Epidemiosurveillance of Brucella infection in humans, non-ruminants and wildlife from Pakistan perspective (2000-2020)


Keywords:
Brucellosis non-ruminants endemic zoonosis epidemiology Pakistan
M ZEESHAN AKRAM
A ULLAH KHAN
B SHAUKAT ALI
S SHAHID
A BATOOL
Abstract

This review aimed at providing an overview of the prevalence and epidemiosurveillance of brucellosis in non-ruminants and humans in Pakistan during 2000-2020. Sero-prevalence of brucellosis has been reported in non-ruminants such as camels, equines, dogs and humans with the range of 0.5-21%, 16.23-62.6%, 9.2-63.8% and 2.0-70% respectively. Non-target species like Avian, reptiles and amphibians were also reported with the prevalence of 2.5%, 24.9% and 25% respectively. Ignorance and indifference make it endemic in ruminants and much-neglected disease in non-ruminants with less or no studies reported in canines. Vaccines are available and being used for ruminants while none is available for non-ruminants, which may serve as an important source of spreading disease in animals and humans. In Pakistan, it is considered as ignored disease in non-ruminants lacking effective policies for control and eradication. This review guides policymakers to draw guidelines regarding brucellosis control and eradication using one health approach.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Research Articles
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Acha N &Szyfres B (2003) Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals, 3rd ed. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC
Ahmad H, Ali I, Ahmad T, Tufail M, Ahmad K & Murtaza BN (2017) Prevalence of Brucellosis in Human Population of District Swat, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 49:391-393. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.1.sc11
Ahmad SI and Rahman HU (2019). The emerging trend of brucella abortus zoonotic incidence in both human and animal population of district swat khyber-pakhtunkhwa. European J Biomed 6: 123-130.
Alfattli HHHH (2016) In Iraq, First Documentation of Canine Brucellosis by Application of Three Techniques (Rapid test, Indirect ELISA and 16S rDNA Inter-spacer PCR). Kufa J Vet Med Sci 7: 102-110.
Ali S, Akhter S, Neubauer H, Scherag A, Kesselmeier M, Melzer F, Khan I, El-Adawy H, Azam A, Qadeer S & Ali Q (2016) Brucellosis in pregnant women from Pakistan: an observational study. BMC Infect Dis 16: 468. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1799-1.
Ali S, Ali Q, Neubauer H, Melzer F, Elschner M, Khan I, Abatih EN, Ullah N, Irfan M & Akhter S (2013) Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Brucellosis as a Professional Hazard in Pakistan. Foodbor Path Dis 10:500-505. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2012.1360
Ali S, Nawaz Z, Akhtar A, Aslam R, Zahoor MA & Ashraf M (2018) Epidemiological Investigation of Human Brucellosis in Pakistan. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 11:. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.61764
Ali S, Saleem S, Imran M, Rizwan M, Iqbal K, Qadir G, Ahmad H, Umar S, Khan AW & Khan I (2018) Detection of Brucella antibodies in selected wild animals and avian species in Pakistan. Indian Journal of Animal Research. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.B-799.
Alp E, Koc RK, Durak AC, Yildiz O, Aygen B, Sumerkan B &Doganay M (2006) Doxycycline plus streptomycin versus ciprofloxacin plus rifampicin in spinal brucellosis [ISRCTN31053647]. BMC Infectious Diseases 6:72. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-6-72.
Asif M, Waheed U, Farooq M, Ali T & Khan QM (2014) Frequency of Brucellosis in High Risk Human Groups in Pakistan Detected through Polymerase Chain Reaction and its Comparison with Conventional Slide Agglutination Test. Int J Agric Biol 16: 6.
Awwad, E., Sbeih, Y., Awwad, O., Farraj, M., Essawi, T., Adwan, K., Manasra, A., Bărăităreanu, S., Gurău, M.R. and Daneș, D., 2018. Overview On The Epidemiological Situation And The Brucellosis’ Control, Between 1974-2014, In West Bank, Palestine. Bulletin
of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine, 75(1), pp.104-110.
B. Lopes L, Nicolino R, P.A. & Haddad J (2010) Brucellosis - Risk Factors and Prevalence: A Review. Open Vet Sci J 4: 72-84. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318801004010072.
Baloch AS, Rasheed A, Rind R, Sahito JK, Buriro R, Ayoob MF &Dewani P (2016) Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in Camels in Sindh, Pakistan. Pak J Zoo 49: 367-369. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.1.sc5
Dil S, Zahur AB, Qureshi S, Ullah A & Khan MA (2017) Brucellosis: A Threat to Human Population of District Rawalpindi. Annals of PIMS-Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, 13, 352-356.
Earhart K, Vafakolov S, Yarmohamedova N, Michael A, Tjaden J &Soliman A (2009) Risk factors for brucellosis in Samarqand Oblast, Uzbekistan. Int J Infect Dis 13:749-753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.02.014.
Eltholth, M.M., Hegazy, Y.M., El‐Tras, W.F., Bruce, M. and Rushton, J., 2017. Temporal analysis and costs of ruminant brucellosis control programme in Egypt between 1999 and 2011. Transboundary and emerging diseases, 64(4), pp.1191-1199.
Falagas ME &sBliziotis IA (2006) Quinolones for Treatment of Human Brucellosis: Critical Review of the Evidence from Microbiological and Clinical Studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.50.1.22-33.2006
Fatima S, Khan I, Nasir A, Younus M, Saqib M, Melzer F, Neubauer H & El-Adawy H (2016) Serological, molecular detection and potential risk factors associated with camel brucellosis in Pakistan. Trop Ani Heal Prod 48:1711-1718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-1148-9.
Fernando PP, Klaus N, Luis ES & Wei LY (2010) Diagnosis of brucellosis. Open Vet Sci J 4: 46-60.
Geering W, Forman A, Nunn M (1995) Exotic diseases of animals: a field guide for Australian veterinarians. Australian Government Publishing Service.
Godfroid J and KaÈsbohrer A (2002) Brucellosis in the European Union and Norway at the turn of the twenty first century. Vet Microbiol 11.
Godfroid J, Nielsen K &Saegerman C (2010) Diagnosis of Brucellosis in Livestock and Wildlife. Croatian Med J 51: 296-305. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2010.51.296.
Gorvel JP & Moreno E (2002) Brucella intracellular life: from invasion to intracellular replication. Vet Microbiol 90: 281-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00214-6.
Gul ST, Khan A, Ahmad M & Hussain I (2013) Seroprevalence of brucellosis and associated hematobiochemical changes in pakistani horses. Pakistan J. Agri. Sci. 4: 50.
Hollett RB (2006) Canine brucellosis: Outbreaks and compliance. Theriogenology 66: 575-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.04.011.
Hussain I, Arshad MI, Mahmood MS & Akhtar M (2018) Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in Human, Cattle, and Buffalo Populations in Pakistan. Turkish J Vet Ani Sci 32: 315-318.
Jamil T, Melzer F, Khan I, Iqbal M, Saqib M, Hammad Hussain M, Schwarz S &Neubauer H (2019) Serological and Molecular Investigation of Brucella Species in Dogs in Pakistan. Pathogens 8: 294.
Karthik K, Prabakar G, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., India, et al (2016) Equine brucellosis: Review on epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, prevention and control. J Exp Biol Agri Sci 4:151-160. https://doi.org/10.18006/2016.4(Spl-4-EHIDZ).S151.S160.
Karthik K, Rathore R, Thomas P, Elamurugan A, Arun TR &Dhama K (2014) Serological and Molecular Detection of Brucella abortus from Cattle by RBPT, STAT and PCR and Sample Suitability of Whole Blood for PCR. Asian J Ani Vet Adv 9: 262-269. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2014.262.269.
Khan A, Shafee M, Khan N, Rahman A, Rafiullah R, Ali I, Khan I &ur Rahman S (2018) Incidence of brucellosis in aborted animals and occupationally exposed veterinary professionals of Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Thai J Vet Med 48: 47-54.
Khan MZ, Usman T, Sadique U, Qureshi MS, Farooque M, Hassan MS & Khan A (2017) Molecular Characterization of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in Cattle and Humans at the North West of Pakistan. Pak Vet J 37: 360-363.
Khan AU, Melzer F, Hendam A, Sayour AE, Khan I, Elschner MC, Younus M, Ehtisham-ul-Haque S, Waheed U, Farooq M & Ali S(2020) Seroprevalence and Molecular Identification of Brucella spp. in Bovines in Pakistan—Investigating Association With Risk Factors Using Machine Learning. Frontiers in veterinary science, 7.
Khuri-Bulos NA, Daoud AH &Azab SM (1993) Treatment of childhood brucellosis: results of a prospective trial on 113 children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 12: 377-381.
Liu Q, Cao L & Zhu X-Q (2014) Major emerging and re-emerging zoonoses in China: a matter of global health and socioeconomic development for 1.3 billion. Int J Infect Dis 25: 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.04.003.
Malik S, Sarwar I, Rauf A & Haroon MZ (2018) Seroprevalence of brucellosis among patients presenting with non-specific symptoms at Ayub teaching hospital Abbottabad. J Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad, 30:565-569.
Megid J, Antonio Mathias L, & Robles C (2010) Clinical Manifestations of Brucellosis in Domestic Animals and Humans. Open Vet Sci J 4:119-126. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318801004010119
Mühldorfer, K., Wibbelt, G., Szentiks, C.A., Fischer, D., Scholz, H.C., Zschöck, M. and Eisenberg, T., 2017. The role of ‘atypical’Brucella in amphibians: are we facing novel emerging pathogens?. Journal of applied microbiology, 122(1), pp.40-53.
Mukhtar F (2010) Brucellosis in a high risk occupational group: seroprevalence and analysis of risk factors. JPMA-J. Pakistan Med Assoc 60:1031.
Mukhtar F, Kokab F (2008) Brucella serology in abattoir workers. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 20: 57-61.
Neta AV, Mol JP, Xavier MN, Paixão TA, Lage AP & Santos RL (2010) Pathogenesis of bovine brucellosis. Vet J 184:146-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.04.010.
Nicoletti P (2007) Brucellosis. In: Equine Infectious Diseases, Sellon DC, .
long MT. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 348-350
Ning P, Guo M, Guo K, Xu L, Ren M, Cheng Y & Zhang Y (2013) Identification and Effect Decomposition of Risk Factors for Brucella Contamination of Raw Whole Milk in China. PLoS ONE 8:e68230. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068230.
Pal M, Gizaw F, Fekadu G, Alemayehu G & Kandi V (2017) Public Health and Economic Importance of Bovine Brucellosis: An Overview. American J Epi Infect Dis 5: 27-34. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajeid-5-2-2
Perveen, F and Raqeebullah, M.S (2015) Sero-prevalence of brucellosis in humans population of Charsasdda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Int. J. Med. Invest. 4: 232-240.
Poester FP, Samartino LE & Santos RL (2013) Pathogenesis and pathobiology of brucellosis in livestock: -EN- -FR- -ES-. Revue Scientifiqueet Technique de l’OIE 32: 105-115. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.32.1.2193.
Radostitis O, Gay C, Hinchcliff K & Constable P (2007) Veterinary medicine. A text book of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats, 10th ed. Saunders Elsevier, Edinburgh, London, New york. Oxford, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Sydney, Toronto
Refai M (2002) Incidence and control of brucellosis in the Near East region. Vet Microbiol 90: 81-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00248-1
Roop RM, Bellaire BH, Valderas MW &Cardelli JA (2004) Adaptation of the brucellae to their intracellular niche: Intracellular niche of the brucellae. Mol Microbiol 52: 621-630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04017.x
Saddique A, Ali S, Akhter S, Khan I, Neubauer H, Melzer F, Khan AU, Azam A & El-Adawy H (2019) Acute febrile illness caused by Brucella abortus infection in humans in Pakistan. Int J Env Res Pub Healt 16: 4071.
Safirullah, Anwar K, Shahid M, Raza S, Khan N & Amin Y (2014) Epidemiological Study of Brucellosis in Equines of District Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 3,795-800.
Shahzad A, Khan A, Khan MZ &Saqib M (2017) Seroprevalence and molecular investigation of brucellosis in camels of selected districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Thai J Vet Med 47: 207-215.
Shin S & Carmichael LE (1999) Canine Brucellosis caused by B. canis. Recent Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases Siddiqui A (2016) Incidence of camel brucellosis in Pakistan.
Sprague LD, Al-Dahouk S &Neubauer H (2012) A review on camel brucellosis: a zoonosis sustained by ignorance and indifference. Path Glob Heal 106: 144-149. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773212Y.0000000020
Ullah S (2015) Prevalence of Brucellosis among Camels in District Muzaffargarh, Pakistan. J Infect Mol Bio 3: 52-56. https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.jimb/2015/3.2.52.56
Wadood F, Ahmad M, Khan A, Gul ST & Rehman N (2009) Seroprevalence of brucellosis in horses in and around Faisalabad. Pak. Vet. J. 29, 196-198.
Waheed U, Butt ZN, Ashraf WO & Khan QM (2018) Seroprevalence and Molecular Epidemiosurveillance of Brucellosis in Pakistan. Online J Public Health Inform 10. https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v10i1.8647
Wanke MM (2004) Canine brucellosis. Ani repro sci 82: 195.
Wareth, G., Kheimar, A., Neubauer, H. and Melzer, F., 2020. Susceptibility of Avian Species to Brucella Infection: A Hypothesis-Driven Study. Pathogens, 9(2), p.77.
Yilmaz E, Parlak M, Akalin H, Heper Y, Ozakin C, Mistik R, Oral B, Helvaci S &Töre O (2004) Brucellar Spondylitis: Review of 25 Cases. JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 10:300-307. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.rhu.0000147048.44396.90