The seroepidemiology of pestivirus infection in sheep in Afyonkarahisar province of Turkey and the analysis of associated risk factors

PDF
Published: Apr 29, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25849
Keywords:
pestivirus sheep BDV risk factors epidemiology Turkey
Omer Baris INCE
Pamukkale University Animal Breeding and Genetic Research and ImplementationCenter
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8302-9607
Abstract

Border disease virus (BDV) is a pestivirus that causes considerable economic losses in the sheep industry due to its effect on breeding and health. This study's goal was to determine the seroprevalence of pestivirus infection, the ratio of persistently infected (PI) animals, and risk factors associated with the disease in sheep flocks between 2019-2020. To this end, 460 blood serum samples collected from eight sheep flocks were examined using commercial Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test kits to determine the presence of antibodies (Ab) and antigens (Ag) against pestiviruses (bovine viral diarrhea virus, border disease virus). Risk factors associated with pestivirus infection were statistically evaluated in terms of significance in the logistic regression model according to epidemiological data and information obtained from flock owners. Individual seropositivity was analyzed by Generalized Estimating Equations (GEEs) for associated responses. The overall apparent animal level seroprevalence was estimated to be 24.57% (95% CI: 20.85-28.7). The overall true seroprevalence was calculated to be 25.51% (95% CI: 21.65-29.60). The rate of positive sheep in each flock varied between 8.33-57.14%. The ratio of PI sheep among the 460 animals tested was found to be 0.43%. The relationship between the age groups was statistically significant (p-value:0.0002<0.05; χ2:13.15). Management type, age, the presence of cattle in the farm, landscape and the status of other clinical diseases were identified as important risk factors associated with individual pestivirus seropositivity. The results of this study indicate that it will contribute to the creation of national control eradication and monitoring plans and the development of strategies and that the potential risk of sheep as a pestivirus reservoir, especially for cattle that use common pastures, should be considered in future studies.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Research Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

· Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Author Biography
Omer Baris INCE, Pamukkale University Animal Breeding and Genetic Research and ImplementationCenter

Dr.Ömer Barış İNCE
Pamukkale University
Animal Breeding and Genetic Research and Implementation Center
Kinikli Campus Pamukkale/Denizli
Phone: +90 258 296 7576  Fax: +90 (258) 296 23 38

Mobil:+905052216985

References
Avci O and Yavru S (2014) Comparative Investigation of Border Disease Virus Infection in Sheep Flocks with Abortion Problems in Konya Province. Science Research 2 (5):119-124.
Berriatua E, Barandika JF, Aduriz G, Atxaerandio R, Garrido J, García-Pérez AL (2004) Age-specific seroprevalence of Border disease virus and presence of persistently infected sheep in Basque dairy-sheep flocks. Vet J 168:336-342.
Berriatua E, Barandika JF, Aduriz G, Hurtado A, Estévez L, Atxaerandio R, García-Pérez AL (2006) Flock-prevalence of border disease virus infection in Basque dairy-sheep estimated by bulk-tank milk analysis. Vet Microbiol 118(1-2):37-46.
Braun U, Reichle SF, Reichert C, Hässig M, Stalder HP, Bachofen C, Peterhans E (2014) Sheep persistently infected with border disease readily transmit virus to calves seronegative to BVD virus. Vet Microbiol 168(1):98-104.
Dohoo I, Martin W, Stryhn H (2010) Veterinary epidemiologic research. 2nd ed, University of Prince Edward Island,Charlottetown, PEI: pp 395-426.
Feknous N, Hanon JP, Tignon M, Khaled H, Bouyoucef A, Cay B (2018) Seroprevalence of border disease virus and other pestiviruses in sheep in Algeria and associated risk factors BMC Veterinary Research 14:339 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1666-y
Gaffuri A, Giacometti M, Tranguillo VM, Magnino S, Cordioli P, Lanfranchi P (2006) Serosurvey of roe deer, chamois and domestic sheep in the Central Italian Alps. J Wild Dis 42:685-690.
González AM, Arnaiz I, Yus E, Eiras C, Sanjuán M, Diéguez FJ (2014) Evaluation of long-term antibody responses to two inactivated bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) vaccines. Vet J 199(3):424-428.
Hanon JB, De Baere M, de la Ferté C, Roelandt S, Guillot G, Van der Stede Y, Cay B (2018) Serological monitoring on milk and serum samples in a BVD eradication program: A field study in Belgium showing antibody ELISA performances and epidemiological aspects. Prev Vet Med 160:136-144.
Houe H (1999) Epidemiological features and economical importance of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections. Vet Microbiol 64:89-107.
Kaiser V, Nebel L, Schüpbach-Regula G, Zanoni RG, Schweizer M (2017) Influence of border disease virus (BDV) on serological surveillance within the bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) eradication program in Switzerland. BMC Vet Res 13(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0932-0.
Kittelberger R and Pigott C (2008) The use of pestivirus antigen ELISA currently available for the detection of hairy shaker disease/border disease virus in sheep. NZ Vet J 56:343-344.
Krametter-Froetscher R, Duenser M, Preyler B,Theiner A, Benetka V, Moestl K, Baumgartner W (2010) Pestivirus infection in sheep and goats in West Austria. Vet J 186:342-346.
Krametter-Frötscher R, Loitsch A, Kohler H, Schleiner A, Schiefer P, Möstl K, Golja F, Baumgartner W (2007) Serological survey for antibodies against pestiviruses in sheep in Austria. Vet Rec 160(21):726-730.
Lindberg AL and Alenius S (1999) Principles for eradication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle populations. Vet Microbiol 64:197-222.
Mainar-Jaime RC, Vázquez-Boland JA (1999) Associations of veterinary services and farmer characteristics with the prevalences of brucellosis and border disease in small ruminants in Spain. Prev Vet Med 40(3-4):193-205.
Marco I, Lopez-Olvera JR, Rosell R, Vidal E, Hurtado A, Juste R, Pumarola M, Lavin S (2007) Severe outbreak of disease in the southern chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) associated with border disease virus infection. Vet Microbiol 120(1-2):33-41.
Martin C, Duquesne V, Adam G, Belleau E, Gauthier D, Champion JL, Saegerman C, Thiéry R, Dubois E (2015) Pestiviruses infections at the wild and domestic ruminants interface in the French Southern Alps. Vet Microbiol 175(2-4):341-348.
McCullough SJ, Adair MB, McKillop ER (1987) A survey of serum antibodies to respiratory viruses in cattle in Northern Ireland. Ir Vet J 41:342-344.
Mishra N, Rajukumar K, Tiwari A, Nema RK, Behera SP, Satav JS, Dubey SC (2009) Prevalence of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) antibodies among sheep and goats in India. Trop Anim Health Prod 41(7):1231-1239.
Mishra N, Rajukumar K, Vilcek S, Tiwari A, Satav JS, Dubey SC (2008) Molecular characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 isolate originating from a native Indian sheep (Oviesaries). Vet Microbiol 130:88-98.
Mohammadi A, Ghane M, Kadivar E, Ansari-Lari M (2011) Seroepidemiology of Border Disease and Risk Factors in Small Ruminants of Shiraz Suburb, Fars Province, South of Iran. Global Veterinaria 6(4):383-388.
Monies RJ, Paton DJ, Vilcek S (2004) Mucosal disease-like lesions in sheep infected with border disease virus. Vet Rec 155:765-769.
Nettleton PF, Gilmour JS, Herring AJ, Sinclair AJ (1992) The production and survival of lambs persistently infected with border disease virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 15(3):179-188.
Nettleton PF, Gilary AJ, Russo P, Delissi E (1998) Bborder disease of sheep and goats. Vet Res 29:327-240.
Nettleton PF (2000) Border Disease. Diseases of Sheep, third ed, Blackwell Science, Oxford: pp 119-210.
Paton DJ, Carlsson U, Lowings JP, Sands JJ, Vilcek S, Alenius S (1995) Identification of herd-specific bovine viral diarrhoea virus isolates from infected cattle and sheep. Vet Microbiol 43:283-294.
Paton DJ, Sands JJ, Lowings JP, Smith JE, Ibata G, Edwards S (1995) A proposed division of the pestivirus genus using monoclonal antibodies, supported by cross-neutralisation assays and genetic sequencing. Vet Res 26:92-109.
R Core Team (2018) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org. [accessed 01 May 2018]
Radostits OM, Gay CC, Blood DC, Hunchcliff KW, Constable PD (2007) Veterinary Medicine Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats. 10th ed, Saunders, London: pp 127-160.
Rosamilia A, Grattarola C, Caruso C, Peletto S, Gobbi E, Tarello V, Caroggio P, Dondo A, Masoero L, Acutis PL (2013) Detection of border disease virus (BDV) genotype 3 in Italian goat herds. Vet J 199:446-450.
Sandvik T (2005) Selection and use of laboratory diagnostic assays in BVD control programmes. Prev Vet Med 72:3-16.
Schiefer P, Krametter-Frotscher R, Schleiner A, Loitsch A, Golja F, Mostl K, Baumgartner W (2006) Seroprevalence of antibodies to ruminant pestiviruses in sheep and goats in Tyrol (Austria). Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 113:55-58.
Schweizer M and Peterhans E (2014) Pestiviruses. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2:141-163.
Simmonds P, Becher P, Bukh J, Gould EA, Meyers G, Monath T, Muerhoff S, Pletnev A, Rico-Hesse R, Smith DB, Stapleton JT (2017) ICTV report consortium. J Gen Virol 98:2-3.
Şevik M (2018) The Role of Pestiviruses (BDV and BVDV) in Ruminant Abortion Cases in the Afyonkarahisar Province. Kocatepe Vet J 11(3):238-244.
Şevik M (2020) Genomic characterization of pestiviruses isolated from bovine, ovine and caprine foetuses in Turkey: A potentially new genotype of Pestivirus I species. Transbound Emerg Dis https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13691. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32564510.
Tabbaa D, Giangaspero M, Nishikawa H (1995) Seroepidemiological survey of border disease (BD) in Syrian Awassi sheep. Small Rumin Res 15:273-277.
Thrusfield M (2005). Veterinary Epidemiology. third ed, Great Britain, Blackwell Science: pp 168-207.
Türkish Statistical Institue (2020) https://turkstatweb.tuik.gov.tr/ [accessed 05 May 2020]
Valdazo-Gonzalez B, Alvarez-Martinez M, Greiser-Wilke I (2006) Genetic typing and prevalence of Border disease virus (BDV) in small ruminant flocks in Spain. Vet Microbiol 117:141-153.
Valdazo-González B, Alvarez-Martınez M, Sandvik T (2008) Prevalence of border disease virus in Spanish lambs. Vet Microbiol 128:269-278.
Van Campen H and Frolich K (2001) Pestivirus infections, In: Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals, Iowa State University Press : pp 232-244.
Okur-Gumuşova S, Yazıcı Z, Albayrak H (2006) Pestivirus seroprevalance in sheep populations from inland and coastal zones of Turkey. Rev Med Vet 157:22-25.
Most read articles by the same author(s)