The Role of Poultry Farms and Wild Birds During 2016-2017 Avian Influenza Epizootic in Europe


Keywords:
Avian influenza epizootic Europe wild birds poultry farms
V. TSIOURIS
N. MAVROMATI
T. MANTZIOS
K. KISKINIS
E. Sossidou
I. GEORGOPOULOU
Abstract

Avian influenza is a contagious viral disease, affecting several species of birds, and poses a significant public threat. During 2016-2017, there were 2,224 high pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Europe, which led to the destruction of 9,663,770 birds, and 72 low pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in 5 European countries, which caused 276,584 bird fatalities. The majority of the epidemics were in wild and backyard birds, except for France and Hungary, where the majority of outbreaks were in duck-goose farms. Notably, there were a total of 100 outbreaks in turkey farms and 37 outbreaks in layer farms, while in broiler farms there were only 10. It is indisputable that wild birds are natural hosts and reservoirs for all types of avian influenza viruses. However, the role of poultry farms on the AI intra-country epidemiology has not been fully clarified. Based on the official reports of OIE for AI, this study indicates that poultry farms, especially fattening turkey and layer chicken farms, are high-risk factors concerning the introduction of the disease into an area and its spread into other poultry farms.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Research Articles
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Acha PN, Szyfres B (2003) Influenza. Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals, Pan American Health Organization, U.S.A, Vol. 2: pp 155-172.
Adlhoch C, Gossner C, Koch G, Brown I, Bouwstra R, Verdonck F, Penttinen P, Harder T (2014) Comparing introduction to Europe of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses A(H5N8) in 2014 and A(H5N1) in 2005. Euro surveillance, bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 19 (50).
Aldous EW, Seekings JM, McNally A, Nili H, Fuller CM, Irvine RM, Alexander DJ, Brown IH (2010) Infection dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza and virulent avian paramyxovirus type 1 viruses in chickens, turkeys and ducks. Avian Pathology, 39 (4): 265-273.
Brown I, Mulatti P, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Willeberg P, Adlhoch C, Candiani D, Fabris C, Zancanaro G, Morgado J, Verdonck F (2017). Avian influenza overview October 2016-August 2017. EFSA Journal, 15 (10).
El-Shesheny R, Barman S, Feeroz MM, Hasan MK, Jones-Engel L, Franks J, Turner J, Seiler P, Walker D, Friedman K, Kercher L, Begum S, Akhtar S, Datta AK, Krauss S, Kayali G, McKenzie P, Webby RJ, Webster RG (2017) Genesis of Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23 (8): 1368-1371.
Fouchier RAM, Munster VJ (2009) Epidemiology of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in wild birds. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 28 (1): 49-58.
Georgopoulou I, Tsiouris V (2008) The potential role of migratory birds in the transmission of zoonoses. Veterinaria Italiana, 44 (4): 671-677.
Gill REJ, Tibbitts TL, Douglas DC, Handel CM, Mulcahy DM, Gottschalck JC, Warnock N, McCaffery BJ, Battley PF, Piersma T (2009) Extreme endurance flights by landbirds crossing the Pacific Ocean: ecological corridor rather than barrier? Proceedings of the Royal Society
B, 276: 447-457.
Hill NJ, Runstadler JA (2016) A Bird’s Eye View of Influenza A Virus Transmission: Challenges with Characterizing Both Sides of a Co-Evolutionary Dynamic. Integr Comp Biol, 56 (2): 304-16.
Hill SC, Lee Y J, Song BM, Kang HM, Lee EK, Hanna A, Gilbert M, Brown IH, Pybus OG (2015) Wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density shape the epidemiology of highly pathogenic H5N8 influenza in the Republic of Korea. Infect Genet Evol, 34: 267-77.
Kuchipudi SV, Tellabati M, Sebastian S, Londt BZ, Jansen C, Vervelde L, Brookes SM, Brown IH, Dunham SP, Chang K-C (2014) Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in chickens but not ducks is associated with elevated host immune and pro-inflammatory responses. Veterinary Research, 45 (118).
Miller MR, Takekawa JY, Fleskes JP, Orthmeyer DL, Casazza ML, Perry WM (2005) Spring migration of Northern Pintails from California’s Central Valley wintering area tracked with satellite telemetry: routes, timing, and destinations. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 83 (10): 1314-1332.
OIE, Avian Influenza (Fowl Plague, Grippe Aviaire) (2016) https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_World/docs/pdf/Disease_cards/HPAI.pdf [Accessed 17 June 2020].
OIE Situation Report for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (2018) https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_World/docs/pdf/OIE_AI_situation_report/OIE_SituationReport_AI_June2018.pdf [Accessed 17 June 2020].
AI_situation_report/OIE_SituationReport_AI_18September2017.pdf [Accessed 17 June 2020].
Ramos S, MacLachlan M, Melton A (2017) Impacts of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreak on the U.S. Poultry Sector. United States Department of Agriculture, Livestock Dairy Poultry Outlook, 2017/12: pp 20.
Swayne DE (2006) Understanding the Complex Pathobiology of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses in Birds. Avian Diseases, (51):242-249.
Update on avian influenza in animals (types H5 and H7) (2017) https://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/update-on-avian-influenza/2017/[Accessed 17 June 2020].
Update on avian influenza in animals (types H5 and H7) (2018) https://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/update-on-avian-influenza/2018/ [Accessed 17 June 2020].
WHO (2020) Human infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses; 03/04/2020: pp 1-3.
Most read articles by the same author(s)