Long-Term Variations of Air Temperature, SST, Surface Atmospheric Pressure, Surface Salinity and Wind Speed in the Aegean Sea

PDF (English)
Publicado: Jul 21, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.25770
EMRE TUKENMEZ
Istanbul University (Marine Sciences and Management Institute)
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-7678
HUSNE ALTIOK
Istanbul University (Marine Sciences and Management Instıtute)
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0362-4938
Resumen

In this study, temporal and spatial trends of sea surface temperature (SST), wind speed, air temperature, sea surface salinity (SSS), sea-level pressure (SLP), and SST-based upwelling index are examined and compared with data from previous studies. Analyses of these parameters are performed for five critical locations that best illustrate the characteristic meteorological and oceanographic structures of the Aegean Sea. Upwelling index calculations are conducted with respect to latitude in order to reveal variations and detect upwelling strength easily. Long-term variations of all parameters are investigated using long-term ECMWF ERA-Interim data covering the period from 1979 to 2018; moreover, the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (Global SSS/SSD L4) is used to obtain SSS data that cover the period of 2000-2015. Linear trend and Mann-Kendall tests are applied to identify tendencies and long-term variability. Monthly-average SST and air temperature data exhibit rising trends over the past 40 years. The results also reveal a decreasing trend in wind speed and SLP over the Aegean Sea. It is hard to determine, however, whether the current warming trend is a natural reaction of Earth or not.

Article Details
  • Sección
  • Research Article

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Descargas
Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.
Citas
Anagnostopoulou, C., Zanis, P., Katragkou, E., Tegoulias, I., Tolika, K., 2014. Recent past and future patterns of the Etesian winds based on regional scale climate model simulations. Climate Dynamics, 42 (7), 1819-1836.
Androulidakis, Y., Krestenitis, Y., Psarra, S., 2017. Coastal Upwelling Over the North Aegean Sea: Observations and Simulations. Continental Shelf Research, 149, 32-51.
Bengtsson, L., Hagemann, S., Hodges, K., 2004. Can climate trends be calculated from reanalysis data?. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109. Bengil, F., Mavruk, S., 2018. Warming in Turkish Seas: Comparative Multidecadal Assessment. Turkish Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Science, 19 (1), 51-57.
Berrisford, P., Dee, D., Poli, P., Brugge, R., Fielding, K. et al., 2011. The ERA-Interim Archive, Version 2.0, ERA Rep. Ser.No.1(Tech. Rep.).
Besiktepe, S.T., Sur, H.I., Ozsoy, E., Latif, M.A., Oguz, E. et al., 1994. The circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 34 (4), 285-334.
Bromwich, D., Fogt, R., Hodges, K., Walsh, J., 2007. Tropospheric assessment of ERA-40, NCEP, and JRA-25 global reanalyses in the polar regions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D10111.
Camp, L.V., Nykjaer, L., Mittelstaedt, E., Schlittenhardt, P., 1991. Upwelling and boundary circulation off northwest Africa as depicted by infrared and visible satellite observations. Progress in Oceanography, 26 (4), 357-402.
Cushing, D.H., 1971. Upwelling and the production of fish. Advances in Marine Biology, 9, 255-334.
Eronat, C., Sayın, E., 2014. Temporal evolution of the water characteristics in the bays along coast of the Aegean Sea: Saros, Izmir, Gökova bays. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 23, 53-66.
Demarcq, H., Faure, V., 2000. Coastal upwelling and associated retention indices derived from satellite SST. Application to Octopus vulgaris recruitment. Oceanologica Acta, 23 (4), 391-408.
Domonkos, P., Kysely, J., Piotrowicz, K., Petrovic, P., Likso, T., 2003. Variability of the extreme temperature events in South-Central Europe during the 20th century and its relationship with large scale circulation. International Journal of Climatology, 23, 987-1010.
Freon, P., Barange, M., Aristegui, J., 2009. Eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems: Integrative and comparative approaches. Progress in Oceanography, 83 (1-4), 1-14.
Frich, P., Alexander, L.V., Della-Marta, P., Gleason, B., Haylock, M. et al., 2002. Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century. Climate Research, 19 (3), 193-212.
Garcia-Reyes, M., Largier, J.L., Sydeman, W.S., 2014. Synoptic- scale upwelling indices and predictions of phyto- and zooplankton populations. Progress in Oceanography, 120, 177-188.
Georgiou, S., Mantziafou, A., Sofianos, S., Gertman, I., Ozsoy, E. et al., 2015. Climate variability and deep water mass characteristics in the Aegean Sea. Atmospheric Research, 152, 146-158. Glickman, T. (Ed.), 2000. Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society, Boston, USA, 850 pp.
Good, P., Giannakopoulos, C., Flocas, H., Tolika, K., Anagnostopoulou, C. et al., 2008. Significant changes in the regional climate of the Aegean during 1961-2002. International Journal of Climatology, 28 (13), 1735-1749.
Hasanean, H.M., 2001. Fluctuations of surface air temperature in the Eastern Mediterranean. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 68, 75-87.
Ilicak, M., Federico, I., Barletta, I., Mutlu, S., Karan, H. et al., 2021. Modeling of the Turkish Strait System Using a High Resolution Unstructured Grid Ocean Circulation Model. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9 (7), 769.
Incarbona, A., Marrat, B., Mortyn, P.G., Sprovieri, M., Ziveri, P. et al., 2016. Mediterranean circulation perturbations over the last five centuries: Relevance to past Eastern Mediterranean Transient - type events. Scientific Reports, 1-10.
IPCC Climate Change, 2001. The Scientific Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, UK and USA.
IPCC, 2019. Global Warming of 1.5°C. Cambridge University Press, UK and USA. Klein, B., Roether, W., Manca, B., Bregant, D., Beitze, V. et al., 1999. The large deep water transient in the Eastern Mediterranean. Deep-Sea Research Part-I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 46 (3), 371-414.
Kourafalou, V.H., Barbopoulos, K., 2003. High resolution simulations on the North Aegean Sea seasonal circulation. Annals of Geophysics, 21 (1), 251-265.
Kuleli, T., Bayazit, S., 2020. Summer season sea surface temperature changes in the Aegean Sea based on 30 years (1989- 2019) of Landsat thermal infrared data. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 192, 716.
Lathuilière, C., Echevin, V., Lèvy, M., 2008. Seasonal and intraseasonal surface chlorophyll-a variability along the northwest African coast. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 113, C05007.
Lelieveld, J., Berresheim, H., Borrmann, S., Crutzen, P., Dentener, P. et al., 2002. Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean. Science, 298 (5594), 794-799.
Mamara, A., Argiriou, A.A., Anadranistakis, M., 2015. Recent trend analysis of mean air temperature in Greece based homogonized data. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 126 (3-4), 543-573.
Mamoutos, I., Zervakis, V., Tragou, E., Karydis, M., Frangoulis, C. et al., 2017. The role of wind-forced coastal upwelling on the termohaline functioning of the North Aegean Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 149, 52-68.
Mexatas, A., Bartzokas, A., 1994. Pressure covariability over the Atlantic, Europe and N.Africa Application: Centers of action for temperature, winter precipitation and summer winds in Athens, Greece. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 49 (1), 9-18.
Millan-Nunez, R., Alvarez-Borrego, S., Nelson, D.M., 1982. Effects of physical phenomena on the distribution of nutrients and phytoplankton productivity in a coastal lagoon. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Science, 15 (3), 317-335.
NASA Global Climate Change Website, 2019. What is the Sun’s Role in Climate Change. https://climate.nasa.gov/ ask-nasa-climate/2910/what-is-the-suns-role-in-climate-change/ (Accessed 6 September 2019)
Nykjær, L., Camp, V.L., 1994. Seasonal and interannual variability of coastal upwelling along northwest Africa and Portugal from 1981 to 1991. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 99 (C7), 14197-14207.
Olson, D.B., Kourafalou, V.H., Johns, W.W., Samuels, G., Veneziani, M., 2007. Aegean surface circulation from a satellite- tracked drifter array. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 37 (7), 1898-1917.
Ozsoy, E., Unluata, U., 1997. Oceanography of the Blacksea. Earth Science Reviews 42 (4), 231-272.
Philandras, C.M., Nastos, P.T., Repapis, C.C., 2008. Air temperature variability and trends over Greece. Global NEST Journal, 10 (2), 273-285.
Poupkou, A., Zanis, P., Nastos, P., Papanastasiou, D., Melas, D. et al., 2011. Present Climate Trend Analysis of Etesian Winds in the Aegean Sea. Theoretical Applied Climatology, 106 (3), 459-472.
Roether, W., Klein, B., Manca, B.B., Theocharis, A., Kioroglou, S., 2007. Transient Eastern Mediterranean deep waters in response to the massive dense-water output of the Aegean Sea in the 1990s. Progress in Oceanography, 74 (4), 540-571.
Roether, W., Manca, B.B., Klein, B., Bregant, D., Georgopoulos, D. et al.,1996. Recent changes in the Eastern Mediterranean deep waters. Science, 271 (5247), 333-335.
Ryther, J.H., 1969. Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea. Science, 166 (3901), 72-76.
Santos, F., DeCastro, M., Gomez-Gesteira, M., Alvarez, I., 2012. Differences in coastal and oceanic SST warming rates along the Canary upwelling ecosystem from 1982 to 2010. Continental Shelf Research, 47, 1-6.
Savvidis, Y.G., Dodou, M.G., Krestenitis, Y.N., Koutitas, C.G., 2004. Modeling of the upwelling hydrodynamics in the Aegean Sea. Mediterranean Marine Science, 5 (1), 5-18.
Sayın, E., Eronat, C., Uckac, S., Besiktepe, S., 2011. Hydrography of the Eastern Part of the Aegean Sea during the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT). Journal of Marine Systems, 88 (4), 502-515.
Shaltout, M., El Gindy, A., Omstedt, A., 2013. Recent climate trends and future scenarios along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. Geofizika, 30 (1), 19-40.
Shaltout, M., Omstedt, A., 2014. Recent sea surface temperature trends and future scenarios for the Mediterranean Sea. Oceanologia, 56 (3), 411-443.
Skliris, N., Mantziafou, A., Sofianos, S., Gkanasos, A., 2010. Satellite-derived variability of the Aegean Sea ecohydrodynamics. Continental Shelf Research, 30 (5), 403-418.
Skliris, N., Sofianos, S., Gkanasos, A., Mantziafon, A., Axaopoulos, P. et al., 2011. Long-term sea surface temperature variability in the Aegean Sea. Advances in Oceanography Limnology, 2 (2), 125-139.
Theocharis, A., Georgopoulos, D., 1993. Dense water formation over the Samothraki and Limnos Plateaux in the North Aegean Sea(Eastern Mediterranean Sea). Continental Shelf Research, 13 (8-9), 919-939.
Tyrlis, E., Lelieveld, J., 2013. Climatology and Dynamics of the Summer Etesian Winds over Eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 70 (11), 3374-3396.
Unluata, U., 1986. A Review of the Physical Oceanography of the Levantine and the Aegean Basins of the Eastern Mediterranean in Relation to Monitoring and Control of Pollution. METU Institute of Marine Science Technical Report, 55.
Vagenas, C., Anagnostopoulou, C., Tolika, K., 2017. Climate study of the marine surface wind field and extreme winds over the Greek seas with the use of a High Resolution RCM Focusing on Extreme Winds. Climate, 5 (2), 29.
Vlahakis, G.N., Pollatou, R.S., 1993. Temporal variability and spatial distribution of the sea surface temperatures in the Aegean Sea. Theoretical Applied Climatology, 47, 15-23.
Von Schuckmann, K., Le Traon, P.Y., Fanjul, E.A., Axell, L.B., Balmaseda, M.A. et al., 2016. The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Ocean State Report. Journal of Operational Oceanography, 9 (sup2), 235-320.
Weisse, R., Storch, H., Callies, U., Chrastansky, A., Feser, F. et al., 2009. Regional meteorological-marine reanalyses and climate change projections: Results for Northern Europe and potentials for coastal and offshore applications. Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 90, 849-860.
Weisse, R., Storch H., 2010. Marine Climate and Change Storms, Wind Waves and Storm Surges. Praxis Publishing, Chichester, UK, 247 pp.
World Meteorological Organization, 2017. Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals, No-1203.
Zervakis, V., Georgopoulos, D., 2002. Hydrology and circulation in the North Aegean (Eastern Mediterranean) throughout 1997-1998. Mediterranean Marine Science, 3 (1), 7-21.
Zervoudaki, S., Kaliva, K., Apostolopoulou-Moraitou, M., 1999. Seasonal variation of hydrobiochemical variables in a coastal area of an ichthyoculture. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, 100, 474-481.
Ziv, B., Saaroni, H., Alpert, P., 2004. The Factors Governing The Summer Regime of the Eastern Mediterranean. International Journal of Climatology, 24, 1859-1871.