Militarization of Everyday Life: Girls in Armed Conflicts


Front cover of Conatus 8, no. 2
Published: Dec 31, 2023
Keywords:
child soldier children in armed conflicts girls in armed conflicts grave violation abuse and exploitation of children’s rights conflict-related sexual violence gender-based violence
Darija Rupčić Kelam
Abstract

The purpose of the paper is to highlight the issue of the changed nature of warfare in the last few decades of the 20th and 21st centuries, with a special emphasis on ethical aspects and the problem of using an increasing number of child soldiers. The main thesis of the paper is that the practice of using and recruiting children in armed conflicts around the world is the least recognized and most neglected form of child abuse in modern society, and that it is less a matter of culture and the lack of society’s attitude towards the values of the child, and more a matter of pragmatism and generally socioeconomic phenomenon. Several key events on the world scene played a crucial role in recognizing the problem of the existence and recruitment of children in armed conflicts around the world. But what is significant is that even in these cases it is nowhere clear and visible where the girls are in armed conflicts, what is happening to them and what are their rights? By revealing the militarization of girls’ everyday lives in armed conflicts and their role, girls must first and foremost become visible. The expected contribution of the paper will therefore move in the direction of highlighting and recognizing the ethical aspects of conflict-related sexual violence, of grave violations against children and ethical aspects of most severe forms of child abuse and the consequences of abuse, such as poor health outcomes and the destruction of their lives, and highlight the possible solutions to the mentioned problem within theoretical but also practical framework.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Articles
  • Categories
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Annan, Jeannie, Christopher Blattman, Dyan Mazurana, and Khristopher Carlson. “Civil War, Reintegration, and Gender in Northern Uganda.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 55, no. 6 (2011): 877-908. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002711408013.
Ben-Arieh, Asher, Ferran Casas, Ivar Frones, and Jill E. Korbin, eds. “Children's Work.” In Handbook of Child Well-Being: Theories, Methods and Policies in Global Perspective, 821-861. Dordrecht: Springer, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_27.
Betancourt, Theresa S., Jessica Agnew-Blais, Stephen E. Gilman, David R Williams, and B. Heidi Ellis. “Past Horrors, Present Struggles: The Role of Stigma in the Association Between War Experiences and Psychosocial Adjustment among Former Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone.” Social Science and Medicine 70, no. 1 (2010): 17-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.038.
Betancourt, Theresa Stichick, Ivelina Ivanova Borisova, Timothy Philip Williams, Robert T. Brennan, Theodore H. Whitfield, Marie De La Soudiere, John Williamson, and Stephen E. Gilman. “Sierra Leone’s Former Child Soldiers: A Follow-Up Study of Psychosocial Adjustment and Community Reintegration.” Child Development 81, no. 4 (2010): 1077-1095. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01455.x.
Bourdillon, Michael. “Children’s Work.” In Handbook of Child Well-Being: Theories, Methods and Policies in Global Perspective, edited by Asher Ben-Arieh, Ferran Casas, Ivar Frones, and Jill E. Korbin, 821-861. Dordrecht: Springer, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_27.
Child Soldiers International. “What the Girls Say: Improving Practices for the Demobilisation and Reintegration of Girls Associated with Armed Forces and Armed Groups in Democratic Republic of Congo.” June 19, 2017. https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/what-girls-say-improving-practices-demobilisation-and-reintegration.
CNN. “More than 8,500 Children Were Used as Soldiers in 2020, Says UN.” June 22, 2021. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/22/world/child-soldiers-un-report-2020-intl/index.html.
Corbin, Joanne N. “Returning Home: Resettlement of Formerly Abducted Children in Northern Uganda.” Disasters 32, no. 2 (2008): 316-335. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01042.x.
Global Protection Cluster. “Global Protection Update: In the Hour of Need, October 2023.” https://www.globalprotectioncluster.org.
Ignatieff, Michael. The Warrior’s Honor: Ethnic War and the Moder Conscience. New York: Penguin Books, 2006.
International Criminal Court. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The Hague: International Criminal Court, 2002.
International Labor Organization. “C182 – Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention.” No. 182, 1999.
International Labor Organization. “Child Labour and Armed Conflict.” https://www.ilo.org/ipec/areas/Armedconflict/lang--en/index.htm.
International Labor Organization. “Child Labour Rises to 160 Million – First Increase in Two Decades. The International Labour Organization and UNICEF Warn Nine Million Additional Children at Risk as a Result of COVID-19 Pandemic.” June 10, 2021. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_800090/lang--en/index.htm.
James, Alison, and Alan Prout, eds. Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood. London: Palmer Press, 1990.
Kourouma, Ahmandou. Allah is Not Obliged. Translated by Frank Wynne. New York: Penguin Random House, 2000.
Legrand, Jean Claude. Capetown Principles and Best Practices on the Prevention of Recruitment of Children in the Armed Forces and Demobilization and Social Reintegration of Child Soldiers in Africa. New York: UNICEF, 1997.
Macmillan, Lorraine. “Militarized Children and Sovereign Power.” The Militarization of Childhood: Thinking Beyond the Global South, edited by J. Marshall Beier, 61-76. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137002143_4.
MONUSCO. “Invisible Survivors: Girls in Armed Groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2009 to 2015.” November 2015. https://monusco.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/151202%20Girls%20in%20Armed%20Groups%202009-2015_ENGLISH_FINAL.pdf.
Nordstrom, Carolyn. “Women and War: Observations from The Field.” Pasadena 10, no. 1 (1991): 1-15.
Prout, Alan, and Allison James. “A New Paradigm for the Sociology of Childhood? Provenance, Promise and Problems.” In Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood, edited by Allison James and Alan Prout, 7-34. London: Palmer Press, 1990.
Reno, William. “Shadow States and the Political Economy of Civil Wars.” In Greed & Grievance Economic Agendas in Civil Wars, edited by Mats Berdal and David M. Malone, 43-68. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781685850012-004.
Robjant, Katy, Anke Koebach, Sabine Schmitt, Amani Chilbashimba, Samuel Carleial, and Thomas Elbert. “The Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Aggression in Female Former Child Soldiers using Adapted Narrative Exposure Therapy – A RCT in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.” Behaviour Research and Therapy 123 (2019): 2. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.103482.
Rosen, David M. Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2005.
Rupčić Kelam, Darija. Bioetički aspekti socijalne i zdravstvene skrbi o djetetu. PhD diss., University of Zagreb, 2017.
Taussig, Michael. “Culture of Terror – Space of Death. Roger Casement's Putumayo Report and the Explanation of Torture.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 26, no. 3 (1984): 467-497. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500011105.
The Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. The Mandate of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. Created by the General Assembly (Resolution A/RES/51/77) following the publication, in 1996, of a report by Graça Machel entitled the “Impact of Armed Conflict on Children.”
Tiefenbrun, Suzan. “Child Soldiers, Slavery and the Trafficking of Children.” Fordham International Law Journal 31, no. 2 (2007): 415-486.
UN Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary – General for Children and Αrmed Conflict. The Gender Dimensions of Grave Violations Against Children in Armed Conflict. United Nations, 2022.
UNICEF and Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict United Nations. Machel Study 10-year Strategic Review Children and Conflict in a Changing World. New York: UNICEF, 2009.
UNICEF. “SWAY – The Survey of War Affected Youth, Making Reintegration Work for Youth in Northern Uganda.” 2007.
United Nations General Assembly. “Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict to the Human Rights Council.” January 9, 2023. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/report-special-representative-secretary-general-children-and-armed-conflict-ahrc5260-enar.
United Nations Secretary-General. “Report Conflict-related Sexual Violence.” March 29, 2022. https://reliefweb.int/attachments/7403a5e7-9e70-3b17-b390-5a7cd6248d92/SG-Report2021for-web.pdf.
United Nations. “Annual Report of the UN Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict.” July 11, 2022. https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/document-type/annual-reports/.
United Nations. “Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict.” February 12, 2002. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/optional-protocol-convention-rights-child-involvement-children.
United Nations. “Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict.” May 25, 2000. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/optional-protocol-convention-rights-child-involvement-children.
United Nations. “Security Council Resolution 1612 (2005), S/RES/1612.” July 26, 2005. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/554197/files/S_RES_1612%282005%29-AR.pdf?ln=en.
United Nations. “Statistics Should Never Overshadow the Individual Suffering of Children in Armed Conflict, ‘We Must Redouble Efforts to End Grave Violations.’” July 11, 2022. https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/2022/07/statistics-should-never-overshadow-the-individual-suffering-of-children-in-armed-conflict-we-must-redouble-efforts.
von Clausewitz, Carl. On War. Edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.
Wessells, Michael, “How We Can Prevent Child Soldiering?” Peace Review 12, no. 3 (2000): 407-413. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/713689694.
Most read articles by the same author(s)