Comparison of 3 analytical techniques for the extraction and determination of 5 possible contaminants in food contact recycled materials.

Pdf
Published: Nov 28, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/ta.36948
Keywords:
contaminants recycled paperboard extraction techniques GC/MS
Ioanna-Efpraxia Parigoridi
University of Ioannina
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9642-7583
Eleftheria Tsoumani
University of Ioannina
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1313-705X
Panagiotis G. Demertzis
University of Ioannina
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8660-3624
Konstantoula Akrida-Demertzi
University of Ioannina
Abstract

Climate change and ecological crises have become pressing matters to Europe and the world. In an attempt to put a halt to the massive production of packaging waste, the European Standardization Organisation (CENELEC) has developed harmonized standards to promote reuse, recycling, and other forms of recovering packaging waste. However, when implemented in the food and beverage industry, possible contaminants present in these recycled packaging materials could compromise public health. The present study is part of an ongoing research aiming to develop fast, simple, and reliable analytical methods to identify such contaminants in recycled materials intended to come in contact with foodstuffs. To this end, three extraction methods were developed and assessed regarding their effectiveness and accuracy in isolating a mixture of five possible contaminants [Benzophenone (BP), 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene (2,6-DiPN), 2,7-Diisopropylnaphthalene (2,7-DiPN), o-Terphenyl (o-TPH), and m-Terphenyl (m-TPH)] in samples of recycled paperboard materials: the Soxtec Extraction (SE), the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), and the Head Space Solid Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME. The HS-SPME analysis, with the use of Polydimethylsiloxane/ Divinylbenzene SPME fiber, yielded the best analytical results compared to the other two. Accordingly, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) further supported these results.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Circular Economy
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
The European Recovered Paper Council (ERPC) (2021) Monitoring Report 2020
Thormark, C (2001) Conservation of energy and natural resources by recycling building waste. Resour Conserv Recycl 33:113–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(01)00078-7
Pivnenko K, Olsson ME, Götze R, et al (2016) Quantification of chemical contaminants in the paper and board fractions of municipal solid waste. Waste Management 51:43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WASMAN.2016.03.008
Villanueva A, Wenzel H (2007) Paper waste – Recycling, incineration or landfilling? A review of existing life cycle assessments. Waste Management 27:S29–S46. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WASMAN.2007.02.019
Laurijssen J, Marsidi M, Westenbroek A, et al (2010) Paper and biomass for energy?: The impact of paper recycling on energy and CO2 emissions. Resour Conserv Recycl 54:1208–1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2010.03.016
Björklund A, Finnveden G (2005) Recycling revisited—life cycle comparisons of global warming impact and total energy use of waste management strategies. Resour Conserv Recycl 44:309–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2004.12.002
Choi BC, Shin HS, Lee SY, Hur T (2006) Life cycle assessment of a personal computer and its effective recycling rate. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 11:122–128. https://doi.org/10.1065/LCA2004.12.196
Biedermann M, Grob K (2010) Is recycled newspaper suitable for food contact materials? Technical grade mineral oils from printing inks. European Food Research and Technology 2010 230:5 230:785–796. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00217-010-1223-9
Bradley EL, Burden RA, Bentayeb K, et al (2013) Exposure to phthalic acid, phthalate diesters and phthalate monoesters from foodstuffs: UK total diet study results. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 30:735–742. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.781684
Fierens T, Servaes K, Van Holderbeke M, et al (2012) Analysis of phthalates in food products and packaging materials sold on the Belgian market. Food and Chemical Toxicology 50:2575–2583. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCT.2012.04.029
Diehl H, Welle F (2015) How to determine functional barrier performance towards mineral oil contaminants from recycled cardboard. Food Packag Shelf Life 5:41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FPSL.2015.05.003
B Aurela HKLS (1999) Phthalates in paper and board packaging and their migration into tenax and sugar. Food Addit Contam 16:571–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/026520399283713
Gorrasi G, Bugatti V, Vertuccio L, et al (2020) Active packaging for table grapes: Evaluation of antimicrobial performances of packaging for shelf life of the grapes under thermal stress. Food Packag Shelf Life 25:100545. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FPSL.2020.100545
Alamri MS, Qasem AAA, Mohamed AA, et al (2021) Food packaging’s materials: A food safety perspective. Saudi J Biol Sci 28:4490–4499. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SJBS.2021.04.047
Commission Regulation (EC) No. 282/2008 on recycled plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foods and amending Regulation (EC) No. 2023/2006. https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/commission-regulation-ec-no-2822008-on-recycled-plastic-materials-and-articles-intended-to-come-into-contact-with-foods-and-amending-regulation-ec-no-20232006-lex-faoc078350/. Accessed 19 Aug 2021
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR). https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=4c2a97f757ed27ea971578bb742f0f8b&mc=true&node=se21.3.170_13&rgn=div8. Accessed 19 Aug 2021
Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 2004 on materials and articles intended to come into contact with food and repealing Directives 80/590/EEC and 89/109/EEC. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/eu-exit/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02004R1935-20210327
Geueke B, Groh K, Muncke J (2018) Food packaging in the circular economy: Overview of chemical safety aspects for commonly used materials. J Clean Prod 193:491–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.05.005
CEPI, CITPA (2012) Industry guideline for the compliance of paper and board materials and articles for food contact.
Richter L, Biedermann-Brem S, Simat TJ, Grob K (2014) Internal bags with barrier layers for foods packed in recycled paperboard: recent progress. European Food Research and Technology 2014 239:2 239:215–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00217-014-2208-X
Lommatzsch M, Richter L, Biedermann-Brem S, et al (2016) Functional barriers or adsorbent to reduce the migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons from recycled cardboard into dry food. European Food Research and Technology 2016 242:10 242:1727–1733. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00217-016-2672-6
Parigoridi I-E, Akrida-Demertzi K, Demertzis PG (2014) Determination of Five (5) Possible Contaminants in Recycled Cardboard Packages and Food Simulants Using Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Coupled to GC-MS. Materials Sciences and Applications 05:745–751. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2014.510075
Poças M de F, Oliveira JC, Pereira JR, et al (2011) Modelling migration from paper into a food simulant. Food Control 22:303–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCONT.2010.07.028
Triantafyllou VI, Akrida-Demertzi K, Demertzis PG (2005) Determination of partition behavior of organic surrogates between paperboard packaging materials and air. J Chromatogr A 1077:74–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.04.061
Triantafyllou VI, Karamani AG, Akrida-Demertzi K, Demertzis PG (2002) Studies on the usability of recycled PET for food packaging applications. European Food Research and Technology 2002 215:3 215:243–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00217-002-0559-1
Castle L, Damant AP, Honeybone CA, et al (1997) Migration studies from paper and board food packaging materials. Part 2. Survey for residues of dialkylamino benzophenone UV‐cure ink photoinitiators. Food Addit Contam 14:45–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652039709374496
Gruner A, Piringer O Component migration from adhesives used in paper and paperboard packaging for foodstuffs
B Aurela HKLS (1999) Phthalates in paper and board packaging and their migration into tenax and sugar. Food Addit Contam 16:571–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/026520399283713
Anderson WAC, Castle L (2010) Benzophenone in cartonboard packaging materials and the factors that influence its migration into food. http://dx.doi.org/101080/0265203031000109486 20:607–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/0265203031000109486
Jickells SM, Poulin J, Mountfort KA, Fernàndez-ocaña M (2007) Migration of contaminants by gas phase transfer from carton board and corrugated board box secondary packaging into foods. https://doi.org/101080/02652030500151992 22:768–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030500151992
Sturaro A, Rella R, Parvoli G, et al (2007) Contamination of dry foods with trimethyldiphenylmethanes by migration from recycled paper and board packaging. http://dx.doi.org/101080/02652030500526052 23:431–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030500526052
Biedermann M, Grob K (2010) Is recycled newspaper suitable for food contact materials? Technical grade mineral oils from printing inks. European Food Research and Technology 2010 230:5 230:785–796. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00217-010-1223-9
Biedermann-Brem S, Biedermann M, Grob K (2016) Required barrier efficiency of internal bags against the migration from recycled paperboard packaging into food: a benchmark. Food Addit Contam 33:725–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1160744
Vollmer A, Biedermann M, Grundböck F, et al (2010) Migration of mineral oil from printed paperboard into dry foods: survey of the German market. European Food Research and Technology 2010 232:1 232:175–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00217-010-1376-6
Bradley, Burden, Leon, et al (2013) Determination of phthalate diesters in foods. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 30:722–734. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.781683
Suciu, Tiberto, Vasileiadis, et al (2013) Recycled paper-paperboard for food contact materials: contaminants suspected and migration into foods and food simulant. Food Chem 141:4146–4151. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2013.07.014
Hoppe M, de Voogt P, Franz R (2018) Oligomers in polyethylene naphthalate and polybutylene terephthalate – Identification and exploring migration. Food Packag Shelf Life 17:171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FPSL.2018.07.001
Guazzotti V, Piergiovanni L, Vestrucci G, Limbo S (2014) Contamination of polyvinyl chloride cling films from cardboard packaging. Packaging Technology and Science 27:17–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/PTS.1998
Barp L, Suman M, Lambertini F, Moret S (2015) Migration of selected hydrocarbon contaminants into dry semolina and egg pasta packed in direct contact with virgin paperboard and polypropylene film. Food Addit Contam 32:1542–1551. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2015.1075176
Houwe K Van Den, Evrard C, Loco J Van, et al (2017) Use of Tenax® films to demonstrate the migration of chemical contaminants from cardboard into dry food. https://doi.org/101080/1944004920171326067 34:1261–1269. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2017.1326067
Lithner D, Larsson A, Dave G (2011) Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition. Science of The Total Environment 409:3309–3324. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2011.04.038
Lim HL (2015) Handbook of research on recent developments in materials science and corrosion engineering education. Handbook of Research on Recent Developments in Materials Science and Corrosion Engineering Education 1–493. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8183-5
Wiesinger H, Wang Z, Hellweg S (2021) Deep Dive into Plastic Monomers, Additives, and Processing Aids. Environ Sci Technol 55:9339–9351. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.EST.1C00976
Burman L, Albertsson A, Höglund A (2005) Solid-phase microextraction for qualitative and quantitative determination of migrated degradation products of antioxidants in an organic aqueous solution. J Chromatogr A 1080:107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2005.05.028
Félix J, Isella F, Bosetti O, Nerín C (2012) Analytical tools for identification of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) coming from polyurethane adhesives in multilayer packaging materials and their migration into food simulants. Anal Bioanal Chem 403:2869–2882. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00216-012-5965-Z
Canellas E, Vera P, Domeño C, et al (2012) Atmospheric pressure gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry as a powerful tool for identification of non intentionally added substances in acrylic adhesives used in food packaging materials. J Chromatogr A 1235:141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2012.02.039
Kassouf, Maalouly, Chebib, et al (2013) Chemometric tools to highlight non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Talanta 115:928–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TALANTA.2013.06.029
Sanchis, Yusà, Coscollà (2017) Analytical strategies for organic food packaging contaminants. J Chromatogr A 1490:22–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2017.01.076
Bengtström L (2014) Chemical identification of contaminants in paper and board food contact materials
Chalbot MC, Vei I, Lykoudis S, Kavouras IG (2006) Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in recycled paper processing operations. J Hazard Mater 137:742–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2006.04.003
Ozaki, Yamaguchi, Fujita, et al (2005) Safety assessment of paper and board food packaging: chemical analysis and genotoxicity of possible contaminants in packaging. Food Addit Contam 22:1053–1060. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030500090885
Bhunia K, Sablani SS, Tang J, Rasco B (2013) Migration of Chemical Compounds from Packaging Polymers during Microwave, Conventional Heat Treatment, and Storage. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 12:523–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12028
Bengtström, Rosenmai, Trier, et al (2016) Non-targeted screening for contaminants in paper and board food-contact materials using effect-directed analysis and accurate mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 33:1080–1093. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1184941
Brenz, Linke, Simat (2017) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of monomers in polyesters for food contact materials. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 34:307–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1265672
Parigoridi IE, Tsoumani E, Akrida-Demertzi K, Demertzis PG (2023) Evaluation of three extraction methods for the isolation of PAHs from recycled paperboard materials intended for food contact applications. European Food Research and Technology 249:665–673. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00217-022-04161-1
Confederation of European Paper Industries [CEPI] (2019) Food contact guidelines for the compliance of paper & board materials and articles
European Committee for Food Contact Materials and Articles (Partial Agreement) (2020) Technical Guide on Paper and Board Materials and Articles for Food Contact
Van den Dool H, Dec. Kratz P (1963) A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas—liquid partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A 11:463–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)80947-X
NIST (2005) National Institute of Standards and Technology. West Sussex
Document No SANTE/12682/2019 (2019) Analytical Quality Control and Method Validation Procedures for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Food and Feed
Horwitz W, Albert R The Horwitz Ratio (HorRat): A Useful Index of Method Performance with Respect to Precision