open, digital, online, education, distance education

Design, development, and assessment of educational materials for e-learning environments aimed at the professional growth of primary school teachers, utilizing Augmented Reality


Δημοσιευμένα: May 4, 2026
Androniki Maria Makraki
Konstantinos Kotsidis
Panagiotes Anastasiades
Περίληψη

This paper describes the design, development, and evaluation of educational material (EM) for remote training of primary school teachers on Augmented Reality (AR). The study aimed to explore the EM's effect on teachers’ attitudes and to evaluate its quality. The design was guided by principles of multimedia learning and adult education, while implementation utilized the Chamilo LMS along with Blippar and H5P tools. The research used a mixed-methods approach, involving four pedagogical experts and 67 teachers for the pilot trial. Findings showed that the learning material was rated as high quality and scientifically robust. Additionally, a statistically significant improvement in teachers’ attitudes (p < 0.05) was observed after the intervention, with the average score increasing from 3.88 to 4.57. Teachers also positively assessed the material’s usability, highlighting the ready-made implementation scenarios as the most helpful feature for integrating ESD into their classrooms.

Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
  • Ενότητα
  • Άρθρα
Λήψεις
Τα δεδομένα λήψης δεν είναι ακόμη διαθέσιμα.
Αναφορές
Akçayir, M., & Akçayir, G. (2017). Advantages and challenges associated with augmented reality for education: A systematic review of the literature. Educational Research Review, 20, 1–11.
Akrítidou, M. (2023). Distance learning materials in support of conventional pre-school and primary education. A literature review. Open Education: The Journal of Open and Distance Education, 12(1), 221–240.
Anastasiadis, P. (2014). The Pedagogical Use of ICT and Distance Education in the School of the Future. In P. Anastasiadis (Ed.), Lifelong and Distance Education in the Digital Age (pp. 13–58). Athens: ISIE.
Anastasiadis, P., & Kotsidis, K. (2015). The Principles of Multimedia Learning in the context of designing educational materials for Distance Learning in Schools. In: Proceedings of the 8th Pan-Hellenic Conference of Educators on ICT ‘Utilisation of Information and Communication Technologies in Teaching Practice’. Syros, 24–26 April 2015.
Azuma, R. T. (2017). The convergence of augmented reality and virtual reality. In The 16th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Sketches and Applications.
Bacca, J., Baldiris, S., Fabregat, R., Graf, S., & Kinshuk. (2014). Augmented reality in education: An overview and a systematic classification. Educational Technology Research and Development, 62(6), 689–715.
Bozkurt, A. (2019). From Distance Education to Open and Distance Learning: A Holistic Evaluation of History, Definitions, and Theories. In S. Sisman-Ugur & G. Kurubacak (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Learning in the Age of Transhumanism (pp. 252–273). IGI Global.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis. In B. M. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Methods (pp. 1774–1781). SAGE Publications.
Chen, C. H., Liu, S. C., Cheng, Y. C., & Huang, H. C. (2017). Application of augmented reality to human body structures: A study of anatomical learning. Interactive Learning Environments, 25(6), 808–820.
Chen, H. Y., & Lin, Y. M. (2020). The effects of augmented reality on students’ learning performance and motivation in a situated learning context. Interactive Learning Environments, 28(7), 891–903.
Choong, Y. Y. (2022). Augmented Reality (AR) Usability Evaluation Framework (NIST IR 8422). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Available at: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8422
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., & Gardner, M. (2017). Effective teacher professional development. Learning Policy Institute.
Fokidis, E., & Foniadaki, I. (2017). Tablets, Augmented Reality, and Geography in Primary School. e-Journal of Science and Technology, 12(3), 7-23.
Garrison, D. R. (2017). E-Learning in the 21st Century: A Community of Inquiry Framework for Research and Practice (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Garzón, J., et al. (2019). Meta-analysis of the impact of augmented reality on educational outcomes. Educational Research Review, 27, 1–12.
Garzón, J., et al. (2020). An augmented reality system for learning human anatomy: A randomised controlled trial. Anatomical Sciences Education, 13(1), 84–93.
Hodges, C. B., Moore, S., Lockee, B. B., Trust, T., & Bond, M. A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. EDUCAUSE Review. Retrieved from: https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning
Horton, W., & Horton, K. (2022). e-Learning by Design (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Ibáñez, M. B., Di Serio, Á., Villarán, D., & Kloos, C. D. (2014). Experimenting with augmented reality in real scenarios in higher education. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 7(3), 260–267.
Joo, Y. J., Kim, S. E., & Kim, Y. K. (2022). The effect of augmented reality on user engagement and learning performance in educational settings. Computers & Education, 185, 104533.
Jumaa, M. A. A., & Al-Mutairi, A. (2025). The Impact of Teacher Training Using Mobile Augmented Reality Games on Their Professional Development. Educational Technology Research and Development (In press).
Kalyuga, S., & Sweller, J. (2018). Cognitive load theory: From theory to practice. In S. M. Fiore, M. A. Rosen, & S. H. McDaniel (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance (2nd ed., pp. 73–91). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316675939.006
Keegan, D. J. (2006). On defining distance education. Distance Education, 1(1), 13–36. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/0158791800010102
Knowles, M. S., Holton III, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (2020). The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development (9th ed.). Routledge.
Kotsidis, K., & Anastasiades, P. (2023). The Social E-Learning environment: Integrating Learning Social Network use in Online professional development for K-teachers. International Journal on E-Learning, 23–42. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/218489/
Li, K. C., Lee, W. O., & Yang, K. T. (2019). Investigating the learning effectiveness of augmented reality-based mobile learning by examining the motivation and flow experience of learners. Interactive Learning Environments, 27(1), 108–124.
Lionarakis, A. (2015). Open and distance learning: Pedagogical and technological applications. Athens: Association of Greek Academic Libraries.
Lionarakis, A., & Spanaka, A. K. (2017). The Seven Principles of Educational Material Design. In A. Lionarakis, S. Ioakeimidou, G. Manousou, M. Niari, T. Chartofylakas, S. Papadimitriou, & A. Apostolidou (Eds.), 9th International Conference on Open and Distance Education. Learning Design (Vol. 9, No. 6B, pp. 121–123). Hellenic Network for Open and Distance Education.
Manousou, E., Chartofylaka, T., & Ioakeimidou, V. (2020). Educational materials for distance education: Specifications, development and utilisation of materials—Guide – Institute of Educational Policy (IEP).
Marino, E., Barbieri, L., et al. (2021). An Augmented Reality inspection tool to support workers in Industry 4.0 environments. Computers in Industry, 128, 103444.
Martin, F., & Bolliger, D. U. (2018). Engagement matters: Student perceptions of interaction in online learning environments. Online Learning, 22(1), 20–37.
Mayer, R. E. (2017). Using multimedia for e-learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 33(5), 403–423. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12197
Mayer, R. E. (2020). The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Miller, D., & Dousay, T. A. (2015). The use of augmented reality in P–12 education: A review of the literature. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE), 8(1), 1–13.
Mezirow, J. (2018). Transformative learning in practice: Insights from community, workplace, and higher education (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2012). TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge). In Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning (pp. 3351–3354). Springer.
Moore, M. G., & Diehl, W. C. (Eds.). (2019). The handbook of distance education (4th ed.). Routledge.
Papanastasiou, G., Drigas, A., & Skianis, C. (2021). Augmented Reality in Education: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Future Directions. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 16(1), 180–199.
Parmaxi, A., & Demetriou, A. A. (2020). Augmented reality in language learning: A state-of-the-art review of 2014–2019. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 36(6), 861–875.
Powell, J., & Bodur, Y. (2019). Online professional development: A systematic review of teacher outcomes and design considerations. Teaching and Teacher Education, 79, 117–128.
Siemens, G., Gašević, D., & Dawson, S. (2015). Preparing for the Digital University: a review of the history and current state of distance, blended, and online learning. Athabasca University.
Simonson, M., Zvacek, S. M., & Smaldino, S. E. (2019). Teaching and Learning at a Distance: Foundations of Distance Education (7th ed.). Information Age Publishing (IAP).
Sotiriou, S., Gialamas, V., & Tsiotakis, P. (2020). Exploring the Challenges of Augmented Reality Content Creation by K-12 Teachers: A Case Study. Themes in Science and Technology Education, 13(1), 17–38.
Tough, M. (2018). The future of adult learning: A review of trends and emerging themes. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, 24(1), 3–18.
Tsiavos, P., & Sofos, A. (2020). ‘The use of augmented reality in education: Development and use of an application for the ‘Physics – I Explore and Discover’ module in Year 5 of primary school’. Open Education: the journal for Open and Distance Learning and Educational Technology, 15(2), 38–53.
Vaughan, N., Dell, D., & Garrison, D. R. (2017). Principles of blended learning. In J. J. G. van Merriënboer & P. A. Kirschner (Eds.), Ten Steps to Complex Learning (3rd ed., pp. 317–336). Routledge.
Zawacki-Richter, O., & Anderson, T. (2014). Online Distance Education: Towards a Research Agenda. Athabasca University Press.
Zhao, Y., & Horney, M. A. (2020). Exploring teachers' technology integration decisions and classroom practices: A focus on perceived value and effort. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(1), 329–354.
Zubair, M., & Khan, M. A. (2020). Psychological barriers in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Information and Education Technology.
Τα περισσότερο διαβασμένα άρθρα του ίδιου συγγραφέα(s)