VOLCANIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT AT SANTORINI VOLCANO: A REVIEW AND A SYNTHESIS IN THE LIGHT OF THE 2011-2012 SANTORINI UNREST


Published: Jul 27, 2016
Keywords:
Santorini volcanic hazard seismo-volcanic unrest
G. Vougioukalakis
R.S. Sparks
T. Druitt
D. Pyle
C. Papazachos
M. Fytikas
Abstract

In 2011 and the first half of 2012 Santorini experienced its first seismo-volcanic unrest since 1950, as detected by the permanently installed monitoring networks and a large number of campaign measurements. The unrest was characterized by small magnitude but intense seismic activity, significant uplift and inflation deformation rates, and changes of water temperature as well as of fluid and soil gases. While the unrest ended in the spring of 2012, the world-wide interest led to the performance of several studies, in an attempt to assess the possible scenarios for the unrest evolution. Within this framework, we summarize the most important findings regarding the volcanic hazard assessment of the broader Santorini volcanic complex, as well as the constraints that need to be taken into account for a possible future volcanic crisis management.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Teaching Earth Sciences
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Dakoronias, 1879. De l’influence des emanations volcaniques sur les etres organizes,
particulierment etudiée a Santorin pendant l’eruption de 1866, Adrien Delahaye, Paris.
Dimitriadis, I.M., Panagiotopoulos, D.G., Papazachos, C.B., Hatzidimitriou, P.M., Karagianni, E.E.
and Kane, I., 2005. Recent seismic activity (1994-2002) of the Santorini volcano using data
from local seismological network, Developments in Volcanology: The South Aegean
Volcanic Arc, 391 pp. Elsevier, 185-204.
Druitt, T.H., 2014. New insights into the initiation and venting of the Bronze-Age eruption of
Santorini (Greece), from component analysis, Bulletin of Volcanology, 76(2), 1-21.
Druitt, T.H., Costa, F., Deloule, E., Dungan, M. and Scaillet, B., 2012. Decadal to monthly
timescales of magma transfer and reservoir growth at a caldera volcano, Nature, 482, 77-80.
Druitt, T.H., Edwards, L., Mellors, R.M., Pyle, D.M., Sparks, R.S.J., Lanphere, M., Davies, M. and
Barreiro, B., 1999. Santorini Volcano Geological Society of London, Memoir, 19, 178 pp.
Fearnley, C.J., McGuire, W.J., Davis, G. and Twiggs, J., 2012. Standarisation of the USGS Volcano
Alert Level System (VALS): analysis and ramifications, Bull. Volcanol., doi:
1007/s00445-012-0645-6.
Feuillet, N., 2013. The 2011-2012 unrest at Santorini rift: stress interaction between active faulting
and volcanism, Geophysical Research Letters, 40(14), 3532-3537.
Foumelis, M., Trasatti, E., Papageorgiou, E., Stramondo, S. and Parcharidis, I., 2013. Monitoring
Santorini volcano (Greece) breathing from space, Geophysical Journal International, 193, 161-
Fytikas, M., Kolios, N. and Vougioukalakis, G., 1990. Post-Minoan activity of the Santorini
volcano: Volcanic hazard and risk, forecasting possibilities. In: Hardy, D.A., Keller, J.,
Galanopoulos, V.P., Flemming, N.C. and Druitt, T.H., eds., Thera and the Aegean world III,
vol. 2., The Thera Foundation, London, 183-198.
Huppert, H.E., and Woods, A.W., 2002. The role of volatiles in magma chamber dynamics, Nature,
(6915), 493-495.
Jenkins, S.F., Barsotti, S., Hincks, T.K., Neri, A., Phillips, J.C., Sparks, R.S.J., Sheldrake, T. and
Vougioukalakis, G., 2015. Rapid emergency assessment of ash and gas hazard for future
eruptions at Santorini Volcano, Greece, Journal of Applied Volcanology, 4, 16.
Johnston, E.N., Sparks, R.S.J., Nomikou, P., Livanos, I., Carey, S., Phillips, J.C. and Sigurdsson,
H., 2015. Stratigraphic relations of Santorini's intracaldera fill and implications for the rate
of post-caldera volcanism, Journal of the Geological Society, 172, 323-335.
Lagios, E., Sakkas, V., Novali, F., Bellotti, F., Ferretti, A., Vlachou, K. and Dietrich, V., 2013.
SqueeSAR (TM) and GPS ground deformation monitoring of Santorini Volcano (1992-
: Tectonic implications, Tectonophysics, 594, 38-59.
Newman, A.V., Stiros, S., Feng, L., Psimoulis, P., Moschas, F., Saltogianni, V., Jiang, Y.,
Papazachos, C., Panagiotopoulos, D.G., Karagianni, E. and Vamvakaris, D., 2012. Recent
geodetic unrest at Santorini Caldera, Greece, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L06309, doi:
1029/2012GL051286.
Papazachos, C., Skarlatoudis, A. and Vougioukalakis, G., 2012a. A preliminary deterministic
seismic hazard assessment in the Santorini island for the 2011- 2012 volcanic unrest,
VOLSAM 2012, Santorini, 10-12 October.
Papazachos, C., Panagiotopoulos, D., Karagianni, E., Vamvakaris, D., Albanakis, K., Laopoulos,
Th., Fytikas, M. and Vougioukalakis, G., 2012b. The evolution of the 2011-2012 Santorini
volcanic unrest as revealed by seismicity, VOLSAM 2012, Santorini, 10-12 October.
Papoutsis, I., Papanikolaou, X., Floyd, M., Ji, K.H., Kontoes, C., Paradissis, D. and Zacharis, V.,
Mapping inflation at Santorini volcano, Greece, using GPS and InSAR, Geophysical
Research Letters, 40(2), 267-272.
Parks, M.M., Biggs, J., England, P., Mather, T.A., Nomikou, P., Palamartchouk, K., Papanikolaou, X.,
Paradissis, D., Parsons, B., Pyle, D.M., Raptakis, C. and Zacharis, V., 2012. Evolution of Santorini
volcano dominated by episodic and rapid fluxes of melt from depth, Nature Geoscience, 5, 749-754.
Parks, M.M., Caliro, S., Chiodini, G., Pyle, D.M., Mather, T.A., Berlo, K., Edmonds, M., Biggs, J., Nomikou,
P. and Raptakis, C., 2013. Distinguishing contributions to diffuse CO2 emissions in volcanic areas from
magmatic degassing and thermal decarbonation using soil gas 222Rn-δ13C systematics: application to
Santorini volcano, Greece, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 377-378, 180-190.
Parks, M.M., Moore, J., Papanikolaou, X., Biggs, J., Mather, T.A., Pyle, D.M., Raptakis, C.,
Paradissis, D., Hooper, A., Parsons, B. and Nomikou, P., 2015. From quiescence to unrest -
years of satellite geodetic measurements at Santorini volcano, Greece, Journal of
Geophysical Research (Solid Earth), 120, 1309-1328, doi: 10.1002/2014JB011540.
Phillipson, G., Sobradelo, R. and Gottsmann, J., 2013. Global Volcanic Unrest in the 21st Century:
An analysis of the first decade. J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 264, 183-196.
Pyle, D.M. and Elliott, J.R., 2006. Quantitative morphology, recent evolution and future activity of
the Kameni islands volcano, Santorini, Greece, Geosphere 2, 253-268.
Rivalta, E. and Segall, P., 2008. Magma compressibility and the missing source for some dike
intrusions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L04306.
Rizzo, A.L., Barberi, F., Carapezza, M.L., Di Piazza, A., Francalanci, L., Sortino, F. and
D'Alessandro, W., 2015. New mafic magma refilling a quiescent volcano: Evidence from
He-Ne-Ar isotopes during the 2011-2012 unrest at Santorini, Greece, Geochemistry,
Geophysics, Geosystems, 16, 798-814, doi: 10.1002/2014GC005653.
Saltogianni, V. and Stiros, S.C., 2012. Modeling the Mogi magma source centre of the Santorini
(Thera) volcano, Aegean Sea, Greece, 1994-1999, based on a numerical-topological
approach, Stud. Geophys. Geod., 56, 1037-1062, doi: 10.1007/s11200-012-0408-z.
Saltogianni, V., Stiros, S.C., Newman, A.V., Flanagan, K. and Moschas, F., 2014. Time-space
modeling of the dynamics of Santorini volcano (Greece) during the 2011-2012 unrest,
Journal of Geophysical Research, 119, 8517-8537, doi: 10.1002/2014JB011409.
Sparks, R.S.J. and Wilson, C.J.N., 1990. The Minoan deposits: a review of their characteristics and
interpretation, Thera and the Aegean world III, 2, 89-99.
Sparks, R.S.J., 2003. Forecasting Volcanic Eruptions, Earth and Planetary Science Letters Frontiers
in Earth Science Series, 210, 1-15.
Tassi, F., Vaselli, O., Papazachos, C.B., Giannini, L., Chiodini, G., Vougioukalakis, G.E.,
Karagianni, E., Vamvakaris, D. and Panagiotopoulos, D., 2013. Geochemical and isotopic
changes in the fumarolic and submerged gas discharges during the 2011-2012 unrest at
Santorini caldera (Greece), Bull. Volcanol., 75, 711, doi: 10.1007/s00445-013-0711-8.
Vougioukalakis, G., 1994. Volcanic hazard estimation of Santorini, Aegean Sea, Greece. In:
Barberi, F., Casale, R. and Fantechi, R., eds., THE MITIGATION OF VOLCANIC
HAZARDS. EUR 16804 EN, 471-484.
Vougioukalakis, G.E. and Fytikas, M., 2005. Volcanic hazards in the Aegean area, relative risk
evaluation, monitoring and present state of the active volcanic centers. In: Fytikas, M. and
Vougioukalakis, G.E., eds., The South Aegean Active Volcanic Arc - Present Knowledge
and Future Perspectives, Dev. Volcano., 7, 161-183.
Watts, A.B., Nomikou, P., Moore, J.D.P., Parks, M.M. and Alexandri, M., 2015. Historical
bathymetric charts and the evolution of Santorini submarine volcano, Greece, Geochemistry,
Geophysics, Geosystems, 16, 847-869, doi: 10.1002/2014GC005679.
Winson, A.E., Costa, F., Newhall, G.N. and Woo, G., 2014. An analysis of the issuance of volcanic
alert levels during volcanic crisis, Journal of Applied Volcanology, 3, 14
Most read articles by the same author(s)