Canine coronavirus: not an ‘innocuous’ virus

Published: Dec 18, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15480
Keywords:
coronavirus diarrhoea dog vaccine
V. NTAFIS (Β. ΝΤΑΦΗΣ)
Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens
M. PAPANASTASSOPOULOU (Μ. ΠΑΠΑΝΑΣΤΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ)
Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
E. XYLOURI (E.ΞΥΛΟΥΡΗ)
Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens
Abstract

Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is a significant aetiologic agent of acute diarrhoea in dogs, specially in puppies. An important characteristic of coronaviruses is their high genetic variability, due to increased mutation frequency and sporadic recombination events. Due to this genetic variability, CCoV is classified in two distinct types, type I and II. CCoV type I strains share increased genetic similarity with Feline coronavirus strains, while CCoV type II consists of the typical reference CCoVs. Moreover, type II strains are classified into one of two subtypes, which include the classical strains (CCoV-IIa) and the new strains (CCoV-IIb), which emerged as a result of recombination among CCoV and Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Typical disease signs of CCoV infection are anorexia, depression, lethargy, as well as vomiting and diarrhoea. Mortality rate is low, especially in adult dogs with no infection signs. Most dogs recover within 7-10 days. Mixed infections with other viruses, bacteria or parasites may lead to more severe clinical disease. Currently, CCoV appears to have spread worldwide and has been related to mild, acute diarrhoea. However, during the last years, novel CCoV strains associated with outbreaks of lethal gastroenteritis have been detected in Australia and Europe. Genome analysis revealed that these strains shared low similarity with prototype reference strains of CCoV, suggesting that atypical, divergent strains may be related to more severe clinical signs. In addition, over the past decade, strains with an ability to trespass the intestinal tract, leading to lethal systemic infection, have also been isolated. These strains have attracted scientific interest, with research focusing on experimental infections, identification of genetic markers and prophylaxis. Pantropic CCoV strains have been detected across Europe, suggesting that the new, highly pathogenic biotype is circulating among canine population. The high genetic variability of CCoV, the severe mixed infections  and the antigenic differences among CCoV types and subtypes raise questions regarding the protective efficacy of the currently commercially available vaccines.

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