). Early relational trauma, disorganized attachment, and the development of a predisposition to violence. In M. F. Solomon & D. J. Siegel (Eds.), Healing trauma: Attachment, mind, body, and brain (pp. 107–167). W. W. Norton & Company.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. W. H. Freeman.
Shapiro, F. (2018). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
Silver, R. A. (2013). Art as language: Access to thoughts and feelings through stimulus drawings. Routledge.
Stickgold, R. (2002). EMDR: A putative neurobiological mechanism of action. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1145
Summerfield, D. (2019). Critique of global mental health and the trauma model. Transcultural Psychiatry, 56(3), 531–547.
Tahan, M., Afrooz, G., & Bolhari, J. (2021). The effectiveness of smart robot psychological intervention program on good sexual care for elementary school children. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(6), 53–65.
Ungar, M. (2011). Community resilience for youth and families: Facilitative physical and social capital in contexts of adversity. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 1742–1748.
Ungar, M. (2013). Resilience, trauma, context, and culture. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 14(3), 255–266.
van der Kolk, B. A. (1996). The body keeps the score: Approaches to the psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. In B. A. van der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society (pp. 214–241). Guilford Press.
van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.
Whitney, D., & Trosten-Bloom, A. (2010). The power of appreciative inquiry: A practical guide to positive change (2nd ed.). Berrett-Koehler.
Willig, C. (2015). Ποιοτικές μέθοδοι έρευνας στην Ψυχολογία: Εισαγωγή (Ε. Τσέλιου, Ed.; Έ. Αυγήτα, Trans.). Gutenberg.