Clinical and bacteriological analysis of respiratory tract infections in sheltered dogs and determination of antibacterial treatment options

PDF
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.29441
Keywords:
Antimicrobial susceptibility Bacterial pneumonia Aetiology Sheltered dog Treatment
Sİ KÖSE
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University. Hatay, Turkey
M MADEN
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
Z SAYIN
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
Abstract

After canine infectious respiratory disease complex-CIRDC, only bacterial pneumonia or accompanied with CIRDC has a higher proportion in respiratory disease in stray dogs. Management of these respiratory problems in terms of both treatment and prevention in shelters has a big importance for animal welfare. With this purpose, the present study evaluates bacterial pneumonia in terms of clinical, bacteriological and the antibacterial treatment options in 100 sheltered dogs with respiratory tract infection symptoms. In all dogs, status of respiratory disease and treatment efficacy were evaluated by haematological analysis and clinical scores. Haematological analyses showed that all of the dogs suffered leucocytosis before treatment. Health status of all animals before, during and after treatment were evaluated according to nine clinical scores include clinical condition, body temperature, respiratory and heart rates per minutes, nasal discharge, tracheal sensitivity, mucous membranes, coughing, auscultation. For bacteriological analysis

and antimicrobial susceptibility tests, Bronchoalveolar lavage-BAL fluids were obtained from all dogs, twice. The bacterial agents isolated in the present study were Bordetella spp. (38.98%), Mycoplasma spp. (21.19%), Klebsiella spp. (16.10%), E. coli (5.93%), S. aureus (5.08%) and Pasteurella spp. (4.24%). Susceptibility tests were performed by using the disc diffusion method for Enrofloxacin (ENR), Trimethoprim/Sulpha (TS), Chloramphenicol (C), Amoxicillin clavulanate (AC), and Erythromycin (E) in all cases. Bordetella spp. isolated from 46 cases were found to be most susceptible to ENR (21/46 = 46%), TS (12/46 = 26%), and C (11/46 = 24%). Mycoplasma spp. were isolated from 25 cases and were found to be susceptible to C (14/25 = 56%), TS (8/25 = 32%), and ENR (3/25 = 12%). Klebsiella spp. were isolated from 19 cases and the antibiotics most effective were ascertained as C (9/19 = 47%), ENR (9/19 = 47%), and TS (1/19 = 5%).The results showed that clinical scores could be useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory tract diseases in sheltered dogs. Besides, in the light of the findings of presented study, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulpha were proven efficient against to bacterial isolates in sheltered dogs in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia. Antibacterial therapy should be conducted by antibiotic sensitivity test. But, in the cases this is not possible, antibiotic choice may contain enrofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulpha. If it is not forbidden to use for companion animals by administrations, chloramphenicol may also be thought as alternative.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Research Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

· Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Ayodhya S, Rao DT, Reddy YN, Sundar NS, Kumar VG (2013) Epidemiological, clinical and haematological studies on canine respiratory diseases in and around Hyderabad city, Andhra Pradesh, India, Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2(11): 453-462.
Ayodhya S, Rao DT, Reddy YN, Sundar NS, Kumar VG (2013) Isolation and characterization of bacteria from canine respiratory diseases in and around Hyderabad city, Andhra Pradesh, India, Veterinary World 6(9): 601.
Battersby I (2014) Using antibiotics responsibly in companion animals, In Practice 36: 106-118.
Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, Turck M (1966) Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method, Am J Clin Pathol 45(4): 493-496.
Boothe DM (2005) Antibacterial agents. In: Kahn CM (ed). The Merck Veterinary Manual. 9th ed. Merck & Co. Inc, New Jersey: pp. 2056-2098.
Carbone M, Pennisi MG, Masucci M, De Sarro A, Giannone M, Fera MT (2001) Activity and postantibiotic effect of marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, difloxacin and ciprofloxacin against feline Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates, Vet Microbiol 81(1): 79-84.
Chalker VJ, Brooks HW, Brownlie J (2003) The association of Streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus with canine infectious respiratory disease, Vet Microbiol 95 (1-2): 149-156.
Chalker VJ, Owen WM, Paterson C, Barker E, Brooks H, Rycroft AN, Brownlie J (2004) Mycoplasmas associated with canine infectious respiratory disease, Microbiol 150 (10): 3491-3497.
Chalker VJ, Toomey C, Opperman S, Brooks HW, Ibuoye MA, Brownlie J, Rycroft AN (2003) Respiratory disease in kennelled dogs: Serological responses to Bordetella bronchiseptica lipopolysaccharide do not correlate with bacterial isolation or clinical respiratory symtoms, Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10(3): 352-356.
Chandler JC, Lappin MR (2002) Mycoplasmal respiratory infections in small animals: 17 cases (1988-1999), J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38(2):111-119.
CLSI (2015). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; Approved Standart-Tenth Edition, M07-A10. Vol. 32, No.2.
Dear JD (2014) Bacterial pneumonia in dogs and cats, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 44 (1): 143- 159.
Durgut R, Borku MK, Ozkok S, Pekkaya S, Guzel M, Ozkanlar YE (2003) Kennel cough syndrome of dogs observed in Ankara province, Indian Vet J 80 (8): 743-745.
Epstein SE, Mellema MS, Hopper K (2010). Airway microbial culture and susceptibility patterns in dogs and cats with respiratory disease of varying severity, J Vet Emerg Crit Care 20(6): 587-594.
Ettinger SJ, Kantrowitz B (2005). Diseases of the trachea. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC (Eds). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 6th ed. Saunders Elsevier, Missouri: pp 1217-1232.
Gonul R, Koenhemsi L, Or ME, Uysal A, Sonmez K, Gurel A, Bagcigil AF, OzgurNY, Yardibi Altunatmaz K (2010) Biochemical and cytological analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and effects on arterial blood gases in dogs with lower respiratory airway disease, Revue Med Vet 161(5): 233-38.
Gonzalez AL, Waddell LS (2016) Blood Gas Analyzers, Top Companion Anim Med 31(1): 27-34.
Grobbel M, Lübke-Becker A, Alesík E, Schwarz S, Wallmann J, Werckenthin C, Wieler LH (2007) Antimicrobial susceptibility of Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. from various organ systems of horses, dogs and cats as determined in the BfT-GermVet monitoring program 2004-2006, Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 120 (9-10): 402-11. [Abstract].
Hawkins EC (2005) Respiratory System Disorders. In: Nelson RW, Couto CG (Eds). Manual of Small Animal Internal Medicine. Elsevier Mosby, Missouri: pp.130-211.
Irizarry R, Reiss A (2009) Arterial and venous blood gases: Indications, interpretations and clinical applications, Compendium. 31(10): E1-E7. Available: <https://s3.amazonaws.com/assets.prod.vetlearn.com/mmah/0e/c9d3cff1f24ec0b70ca56d4a169ab3/filePV1009_Irizarry_2.pdf>. [Accessed online in June 2020]
Jirjis FF, Deshpande MS, Tubbs AL, Jayappa H, Lakshmanan N, Wasmoen TL (2010) Transmission of canine influenza virus (H3N8) among susceptible dogs, Vet Microbiol 144 (3-4): 303-309.
Johnson LR, Queen EV, Vernau W, Sykes JE, Byrne BA (2013) Microbiologic and cytologic assessment of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from dogs with lower respiratory tract infection: 105 cases (2001-2011), J Vet Intern Med 27 (2): 259-267.
Kennerman E, Yilmaz Z, Gölcü E, Yalçin E (2000). Köpeklerde alt solunum yolu hastalıklarında arteriyel kan gazlarındaki değişikliklerin belirlenmesi, Van Vet J 11(1): 57-60.
Khan SA, Epstein JH, Olival KJ, Hassan MM, Hossain MB, Rahman KBMA, Elahi MF, Mamun MA, Haider N, Yasin G, Desmond J (2011) Hematology and serum chemistry reference values of stray dogs in Bangladesh, Open Vet J 1(1): 13-20.
King LG (2010) Infectious pneumonia in puppies: Bordetella and beyond. In: Proceeding of International Congress of the Italian Association of Companion Animal Veterinarians,Rimini, Italy: pp.135-136.
King LG (2010) Treating canine bacterial pneumonia: more than just antibiotics. In: Proceeding of International Congress of the Italian Associ ation of Companion Animal Veterinarians,Rimini, Italy: pp.133-134.
Kruth SA (2006) Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections. In: Greene CE (ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 3rd ed. Elsevier, USA: pp.321-330.
Kuehn NF (2005) Respiratory system introduction. In: Kahn CM (ed). The Merck Veterinary Manual. 9th ed. Merck & Co. Inc, New Jersey: pp.1170-76.
Lavan R, Knesl O (2015) Prevalence of canine infectious respiratory pathogens in asymptomatic dogs presented at US animal shelters, J Small Anim Pract 56(9): 572-576.
Litster A, Allen J, Mohamed A, He S (2011) Risk factors for delays between intake and veterinary approval for adoption on medical grounds in shelter puppies and kittens, Prev Vet Med 101(1-2): 107-112.
Maden M, Altunok V, Birdane FM, Aslan V, Nizamlioğlu M (2001) Specific enzyme activities in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as an aid to diagnosis of tracheobronchitis and bronchopneumonia in dogs, Res Vet Sci 71(2): 141-145.
Maden M, Birdane FM, Alkan F, Hadimli HH, Aslan V (2000) Clinical, cytologic, bacteriologic and radiographic analysis of respiratory diseases in dogs, Eurasian J Vet Sci 16(1): 43-50.
Meyer C, Rawton T (2010) Respirarory disease outbreaks in East Coast working dogs, Vetscript 23(10): 18-21.
Mochizuki M, Yachi A, Ohshima T, Ohuchi A, Ishida T (2008) Etiologic study of upper respiratory infections of household dogs, J Vet Med Sci 70(6): 563-569.
Murphy CP, Reid-Smith RJ, Boerlin P, Weese JS, Prescott JF, Janecko N, Mcewen SA (2012) Out-patient antimicrobial drug use in dogs and cats for new disease events from community companion animal practices in Ontario, Can Vet J 53(3): 291-298.
Papich MG (2016) Saunders handbook of veterinary drugs: small and large animal 4th ed. Elsevier, St Louis, USA: pp 1-888.
Peeters DE, Mckiernan BC, Weisiger RM, Schaeffer DJ, Clercx C (2000) Quantitative bacterial cultures and cytological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage specimens in dogs, J Vet Intern Med 14(5): 534-541.
Priestnall S, Erles K (2011) Streptococcus zooepidemicus: An emerging canine pathogen, Vet J 188(2): 142-148.
Priestnall SL, Erles K, Brooks HW, Cardwell JM, Waller AS, Paillot R, Robinson C, Darby AC, Holden MTG, Schöniger S (2010) Characterization of pneumonia due to Streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus in dogs, Clin Vaccine Immunol 17(11): 1790-1796.
Reagan KL, Sykes JE (2020) Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease. Vet Clin Small Anim 50: 405-418.
Rizzi TE, Meinkoth JH, Clinkenbeard KD (2010) Normal hematology of the dog. In: Weis DJ, Wardrop KJ (eds). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Danvers: pp.799-811.
Rycroft AN, Tsounakou E, Chalker V (2007) Serological evidence of Mycoplasma cynos infection in canine infectious respiratory disease, Vet Microbiol 120: 358-362.
Silverstein D, Drobatz KJ (2005) Clinical evaluation of the respiratory tract. In: Ettinger S.J. & Feldman E.C. (eds). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 6th ed. Elsevier Saunders, Missouri: pp.1206-17.
Speakman AJ, Dawson S, Corkill JE, Binns SH, Hart CA, Gaskell RM (2000) Antibiotic susceptibility of canine Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates, Vet Microbiol 71(3-4): 193-200.
SPSS Inc. Released (2007) SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0. Chicago, SPSS Inc.
Sumner CM, Rozanski EA, Sharp CR, Shaw SP (2011) The use of deep oral swabs as a surrogate for transoral tracheal wash to obtain bacterial cultures in dogs with pneumonia, J Vet Emerg Crit Care 21(5):515-20.
Vieson MD, Pineyro P, Leroith TA (2012) Review of the pathology and treatment of canine respiratory infections, Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports 3: 25-39.
Waddell LS (2013) The practitioner’s acid- base primer: obtaining & interpreting blood gases, Today’s Vet Pract 3(3): 43-47.
Weiser G (2012) Introduction to leukocytes and the leukogram. In: Thrall MA, Weiser G, Allison RW, Campbell T (eds). Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Danvers: pp.118-122.
Winn W, Allen S, Janda W, Koneman E, Procop G, Schreckenberger P, Woods G (2006) In: Koneman’s color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology. 6th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Philadelphia: pp.510-22.
Yazar E (2012) Kemoterapötikler. In: Yazar E (editor). Veteriner İlaç. Olgun-Çelik Matbaası, Konya: pp 20-155.
Zeugswette F, Weissenböck H, Shibly S, Hassan J, Spergser J (2007) Lethal pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma cynos in a litter of Golden retriever puppies, Vet Rec 161(18): 626-628.