First Report of Saprolegnia parasitica from a Marine Species: Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) in Brackish Water Conditions

PDF
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.20825
Keywords:
Fish disease fungal disease Saprolegnia parasitica Sparus aurata
Ε. DINÇTÜRK
Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Fisheries Department of Aquaculture
T. T. TANRIKUL
Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Fisheries Department of Aquaculture
S. S. BIRINCIOĞLU
Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathology
Abstract
Saprolegniosis is a serious fungal disease that mostly affects freshwater fish species and eggs. It has a cotton wool-like appearance on the body of amphibians, crustaceans and several fish species. Infected gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) were subjected to clinical, microbiological, parasitological and pathological investigation. On the infected skin samples, grey-white cotton-like patches, erosion of the skin and scale affusion were detected. Lesions covered the whole body of S. aurata in the advanced stages. Bacterial growth and parasitic symptoms were not observed in microbiological examination. Microscopic examination showed hyphaes carrying cysts that were long and branched. In scanning electron microscopy overviews fungal zoospores were observed. In histopathological observations of sections of skin, erosive-ulcerative dermatitis and mycelium of Saprolegnia parasitica were seen in the muscle tissue. Gene sequence-based identification found Saprolegnia parasitica. S. parasitica has not until now been detected in S.aurata. The low salinity of the brackish water is believed to be the predisposing factor of Saprolegniosis in sea bream in this case.
Article Details
  • Section
  • Research Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

· Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abdel Aziz ES, Yonis AA, Ali MNM (2002) Effect of water temperature upon the response of cultured Clarias Lazera to Saprolegnia infection and the consequent haematologecal changes. Egyptian Journal of Compartive and Clinical Pathology Vol 15 No. 2pp 108-125.
Abou El Atta ME, Saleh OA (2010) Study on some diseases problems facing the culturing of Meagre ( Argyrosomus regius) fish in Domieta Governorate. Abbassa Int. J. Aqua. Vol. 3 No.(1)2010: 231 – 245.
Alderman DJ, Polglase JS (1984) A comparative investigation of theeffects of fungicides on Saprolegnia parasitica and Aphanomyces astaci. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 83:313– 318. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(84)80153-9
Arda M (2006) Temel Mikrobiyoloji, Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara.
Austin B, Austin A (2007) Bacterial Fish Pathogens, Diseases of Farmed and Wild Fish, Fourth Edition. Springer-Praxis Publishing, Chichester. 978-1-4020-6068-7.
Aydın U, Küçükgül A (2014) Elazığ Bölgesi Alabalık İşletmelerinde Merkezi Kayıt Sistemi. Bilim ve Gençlik Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 2, 2014 / Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2014 ISSN: 2148-0273
Bangyeekhun E, Pylkkö P, Vennerström P, Kuronen H, Cerenius L (2003) Prevalence of a Single Fish-pathogenic Saprolegnia sp. Clone in Finland and Sweden. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 53(1), 47-53. doi:10.3354/dao053047
Barnes ME, Ewing DE, Cordes RJ, Young GL (1998) Observations on Hydrogen Peroxide Control of Saprolegnia spp. During Rainbow Trout Egg Incubation. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 60(1), 67-70. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0067:OOHPCO>2.0. CO;2
Beakes G, Ford H (1983) Esterase Isoenzyme Variation in The Genus Saprolegnia, with Particular Reference to The Fish-pathogenic S.diclina-parasitica Complex. Microbiology, 129(8), 2605-2619. doi:10.1099/00221287-129-8-2605
Bly JE, Lawson LA, Dale DJ, Szalai AJ, Durborow RM, Clem LW (1992) Winter Saprolegniosis in Channel Catfish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 13, 155– 164. doi : 10.3354/dao013155
Bruno DW, Wood BP (1999) Saprolegnia and Other Oomycetes, p. 599-659. In P. T. K. Woo and D. W. Bruno (ed.), Fish Diseases and Disorders, vol. 3. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
Chauhan R (2014) Fungal Attack on Tilapia mossambicus in Culture Pond, Leading to Mass Mortality of Fishes. International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR).
Chauhan R, Beigh A, Hand MH, Bhat MH (2014) Histopathological Manifestations in Commercially Important Fish, Clarias batrachus (L) Found Infected Wıth Saprolegnia diclina. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4(2) ; 1168-1172.
Culling AF, Allison TR, Barr TW (1985) Cellular Pathology Technique, 4th Edition, London: Butterworth and Co.(Publ.) Ltd, p.269-270
Das SK, Murmu K, Das A, Shakuntala I, Das RK, Ngachan SV, Majhi SK (2012) Studies on the identification and control of pathogen Saprolegnia in selected Indian major carp fingerlings at mid hill altitude. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2012 May; 33(3): 545-549.
Diler Ö (1992) Saprolegniasis Hastalığının Patogenesisi ve Isparta Bölgesi Balık İşletmelerindeki Dağılımı Üzerinde Bir Araştırma (Doctoral dissertation, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
Duboon AHA, Mukhtar MAA, Jassim AAR, Bader SQ, Zawar JMA (2006) Saprolegniasis of Barbus sharpeyi, Gunther (Bunnei Fish) in Basrah/ IRAQ, Iraq: Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture, 2006, 1,pp. 25-29.
Dvarak J, Atanoesk M (1969) Mycologial Diagnosis of Animal Dermatophytosis. Academic Pp. 213.dvorak
Elatta MEA (2013) Some Bacterial and Fungal Affections Causing Disease Problems in Cultured Seabream Sparus aurata in Damietta Governorate and Trials for Control.
Gaikowski MP, Rach JJ, Drobish M, Hamilton J, Harder T, Lee LA, Moen C, Moore A (2003) Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling mortality associated with saprolegniasis on walleye, white sucker, and paddlefish eggs. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 65(4), 349-355.
Gieseker CM, Serfling SG, Reimschuessel R (2006) Formalin treatment to reduce mortality associated with Saprolegnia parasitica in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 253(1), 120-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.07.039
Grandes JMF, Diez MF, Gancedo JMA (2000) Ultrastructural Analysis of Saprolegnia Secondary Zoospore Cyst Ornamentation From Infected Wild Brown Trout, Salmo trutta L., and River Water Indicates Two Distinct Morphotypes Amongst Long-Spined Isolates. Journal of Fish Diseases 23, 147–160. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2000.00239.x
Hatai K, Hoshiai G (1993) Characteristics of Two Saprolegnia Species Isolated From Coho Salmon with Saprolegniasis. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 1993. 5, 115-118. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1993)005<0115:COTSSI>2.3.CO;2
Hatai K, Willoughby LG, Beakes GW (1990) Some Characteristics of Saprolegnia Obtained From Fish Hatcheries in Japan. Mycological Research 94, 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80611-4
Howe GE, Gingerich WH, Dawson VK, Olson JJ (1999) Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide for Treating Saprolegniasis in Channel Catfish. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 11(3): 222-230.
Howe GE, Stehly GR (1998) Experimental Infection of Rainbow Trout with Saprolegnia parasitica. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 10, no. 4, p. 397-404.
Hussien AM, Ahmed IE, Waled SE, Omima A (2010) A trial for Induction of Saprolegniosis in Mugel cephalus with Special Reference to Biological Control. Journal of American Science, 6(6), 6.
Knights BC, Lasee BA (1996) Effects of Implanted Transmitters on Adult Bluegills at Two Temperatures. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 125(3), 440-449.
Kubilay A, Altun S, Diler Ö, Ekici S (2008) Isolation of Flavobacterium columnare from Cultured Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8(1).
Langvad F (1994) Saprolegnia in Norwegian fish farming. In: Salmon Saprolegniasis (ed. by G.J. Mueller), pp. 188–201. Bonneville Power Administration, Div. Fish and Wildlife, Portland, OR.
Marking LL, Rach JJ, Schreier TM (1994) Evaluation of antifungal agents for fish culture. Progressive Fish-Culturist 56:225–231.
Mortada Hussein MA, Hassan WH, Mahmoud MA (2013) Pathogenicity of Achlya proliferoides and Saprolegnia diclina (Saprolegniaceae) Associated with Saprolegniosis Outbreaks in Cultured Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 5 (2): 188-193.
Mueller GJ (1992) Proceedings The Symposium Saprolegnia in Salmon Held at the 1992 Annual Meeting of The Mycological Society of America on August 8, 1992, in the Portland Convention Center, Portland, Oregon.
Noga EJ (1993) Water Mold Infections of Freshwater Fish: Recent Advances. Annual Review of Fish Diseases 3, 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8030(93)90040-I
Osman HAM, Solman WE, Noor El Deen AE, Lada AM (2008) Induction of Saprolegniosis in Oreochromis niloticus with Special Reference to its Biological. Control. Global Veterinaria 2 (1):pp 32-37.
Parra-Laca R, Hernández-Hernández FC, Lanz-Mendoza H Enríquez BL, Gil GF (2015) Isolation and Identification of Saprolegnia Sp from Fresh Water Aquarium Fishes and the Hemolymph Immune Response of Dactylopus coccus Costa de 1835 (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopidae) against this Oomycete. Entomology, Ornithology and Herpetology, 4(2), 1.
Phillips AJ, Anderson VL, Robertson EJ, Secombes CJ, van West P (2008) New insights into animal pathogenic oomycetes. Trends in Microbiology 16, 13e19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2007.10.013
Pickering AD, Willoughby LG (1982) Saprolegnia Infections of Salmonid Fish. In: Roberts, R.J. (Ed.), Microbial Diseases of Fish. Academic Press, London, pp. 271–297.
Pickering AD, Willoughby LG (1988) Saprolegnia of Salmonid Fish. 15th Annual Report, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (38–48 pp.).
Pickering AD, Christie P (1990) Sexual Differences in the Incidence and Severity of Ectoparasitic Infestation of the Brown Trout, Salmo trutta L. Journal of Fish Biology, 16, 669-683.
Pickering AD (1994) Factors Which Predispose Salmonid Fish to Saprolegniasis. Edited by G. J. Mueller. U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon. pp. 67-84.
Post GW (1987) Textbook of Fish Health, 2nd edition. TFH Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey
Pottinger TG, Day JG (1999) A Saprolegnia parasitica Challenge System for Rainbow Trout: Assessment of Pyceze as an Anti-fungal Agentfor Both Fish and Ova. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 36, 129– 141.
Roberts RJ (2012) Fish Pathology, 4.Edition. Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom, pp.387-390.
Taylor Francis PB, Walser CA, Phelps RP (1994) The Use of Formalin and Iodine to Control Saprolegnia Infections on Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Eggs. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 3, 269. https://doi.org/10.1300/J028v03n03_05
Thoen E, Evensen Ø, Skaar I (2015) Factors Influencing Saprolegnia spp. Spore Numbers in Norwegian Salmon Hatcheries. Journal of Fish Diseases.
Van Den Berg AH, McLaggan D, Diéguez-Uribeondo J, Van West P (2013) The Impact of The Water Moulds Saprolegnia diclina and Saprolegnia parasitica on Natural Ecosystems and The Aquaculture Industry. Fungal Biology Reviews, 27(2), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2013.05.001
Welsh J, McClelland M (1990) Fingerprinting Genomes Using PCR with Arbitrary Primers. Nucleic Acids Research, 18(24), 7213-7218. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.24.7213
Willoughby LG (1985) Rapid Preliminary Screening of Saprolegnia on Fish. Journal of Fish Diseases 8: 473-476. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.1985.tb01282.x
Yanong PE (2003) Fungal Diseases of Fish. Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice 6(2):377-400. doi: 10.1016/S1094-9194(03)00005-7
Zaki MS, Fawzi OM, Jackey JE (2008) Pathological and biochemical studies in Tilapia nilotica infected with Saprolegnia parasitica and treated with potassium permanganate. J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 3, 677-680.