Total lipids content and fatty acids composition of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis using artificial enrichments


Published: Jan 29, 2018
Keywords:
Rotifers Brachionus plicatilis lipids PUFA enrichment diets toxicity microcapsules marine yeast
J. A. THEODOROU
Abstract

Secondary feeding with commercial lipids enrichments such as the microencapsulated diets Diet A (33.42±3.00%) and Diet B (55.88±3.5%) compared with the marine yeast type product Diet C(8.59±1.0%) as a method of increasing the total lipids and ω-3 PUFA content of rotifers, hence enhancing their nutritional value as live feed prey for fish larvae in hatcheries. The total lipids the rotifers was affected analogous to the levels of these components in the feeds showing its maximum percentage uptake within 4 hours from the enrichment (20.27±3.52, 26.64±3.91, 11.31±2.30 respectively). There was not any significant toxicity to the animals due to the diets during the 16 hours experiment. The DHA/EPA for Diet A(1.31), Diet B(0.42) and Diet C(absent) as well as the DHA/EPA/ARA ratios for Diet A(10.70 ± 1.60 / 8.18 ± 1.10 / 2.08 ± 0.20), Diet B(6.20 ± 2.30 / 14.60 ±1.00 / 1.12 ± 0.40) and Diet C (0 / 5.14 ± 3.40 / 1.30 ± 1.10) indicates that Diet A is closer to the suggested DHA/EPA/ARA optimal value 10/5/1 for marine fish larval growth.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Research Articles
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Ackman RG, Burger RD (1965) Cod liver oil fatty acids as secondary reference standards in the GLC of polyunsaturated fatty acids of animal origin: Analysis of a dermal oil of the Atlantic leather-back turtle. J Am Oil Chem Soc 42: 38-42.
Bell JG, Sargent JR (2003) Arachidonic acid in aquaculture feeds: current status and future opportunities. Aquaculture 218: 491–499.
Ben-Amotz A, Fishler R, Schneller A (1987) Chemical composition of dietary species of marine unicellular algae and rotifers with emphasis on fatty acids. Mar Biol 95 (1): 31-36.
Birkou M, Bokas D, Aggelis G (2012) Improving fatty acid composition of lipids synthesized by Brachionus plicatilis in large scale experiments. J Am Oil Chem Soc 89:2047-2055.
Bromley PJ, Howell B (1983) Factors influencing the survival and growth of turbot larvae Scopthalmus maximus during the change from live to compound feeds. Aquaculture 31:31-40.
Budd MD (1989) Investigations of the resting eggs of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. M.Phil. Thesis U.C.N.W., Bangor, Marine Biology. 246pp.
Cahu CL, Zambonino Infante JL (2001) Substitution of live food by formulated diets in marine fish larvae. Aquaculture 200:161–180.
Chatain B (1997) Development and achievements of marine fish rearing technology in France over the last 15 years. Hydrobiologia 358:7-11.
Chatain B, Ounais-Guschemann N (1990) Improved rate of initial swimbladder inflation in intensively reared Sparus aurata. Aquaculture 84: 345–353.
Conceição LEC, Yúfera M, Makridis P, Morais S, Dinis MT (2010) Live feeds for early stages of fish rearing. Aquaculture Research 41:613-640.
Copeman LA, Parrish CC, Brown JA, Harel M (2002) Effects of docosahexaenoic, eicosapentaenoic, and arachidonic acids on the early growth, survival, lipid composition and pigmentation of yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea): a live food enrichment experiment. Aquaculture 210:285–304.
Coutteau P, Sorgeloos P (1997) Manipulation of dietary lipids, fatty acids and vitamins in zooplankton cultures. Freshwater Biology 38:501–512.
Czesny S, Kolkovski, S, Dabrowski K, Culver D (1999) Growth, survival, and quality of juvenile walleye Stizostedion vitreum as influenced by n-3 HUFA enriched Artemia nauplii. Aquaculture 178: 103–115.
Demir O, Diken G (2011a) Effects of commercial enrichment products on fatty acid components of rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(66):15065-15071.
Demir O, Diken G (2011b) Effects of commercial enrichment products on chemical constitutions of rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis (O.F. Muller, 1786). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10 (Supplement): 3328-3333.
Dhert P, Sorgeloos P, Devresse B (1993) Contributions towards a specific DHA enrichment in the live food Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia sp. In: Reinertsen H Dahle LA, Jorgensen L, Tvinnereim K(eds) Fish Farming Technology, Proceedings of the first International Conference, Trondheim, Norway, 9-12 August 1993. P 109-115.
Dhert P, Rombaut G, Suantika G, Sorgeloos P (2001) Advancement of rotifer culture and manipulation techniques in Europe. Aquaculture 200:129–146.
Divanach P, Kentouri M (2000) Hatchery techniques for specific diversification in Mediterranean finfish larviculture. In Recent advances in Mediterranean Aquaculture Finfish species Diversification. Proceedings of the Seminar of the CIHEAM Network on Technology of Aquaculture in the Mediterranean (TECAM).Zaragoza, Spain: Cah Options Mediterr 47: 75-87.
Estevez A, McEvoy LA, Bell JG, Sargent JR (1999) Growth, survival, lipid composition and pigmentation of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae fed live-prey enriched in Arachidonic and Eicosapentaenoic acids. Aquaculture 180:321–343.
Fernandez-Diaz C, Yufera M (1997) Detecting growth in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., larvae fed microcapsules. Aquaculture 153:93-102.
Fernandez-Reiriz MJ, Labarta U, Ferreiro MJ (1993) Effects of commercial enrichment diets on the nutritional value of the rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis). Aquaculture 112:195–206.
Folch J, Lees M, Sloane-Stanley GH (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animals tissues. J Biol Chem 226: 497-509.
Gatepouse FJ, Luquet P (1981) Practical diet for mass culture of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis application to larvae rearing sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquaculture 22:149-163.
Haché R, Plante S (2011) The relationship between enrichment, fatty acid profiles and bacterial load in cultured rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis L-strain) and Artemia (Artemia salina strain Franciscana). Aquaculture 311: 201-208.
Hirano R (1969) Rearing of black sea bream larvae. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish. 35:567-569, 603-604.
Hirata H, Mori Y (1967) Mass culture of the rotifer baker’s yeast. Saibai Gyoqyo 5:36-40.
Ito T (1960) On the culture of mixohaline rotifer Brachionus plicatilis of Muller in the sea water. Rep Fish Pref Univ Mie 3:708:-740.In Japanese. English summary.
Izquierdo M, Socorro J, Arantzamendi L, Hernandez-Cruz CM (2000) Recent advances in lipid nutrition in fish larvae. Fish Phys Bioch 22:97–107.
Ivlev VS (1961) Experimental ecology of the feeding of fishes. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Jones DA, Holland DL, Janbborie S (1984) Current status of microencapsulated diets for aquaculture. In Proc 5th Int. Symp. Microencapsulation Appl. Biochem. Biotech., Eds T.M.S. Chang. 10:275-288.
Kanazawa A., Teshima S, Sasada H (1982) Culture of prawn larvae with micro-particulate diets. Bull Jap Soc Fish 48(2):195:199.
Kitajima C, Fujita S, Oowa F, Yone Y, Watanabe T (1979) Improvement of dietary value for red sea bream larvae of rotifers Brachionus plicatilis , cultured with baker’s yeast Sacharomyces cerevisiae. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish 46:43-46.
Kitajima C, Arakawa T, Fujita S, Imada O, Watanabe T, Yone Y (1980a) Dietary value for red sea bream larvae of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis cultured with a new type of yeast. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish 46:43-46.
Kitajima C, Yoshida M. Watanabe T (1980b) Dietary value for ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, of rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis cultured with baker’s yeast Sacharomyces cerevisiae. Bull Jap Soc Sc Fish 46:47-50.
Kostopoulou V, Vasilakis M, Divanach P (2012) Semi-continuous mass culture of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) using an automatic feeder. Aquaculture Research 43:91–98.
Kotani T, Genka T, Fushimi H, Hayashi M, Dierckens K, Sorgeloos P (2009) Effect of cultivation methods on nutritional enrichment of euryhaline rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Fisheries Science 75: 975–984.
Kotani T, Genka T, Tanabe M, Miyashima A , Fushimi H (2010) Effect of nutritional enrichment method on fatty acid contents of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. J World Aqua Soc 41( 6): 884-892.
Koven WM, Tandler A, Kissil G, Sklan D, Friezlander O, Harel M (1990) The effect of dietary n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on growth, survival and swim bladder development in Sparus aurata larvae. Aquaculture 91:131–141.
Koven W, van Anholt R, Lutzky S, Ben Atia I, Nixon O, Ron B, Tandler A (2003) The effect of dietary arachidonic acid on growth, survival, and cortisol levels in different-age gilthead seabream larvae (Sparus auratus) exposed to handling or daily salinity change. Aquaculture 228:307–320.
Knauer J, Southgate PC (1999) A review of the nutritional requirements of bivalves and the development of alternative and artificial diets for bivalve aquaculture. Rev Fish Sci 7: 241–280.
Langdon C (2003) Microparticle types for delivering nutrients to marine fish larvae. Aquaculture 227: 259–275.
Lubzens E, Marko A, Tietz A (1985) De novo synthesis of fatty acids in the rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis. Aquaculture 47: 27–37.
Lubzens E (1987) Raising rotifers for use in aquaculture. Hydrobiologia 147:245-255.
Lubzens E, Tandler A, Minkof G (1989) Rotifers as food in aquaculture. Hydrobiologia 186/187: 387-400.
Lubzens E, Gibson O, Zmora O, Sukenik A (1995) Potential advantages of frozen algae (Nannochloropsis sp.) for rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) culture. Aquaculture 133: 295–309.
Lubzens E, Zmora O (2003) Production and nutritional value of rotifers. in Live Feeds in Marine Aquaculture Eds by L.A. McEvoy. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. 17-64.
Maruyama I, Nakao I, Shigueno Y, Ando Y, Hirayama K (1997) Application of unicellular algae Chlorella vulgaris for the mass culture of the marine rotifer Brachionus. Hydrobiologia 358:133–138.
Maehre HK, Hampe K, Elvevoll EO (2013) Nutrient evaluation of rotifers and zooplankton: feed for marine fish larvae. Aquaculture Nutrition 19:301-311.
Navarro N, Sarasquete C (1998) Use of freeze-dried microalgae for rearing gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, larvae – I. Growth, histology and water quality. Aquaculture 167: 179–193.
Naz M (2008) The changes in the biochemical compositions and enzymatic activities of rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis, Müller) and Artemia during the enrichment and starvation periods. Fish Phys Biochem (34) 4: 391-404.
O’Brien-MacDonald K, Brown JA, Parrish CC (2006) Growth, behaviour, and digestive enzyme activity in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in relation to rotifer lipid. J Mar Sci 63: 275–284.
Oka A, Suzuki N, Watanabe T (1980) Effect of fatty acids in rotifers on growth and fatty acids composition of larvae ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Bull Jap Soc Fish 46:1413-1418 (in Japanese).
Palmtag MR, Faulk CK, Holt GJ (2006) Highly unsaturated fatty acid composition of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis ) and Artemia fed various enrichments. J World Aqua Soc 37: 126–131.
Penglase S, Hamre K, Sweetman JW, Nordgreen A (2011) A new method to increase and maintain the concentration of selenium in rotifers (Brachionus spp.). Aquaculture 315 (1-2): 144-153.
Plante S, Pernet F, Hache R, Ritchie R, Ji B, McIntosh D (2007) Ontogenetic variations in lipid class and fatty acid composition of haddock larvae Melanogrammus aeglefinus in relation to changes in diet and microbial environment. Aquaculture 263: 107–121.
Pousao-Ferreira P, Santos P, Carvalho AP, Morais S, Narciso L (2003) Effect of an experimental microparticulate diet on the growth, survival and fatty acid profile of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) larvae. Aquaculture International 11: 491–504.
Robert R, Trintignac P (1997) Substitutes for live microalgae in mariculture: a review. Aquat Living Res 10: 315–327.
Rodríguez C, Pérez JA, Izquierdo MS, Cejas JR, Bolaños A, Lorenzo A (1996) Improvement of the nutritional value of rotifers by varying the type and concentration of oil and the enrichment period. Aquaculture 147 (1-2): 93-105.
Rønnestad I, Yufera M, Ueberschar B, Ribeiro L, Sæle Ø, Boglione C (2013) Feeding behaviour and digestive physiology in larval fish: current knowledge, and gaps and bottlenecks in research. Reviews in Aquaculture 5 (Suppl.1):559–598.
Rosenlund G, Halldórsson O (2007) Cod juvenile production: Research and commercial developments. Aquaculture 268 (1–4): 188–194.
Sargent JR, McEvoy LA, Bell JG (1997) Requirements, presentation and sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine fish larval feeds. Aquaculture 155: 117–127.
Sargent J, McEvoy LA, Estevez A, Bell G, Bell MV, Henderson J, Tocher DR (1999a) Lipid nutrition of marine fish during early development: current status and future directions. Aquaculture 179: 217–229.
Sargent J, Bell G, McEvoy L, Tocher D, Estevez A (1999b) Recent developments in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish. Aquaculture 177:191–199.
Scott AP, Baynes SM (1978) Effect of algae diet and temperature on the biochemical composition of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Aquaculture 14:247-260.
Seychelles LH, Audet C, Tremblay R, Fournier R, Pernet F (2009) Essential fatty acid enrichment of cultured rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis, Muller) using frozen-concentrated microalgae. Aquaculture Nutrition 15: 431–439.
Teshima S, Kanazawa A, Horinouchi K, Yamasaki S, Hirata H (1987) Phospholipids of the rotifer, prawn and larval fish. Nip Suis Gak 53(4):699-615.
Theodorou JA (2002) Current and future technological trends of European seabass-seabream culture. Reviews in Fisheries Science 10 (3-4):529-543.
Tocher DR (2010) Fatty acid requirements in ontogeny of marine and freshwater fish Aquaculture Research 41: 717-732
Treece GD, Fox JM (1993) Design, Operation and Training Manual for an Intensive Culture Shrimp Hatchery Texas A and M University Sea Greant College Program 1993.187pp.
Tzovenis I, De Pauw N, Sorgeloos P (2003a) Optimisation of T-ISO biomass-production rich in essential fatty acids. I: Effect of different light regimes on the production of biomass. Aquaculture 216:203-222.
Tzovenis I, De Pauw N, Sorgeloos P (2003b) Optimisation of T-ISO biomass-production rich in essential fatty acids. II: Effect of different light regimes on the production of fatty acids. Aquaculture 216:223-242.
Tzovenis I, Triantaphyllidis G, Naibong X, Chatzinikolaou E, Papadopoulou K, Xouri G, Tafas T (2004) Cryopreservation of marine microalgae and potential toxicity of cryoprotectants to the primary steps of the aquaculture food chain. Aquaculture 230: 457–473.
Tzovenis I, Fountoulaki E, Dolapsakis N, Kotzamanis I, Nengas I, Bitis I, Cladas Y, Economou-Amilli A (2009) Screening for marine nanoplanktic microalgae from Greek coastal lagoons (Ionian Sea) for use in mariculture. J Appl Phyc 21(4): 457-469
Watanabe T, Kitajima C, Fujita S (1983) Nutritional values of live organisms used in Japan for mass propagation of fish: a review. Aquaculture 34:115-143.
Walford J, Lam TJ (1987) Effect of feeding with microcapsules on the content of essential fatty acids in live food for the larvae of marine fishes. Aquaculture 61:219-229.
Yamasaki S, Nishihara T, Hirata H (1984) Influence of marine Chlorella density on food consumption and growth rate of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Mem Fac Fish Kag Univ 33:57-61. In Japanese (Eng. Sum.)
Yoshimatsu T, Hossain MA (2014) Recent advances in the high-density rotifer culture in Japan. Aquaculture International 22:1587–1603
Yoshimura K, Usuki K, Yoshimatsu T, Kitajima C, Hagiwara A (1997) Recent development of a high density mass culture system for the rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis Tschuguno. Hydrobiologia 358: 139.
Yufera M, Pascual L (1983) Effect of four species of marine algae on the population growth of two strains of Brachionus plicatilis in culture. Invest Pesq 42(2): 325-337.
Yufera M, Navarro N (1995) Population growth dynamics of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis cultured in non–limiting food condition. Hydrobiologia 313/314: 399–405.
Zar JH (1999) Biostatistical Analysis. 4th Edition. Prentice Hall, Inc. N. Jersey, USA. 929 pp.