Reconstruction of Cymodocea nodosa’s dynamics as a tool to examine the conservation status of a Mediterranean declared marine protected area
Аннотация
Seagrass habitats rank amongst the most valuable ecosystems in the biosphere. They support fisheries production, climate change mitigation, water quality improvement, and coastal protection. Faced with the current global crisis of accelerating losses of this key component of coastal environments, strong efforts have been expended within the conservation movement to flatten their decline curve. Although understanding the functioning of seagrass ecosystems and how they respond to stressors has improved over the last years, major gaps exist for West Africa including basic ecological and distributional knowledge. This study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the structural development and dynamics of two Cymodocea nodosa meadows in Al Hoceima National Park (the unique official marine protected area of the Mediterranean Moroccan coast) using the reconstruction techniques as an indirect measurement of seagrass growth. C. nodosa’s leaves were remarkably invaded by epiphytes while leaf production, shoot density, above and belowground biomass, and vertical and horizontal rhizome elongation were in the lowest recorded values. Shoot age structure showed that since the second-year class, the survival rate of shoots has decreased. Regarding the severely slow recruitment rates, the populations’ net growths declined. Besides this negative growth trend, CymoSkewm biotic index assigned a slightly polluted ecological status to both meadows. The seagrass faces numerous pressures, mainly fishing by trawling and alien species invasion. The primary conservation challenge for C. nodosa of Al Hoceima National Park is ensuring that this marine protected area becomes operationally implemented and actively managed. Until then, the seagrass habitat-forming species is not safeguarded.
Article Details
- Как цитировать
-
BOUTAHAR, L., ESPINOSA, F., & BAZAIRI, H. (2022). Reconstruction of Cymodocea nodosa’s dynamics as a tool to examine the conservation status of a Mediterranean declared marine protected area. Mediterranean Marine Science, 23(4), 754–765. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.28238
- Раздел
- Research Article
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Скачивания
Данные скачивания пока недоступны.
Библиографические ссылки
Abdellaoui, B., Berraho, A., Falcini, F., Santoleri, J.R., Sammartino, M. et al., 2017. Assessing the impact of temperature and chlorophyll variations on the fluctuations of sardine abundance in Al-Hoceima (South Alboran Sea). Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development, 7 (4), 1-11.
Agostini, S., Pergent, G., Bernard, M., 2003. Growth and primary production of Cymodocea nodosa in a coastal lagoon. Aquatic Botany, 76, 185-193.
Ambo-Rappe, R., Lajus, D.L., Schreider, M.J., 2011. Heavy metal impact on growth and leaf asymmetry of seagrass, Halophila ovalis. Journal Of Environmental Chemistry And Ecotoxicology, 3 (6) 149-159.
Ardizzone, G.D., Tucci, P., Somaschini, A., Belluscio, A., 2000. Is bottom trawling responsible for the regression of Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Mediterranean Sea? p. 37-46. In: Effects of Fishing on Non‐target Species and Habitats. Kaiser M.J., Groot de S.J. (Eds). Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
Azizi, G., Layachi, M., Akodad, M., Baghour, M., Skalli, A. et al., 2020. Growth weight and reproductive cycle in the mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from Cala Iris sea of Al Hoceima (Northern Morocco). EasyChair Preprint, 2857.
Barbier, E.B., Leslie, H.M., Micheli, F., 2014. Services of marine ecosystems: a quantitative perspective (Chapter 18). p. 403-425. In: Marine Community Ecology and Conservation. Bertness, M.D., Bruno, J.F., Silliman, B.R., Stachowicz, J.J. (Eds). Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA.
Barsanti, M., Delbono, I., Ferretti, O., Peirano, A., Bianchi, C.N. et al., 2007. Measuring change of Mediterranean coastal biodiversity: diachronic mapping of the meadow of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson in the Gulf of Tigullio (Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean). Hydrobiologia, 580, 35-41.
Boutahar, L., Maanan, M., Bououarour, O., Richir, J., Pouzet, P. et al., 2019. Biomonitoring environmental status in semi-enclosed coastal ecosystems using Zostera noltei meadows. Ecological Indicators, 104, 776-793.
Boutahar, L., Espinosa, F., Sempere-Valverde, J., Selfati, M., Bazairi, H., 2021. Trace element bioaccumulation in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa from a polluted coastal lagoon: Biomonitoring implications. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 166, 112209.
Bryars, S., Collings, G., Miller, D., 2011. Nutrient exposure causes epiphytic changes and coincident declines in two temperate Australian seagrasses. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 441, 89-103.
Cabaço, S., Ferreira, Ó., Santos, R., 2010. Population dynamics of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa in Ria Formosa lagoon following inlet artificial relocation. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 87, 510-516.
Canals, M., Ballesteros, E., 1997. Production of carbonate particles by phytobenthic communities on the Mallorca- Menorca shelf, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II, 44, 611-629.
Cancemi, G., Buia, M.C., Mazzella, L., 2002. Structure and growth dynamics of Cymodocea nodosa meadows. Scientia Marina, 66, 289-365.
Castejon-Silvo, I., Terrados, J., 2012. Patterns of spatial variation of nutrient content, epiphyte load and shoot size of Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows (Mediterranean Sea). Marine Ecology, 33, 165-175.
Christianen, M.J.A., van-Belzen, J., Herman, P.M.J, van-Katwijk, M.M. et al., 2013. Low-canopy seagrass beds still provide important coastal protection services. PloS One, 8, 1-8.
Cunha, A.H., Duarte, C.M., 2005. Population age structure and rhizome growth of Cymodocea nodosa in the Ria Formosa (southern Portugal). Marine Biology, 146, 841-847.
Cunha, A.H., Duarte, C.M., 2007. Biomass and leaf dynamics of Cymodocea nodosa in the Ria Formosa lagoon, south Portugal. Botanica Marina, 50, 1-7.
Dauby, P., Poulicek, M., 1995. Methods for removing epiphytes from seagrasses: SEM observations on treated leaves. Aquatic Botany, 52, 217-228.
De los Santos, C.B., Krause-Jensen, D., Alcoverro, T., Marba, N., Duarte, C.M. et al., 2019. Recent trend reversal for declining European seagrass meadows. Nature Communications, 10 (1), 3356.
Duarte, C.M., Sand-Jensen, K., 1990. Seagrass colonization: patch formation and patchgrowth in Cymodocea nodosa patches. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 65, 193-200.
Duarte, C.M., Marba, N., Agawin, N., Cebrián, J., Enríquez, S., et al., 1994. Reconstruction of seagrass dynamics: age determinations and associated tools for the seagrass ecologist. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 07, 195-209.
Duarte, B., Neto, J.M., Marques, J.C., Adams, J.B., Caçador, I., 2017. Marine angiosperm indices used to assess ecological status within the Water Framework Directive and South African National Water Act: Learning from differences and common issues. Ecological Indicators, 83, 192-200.
Fernandez, C., Pasqualini, V., Boudouresque, C.F., Johnson, M., Ferrat, L. et al., 2006. Effect of an exceptional rainfall event on the sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) stock and seagrass distribution in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 68, 259-270.
Fernandez-Torquemada, Y., Sánchez-Lizaso, J.L., 2011. Responses of two Mediterranean seagrasses to experimental changes in salinity. Hydrobiologia, 669 (1), 21-33.
Foden, J., Brazier, D.P., 2007. Angiosperms (seagrass) within the EU water framework directive: A UK perspective. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 55, 181-195.
Fortes, M.D., Ooi, J.L.S., Tan, Y.M., Prathep, A., Bujang, J.S. et al., 2018. Seagrass in Southeast Asia: a review of status and knowledge gaps, and a road map for conservation. Botanica Marina, 61, 269-288.
Fourqurean, J.W., Duarte, C.M., Kennedy, H., Marba, N., Holmer, M. et al., 2012. Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock. Nature Geoscience, 5, 505-509.
Garcia-Gomez, J.C., Florido, M., Olaya-Ponzone, L., Rey Diaz de Rada, J., Donazar-Aramendia, I. et al., 2021. Monitoring Extreme Impacts of Rugulopteryx okamurae (Dictyotales, Ochrophyta) in El Estrecho Natural Park (Biosphere Reserve). Showing Radical Changes in the Underwater Seascape. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 639161.
Garcia-Lafuente, J., Naranjo, C., Sammartino, S., Sánchez-Garrido, J.C., Delgado, J., 2017. The Mediterranean outflow in the Strait of Gibraltar and its connection with upstream conditions in the Alborán Sea. Ocean Science, 13 (2), 195-207.
Gobert, S., Sartoretto, S., Rico-Raimondino, V., Andral, B., Chery, A et al., 2009. Assessment of the ecological status of Mediterranean French coastal waters as required by the Water Framework Directive using the Posidonia oceanica Rapid Easy Index: PREI. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58, 1727-1733.
Guidetti, P., Lorenti, M., Buia, M.C., Mazella, L., 2002. Temporal dynamics and biomass portioning in three Adriatic seagrass species: Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa, Zostera marina. Marine Ecology, 23, 51-67.
Jackson, E.L., Rees, S.E., Wilding, C., Attrill, M.J., 2015. Use of a seagrass residency index to apportion commercial fishery landing values and recreation fisheries expenditure to seagrass habitat service. Conservation Biology, 29, 899- 909.
Karamfilov, V., Berov, D., Panayotidis, P., 2019. Using Zostera noltei biometrics for evaluation of the ecological and environmental quality status of Black Sea coastal waters. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 27, 100524.
Kelaher, B.P., Van Den Broek, J., York, P.H., Bishop, M.J. et al., 2013. Positive responses of a seagrass ecosystem to experimental nutrient enrichment. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 487, 15-25.
Krause-Jensen, D., Greve, T.M., Nielsen, K., 2005. Eelgrass as a bioindicator under the european water framework directive. Water Resources Management, 19, 63-75.
Leoni, V., Vela, A., Pasqualini, V., Pergent-Martini, C., Pergent, G., 2008. Effects of experimental reduction of light and nutrient enrichments (N and P) on seagrasses: a review. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18 (2), 202-220.
Lorente, P., García-Sotillo, M., Amo-Baladrón, A., Aznar, R., Levier, B. et al., 2019. Skill assessment of global, regional, and coastal circulation forecast models: evaluating the benefits of dynamical downscaling in IBI (Iberia–Biscay–Ireland) surface waters. Ocean Science, 15(4), 967-996.
Manez-Crespo, J., Tuya, F., Fernández-Torquemada, Y., Royo, L., del Pilar-Ruso, Y. et al., 2020. Seagrass Cymodocea nodosa across biogeographical regions and times: Differences in abundance, meadow structure and sexual reproduction. Marine Environmental Research, 162, 105159.
Manzello, D.P., Enochs, I.C., Melo, N., Gledhill, D.K., Johns, E.M., 2012. Ocean acidification refugia of the Florida Reef Tract. PloS One, 7, e41715.
Marba, N., Duarte, C.M., 1994. Growth response of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa to experimental burial and erosion. Marine Ecology Progress Series, Oldendorf, 107 (3), 307-311.
Marba, N., Duarte, C.M., 2001. Growth and sediment space occupation by seagrass Cymodocea nodosa roots. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 224, 291-298.
Marin-Guirao, L., Atucha, A.M., Barba, J.L., Lopez, E.M., Fernandez, A.J., 2005. Effects of mining wastes on a seagrass ecosystem: metal accumulation and bioavailability, seagrass dynamics and associated community structure. Marine Environmental Research, 60 (3), 317-337.
Mazarrasa, I., Samper-Villarreal, J., Serrano, O., Lavery, P.S., Lovelock, C.E. et al., 2018. Habitat characteristics provide insights of carbon storage in seagrass meadows. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 134, 106-117.
McKenzie, L.J., Nordlund, L.M., Jones, B.L., Cullen-Unsworth, L.C., Roelfsema, C. et al., 2020. The global distribution of seagrass meadows. Environmental Research Letters, 15, 074041.
Mishra, A.K., Cabaco, S., de Los Santos, C.B., Apostolaki, E.T., Vizzini, S. et al., 2021. Long-term effects of elevated CO2 on the population dynamics of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa: Evidence from volcanic seeps. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 162, 111824.
Neckles, H.A., Short, F.T., Barker, S., Kopp, B.S., 2005. Disturbance of eelgrass Zostera marina by commercial mussel Mytilus edulis harvesting in Maine: dragging impacts and habitat recovery. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 285, 57- 73.
Olesen, B., Enriquez, S., Duarte, C.M., Sand-Jensen, K., 2002. Depth-acclimation of photosynthesis, morphology and demography of Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa in the Spanish Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 236, 89-97.
Oliva, S., Mascaró, O., Llagostera, I., Pérez, M., Romero, J., 2012. Selection of metrics based on the seagrass cymodocea nodosa and development of a biotic index (CYMOX) for assessing ecological status of coastal and transitional waters. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 114, 7-17.
Orfanidis, S., Papathanasiou, V., Gounaris, S., Theodosiou, T., 2010. Size distribution approaches for monitoring and conservation of coastal Cymodocea habitats. Aquatic Conservation- Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 20, 177e188.
Orfanidis, S., Papathanasiou, V., Mittas, N., Theodosiou, T., Ramfos, A. et al., 2020. Further improvement, validation, and application of CymoSkew biotic index for the ecological status assessment of the Greek coastal and transitional waters. Ecological Indicators, 118, 106727.
Orlando-Bonaca, M., Francé, J., Mavrič, B., Grego, M., Lipej, L. et al., 2015. A new index (MediSkew) for the assessment of the Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson meadow’s status. Marine Environmental Research. 110, 132-141.
Orth, R.J., Carruthers, T.J.B., Dennison, W.C., Duarte, C.M., Fourqurean, J.W. et al., 2006. A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems. Bioscience, 56, 987-996.
Pagès, J.F., Pérez, M., Romero, J., 2010. Sensitivity of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa to hypersaline conditions: A microcosm approach. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 386, 34-38.
Papathanasiou, V., Orfanidis, S., Brown, M.T., 2015. Intra-specific responses of Cymodocea nodosa to macro-nutrient, irradiance and copper exposure. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 469, 113-122.
Papathanasiou, V., Orfanidis, S., Brown, M.T., 2016. Cymodocea nodosa metrics as bioindicators of anthropogenic stress in N. Aegean, Greek coastal waters. Ecological indicators, 63, 61-70.
Papathanasiou, V., Orfanidis, S., 2018. Anthropogenic eutrophication affects the body size of Cymodocea nodosa in the North Aegean Sea: A long-term, scale-based approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 134, 38-48.
Paul, M., 2018. The protection of sandy shores - can we afford to ignore the contribution of seagrass? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 134, 152-159.
Pendleton, L., Donato, D.C., Murray, B.C., Crooks, S., Jenkins, W.A. et al., 2012. Estimating global “blue carbon” emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems. PloS One, 7 (9), e43542.
Perez, M., Duarte, C.M., Romero, J., Sand-Jensen, K., Alcoverro, T., 1994. Growth plasticity in Cymodocea nodosa stands: the importance of nutrient supply. Aquatic Botany, 47, 249-264.
Perez-Ruzafa, A., Marcos, C., Bernal, C.M., Quintino, V., Freitas, R. et al., 2012. Cymodocea nodosa versus Caulerpa prolifera: causes and consequences of a long term history of interaction in macrophyte meadows in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon (Spain, Southwestern Mediterranean). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 110, 101-115.
RAC/SPA-UNEP/MAP, 2009. Diagnostic de la biodiversité marine du Rif central (Méditerranée, Maroc) et orientations de gestion. Par Ben Haj, S., Bazairi, H., Benhissoune, S. (Eds). CAR/ASP – Contract N° 47, 48 et 49, Tunis, 170 pp.
RAC/SPA-UNEP/MAP, 2013. List of Endangered and Threatened Species. UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA, Tunis, 9 pp.
RAC/SPA-UNEP/MAP, 2015. Guide de suivi environnemental des fonds rocheux dans les aires marines protégées de Mediterranée et leurs zones limitrophes. García-Gómez. J.C. (Ed.) CAR/ASP - Projet MedMPAnet, Tunis, 482 pp + annexes.
RAC/SPA-UNEP/MAP, 2020. Parc National d’Al Hoceima. Par Bazairi H., Sghaier Y.R, Mechmech A., Benhoussa A., Malouli Idrissi M., et al. (Eds). Rapport Final. CAR/ASP – Projet MedKeyHabitats II, Tunis, 265 pp.
Ralph, P.J., Tomasko, D., Moore, K., Seddon, S., Macinnis-Ng, C.M.O., 2006. Human impacts on seagrasses: Eutrophication, sedimentation, and contamination. p. 567-593. In: Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Larkum, A.W.D., Orth, R.J., Duarte, C.M. (Eds). Springer, Netherlands. Ralph, P.J.,
Durako, M.J., Enriquez, S., Collier, C.J., Doblin, M.A., 2007. Impact of light limitation on seagrasses. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 350, 176-193.
Rismondo, A., Curiel, D., Marzocchi, M., Scattolin, M., 1997. Seasonal pattern of Cymodocea nodosa biomass and production in the lagoon of Venice. Aquatic Botany, 58, 55- 64.
Romero, J., Martínez-Crego, B., Alcoverro, T., Pérez, M., 2007. Corrigendum to a multivariate index based on the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (POMI) to assess ecological status of coastal waters under the framework directive (WFD) [Marine Pollution Bulletin 55 (2007) 196-204]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 196-204.
Salinas, C., Duarte, C. M., Lavery, P.S., Masque, P., Arias‐Ortiz, A. et al., 2020. Seagrass losses since mid‐20th century fuelled CO2 emissions from soil carbon stocks. Global change biology, 26 (9), 4772-4784.
Sandoval-Gil, J., Alexandre, A., Santos, R., Camacho-Ibar, V.F., 2016. Nitrogen uptake and internal recycling in Zostera marina exposed to oyster farming: eelgrass potential as a natural biofilter. Estuaries and Coasts, 39 (6), 1694-1708.
Sghaier, Y.R., Zakhama-Sraieb, R., Charfi-Cheikhrouha, F., 2011. Primary production and biomass in a Cymodocea nodosa meadow in the Ghar El Melh lagoon, Tunisia. Botanica Marina, 54, 411-418.
Sghaier, Y.R., Zakhama-Sraieb, R., Charfi-Cheikhrouha, F., 2012. Seasonal variation of Cymodocea nodosa in the Ghar El Melh lagoon (Tunisia), with reference to insolation, temperature and salinity effects. Bulletin De L’institut National Des Sciences Et Technologies De La Mer, 39, 117-125.
Sghaier, Y.R., Zakhama-Sraieb, R., Charfi-Cheikhrouha, F., 2017. Spatio-temporal dynamics and biomass of Cymodocea nodosa in Bekalta (Tunisia, Southern Mediterranean Sea). Marine Ecology, 38 (1), e12383.
Shili, A., Trabelsi, E.B., Ben Maiz, N., 2002. Benthic macrophyte communities in the Ghar El Melh Lagoon (North Tunisia). Journal of Coastal Conservation, 8, 135-140.
Short, F., Wyllie-Echeverria, S., 1996. Natural and human-induced disturbance of seagrasses. Environmental Conservation, 23, 17-27.
Short, F.T., Short, C.A., Novak, A.B., 2018. Seagrasses. p. 73- 91. In: The Wetland Book II: Distribution, Description, and Conservation. Finlayson C., Milton G., Prentice R., Davidson N. (Eds). Springer, Dordrecht.
Soriani, S., Buono, F., Tonino, M., Camuffo, M., 2015. Participation in ICZM initiatives: critical aspects and lessons learnt from the Mediterranean and Black Sea experiences. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 92 (1-2), 143-148.
Streftaris, N., Zenetos, A., 2006. Alien marine species in the Mediterranean-the 100 ‘Worst Invasives’ and their impact. Mediterranean Marine Science, 7 (1), 87-118.
Terrados, J., Grau-Castella, M., Piñol Santiñà, D., Riera-Fernández, P., 2006. Biomass and primary production of a 8-11 m depth meadow versus < 3 m depth meadows of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson. Aquatic Botany, 84, 324-332.
Tsioli, S., Orfanidis, S., Papathanasiou, V., Katsaros, C., Exadactylos, A., 2019. Effects of salinity and temperature on the performance of Cymodocea nodosa and Ruppia cirrhosa: a medium-term laboratory study. Botanica Marina, 62 (2), 97-108.
Tsioli, S., Papathanasiou, V., Rizouli, A., Kosmidou, M., Katsaros, C. et al., 2021. Diversity and composition of algal epiphytes on the Mediterranean seagrass Cymodocea nodosa: a scale-based study. Botanica Marina, 64 (2), 101-118.
Tupan, C.I., Uneputty, P.A., 2017. The growth and population dynamics of seagrass Thalassia hemprichii in Suli Waters, Ambon Island. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 89 012008.
Tuya, F., Hernandez-Zerpa, H., Espino, F., Haroun, R., 2013. Drastic decadal decline of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa at Gran Canaria (eastern Atlantic): interactions with the green algae Caulerpa prolifera. Aquatic Botany, 105, 1-6.
Tuya, F., Fernández-Torquemada, Y., Zarcero, J., del Pilar-Ruso, Y., Csenteri, I. et al., 2019. Biogeographical scenarios modulate seagrass resistance to small-scale perturbations. Journal of Ecology, 107 (3), 1263-1275. IUCN, 2012. Atlas du Parc National d’Al Hoceima. Gland, Suisse et Malaga, Espagne: UICN-Centre de Coopération pour la Méditerranée, 101 pp.
Unsworth, R.K.F., Nordlund, L.M., Cullen-Unsworth, L.C., 2018. Seagrass meadows support global fisheries production. Conservation Letters, 12 (1), e12566.
Unsworth, R.K., McKenzie, L.J., Collier, C.J., Cullen-Unsworth, L.C., Duarte, C.M. et al., 2019. Global challenges for seagrass conservation. Ambio, 48 (8), 801-815.
Verlaque, M., Ruitton, S., Mineur, F., Boudouresque, C.F., 2015. CIESM Atlas of Exotic Species in the Mediterranean. Volume 4: Macrophytes. CIESM Publishers, Monaco, 364 pp.
Vermaat, J.E., Verhagen, F.C.A., Lindenburg, D., 2000. Contrasting responses in two populations of Zostera noltii Hornem. to experimental photoperiod manipulation at two salinities. Aquatic Botany, 67, 179-189.
Wahl, M., Schneider Covachã, S., Saderne, V., Hiebenthal, C., Müller, J.D. et al., 2017. Macroalgae may mitigate ocean acidification effects on mussel calcification by increasing pH and its fluctuations. Limnology and Oceanography, 63 (1), 3-21.
Waycott, M., Duarte, C.M., Carruthers, T.J.B., Orth, R.J., Dennison, W.C. et al., 2009. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 12377-12381.
York, P.H., Smith, T.M., Coles, R.G., McKenna, S.A., Connolly, R.M. et al., 2017. Identifying knowledge gaps in seagrass research and management: an Australian perspective. Marine Environmental Research, 127, 163-172.
Zakhama-Sraieb, R., Mouelhi, S., Ramos Espla, A., 2010. Phenology and biomass of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) ascherson in the Gulf of Gabes. p. 233-234. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Mediterranean Symposium on Marine Vegetation, Yasmine Hammamet, 2-4 December 2010. El Asmi S., Langar H., Belgacem W. (Eds). UNEPMAP- RAC/SPA, Tunis.
