Leukogram patterns significance and prevalence for an accurate diagnosis in dogs


Published: Apr 11, 2023
Versions:
2023-04-11 (1)
Keywords:
Canine clinical context leukocytosis leukopenia WBC.
RF Moruzi
D Morar
C Văduva
MC Boboc
E Dumitrescu
F Muselin
N Puvača
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5500-7010
RT Cristina
Abstract

Interpretation of changes in WBC (White Blood Cell) provides valuable information for guiding the veterinarian to establish the diagnosis for a wide range of diseases. Leukocyte changes, both quantitative and qualitative, are always secondary, so the control and therapeutic success is dependent on the identification of the primary condition. The purpose of this study was the association between the magnitude of quantitative changes in leukocytes and the primary conditions in which they occurred, to facilitate a faster orientation of the diagnosis. From dogs with internal affections and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, the survey evaluated 447 complete blood counts (CBC). In 272 of CBC analyzed, the number of leukocytes was in the physiological range (i.e. 6,000-17,000 cells × µL-1 blood), but in 131 cases, the leukocytes exceeded the upper limit, and in 44 cases, leukocytes were below the lower limit. In terms of leukocytosis, affections of the digestive system had the highest prevalence, while leucopenia, was more present in the circulatory system pathologies. The cases of leukocytosis depending on the severity were: mild (73 cases), moderate (41), and severe leukocytosis (15) and respectively, two extreme leukocytosis cases, statistically emerging: p <0.01 for IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), acute pancreatitis, ehrlichiosis, chronic babesiosis and respectively p <0.001 for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Results revealed that infections source (devoid of parvovirosis), inflammation of the digestive tract was frequently accompanied by moderate leukocytosis, while the parvoviral caused enteritis conducted, in the early stages, to leukopenia. In bronchopneumonia, the leukocytosis was moderate, while inflammation of the anterior airways caused mild leukocytosis. Moderate leukocytosis was found also in the splenic, hepatic, and pulmonary neoplasm, and the acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed with severe leukocytosis and chronic leukemia with extreme leukocytosis.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Research Articles
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Author Biography
N Puvača, University Business Academy, Faculty of Economics and Engineering Management, Department of Engineering Management in Biotechnology

Department of Engineering Management in Biotechnology

Assistant Professor and Research Associate

References
Aguirre E, Sainz A, Dunner S, Amusategui I, Lopez L (2004) First isolation and molecular characterization of Ehrlichia canis in Spain. Vet Parasitol 125:365-72.
Aleksandrovskii Y, (1992) Antithrombin III, C1 inhibitor, methylglyoxal, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the development of vascular complications in diabetes mellitus. Thromb Res 67:179-89.
Allison R, Little S (2013) Diagnosis of rickettsial disease in dog and cats.Vet Clin Pathol 42:127-44.
Becker M, Moritz A, Giger U (2008) Comparative clinical study of canine and feline total blood cell count results with seven in-clinic and two commercial laboratory hematology analyzers. Vet Clin Pathol 37:373–84.
Brazil CJ, Louis AN, Parkos AC (2013) The Role of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Trafficking in the Perpetuation of Inflammation During Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 19:1556–565.
Couto C (1985) Clinicopathologic aspects of acute leukemias in the dog. JAVMA 186:681-85.
DeClue AE, Nickell J, Chang C, Honaker A (2012) Upregulation of Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Response to Bacterial Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus Undergoing Insulin Therapy. J Diabetes Sci Technol 6:496-502.
Dhabhar FS (2003) Stress, Leukocyte Trafficking, and the Augmentation of Skin Immune Function. Ann NY Acad Sci 992:205-17.
Eichenberger R, Riond B, Willi B, Hofmann R, Deplazes P (2016) Prognostic Markers in Acute Babesia canis Infections. J Vet Intern Med 30:174–82.
Elhiblu M, Dua K, Mohindroo J, Mahajan S, Sood N, Dhaliwal P (2015) Clinico-hemato-biochemical profile of dogs with liver cirrhosis. Vet World 4:487-91.
El-Zahar H, Morsil MA, El-Neshwy MW (2019) Clinical, hematological and biochemical assessment of dogs naturally infected with canine parvovirus before and after therapy. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal 37:182-86.
Feldman EC, Nelson RW, Reusch C (2015) Canine and Feline Endocrinology. 4 ed, Missouri, Saunders.
Furlanello T, Fiorio F, Caldin M (2005) Clinicopathological findings in naturally occurring cases of babesiosis caused by large form Babesia from dogs of northeastern Italy. Vet Parasitol 134:77–85.
Geta P, Mălăncuș R (2013) Correlation Between Hematological Parameters and Babesia Spp. Infestation in Animals. Bulletin UASVM Veterinary Medicine 70:276-81.
Harrus S, Kass P, Klement E, Waner T (1997) Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis: a retrospective study of 100 cases, and an epidemiological investigation of prognostic indicators for the disease. Vet Rec 141:360-63.
Kelly M, Hwang JM, Kubes P (2007) Modulating leukocyte recruitment in inflammation. Allergy Clin Immunol 120:3-10.
Lobetti R (2011) Changes in the serum urea: creatinine ratio in dogs with babesiosis, haemolytic anaemia, and experimental haemoglobinaemia. Vet J 191:253–56.
Mercedes G, Villaescusa A, Franco R (2014) Comparative study of peripheral blood leukocytes in healthy dogs and in dogs with cancer and inflammatory diseases. J Vet Diagn Invest 26:282–85.
Meyer D, Harvey J (2004) Veterinary Laboratory Medicine Interpretation and Diagnosis. 3rd ed, Missouri, Saunders.
Morar D, Dărăbuș G, Imre M, Ilie MS, Imre K (2015) First record of autochtonous canine ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia canis in Romania. Vet Clin Path 44:200-04.
Nelson R, Couto G (2014) Small Animal Internal Medicine, 5th ed, Missouri, Elsevier.
Vernau W, Moore PF (1999) An immunophenotypic study of canine leukemias and preliminary assessment of clonality by polymerase chain reaction. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 69:145-64.
Waner T, Harrus S (2013) Canine Monocytic Ehrilichiosis – From Pathology to Clinical Manifestation. Israel J Vet Med 68:12-18.
Weiser G, Thrall M, Allison R, Campbell T (2012) Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry. 2nd ed, Iowa, Wiley-Blackwell.
Weiss D, Wardrop J (2010) Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology. 6th ed, Iowa, Wiley-Blackwell.
Willard M, Tvedten H (2012) Small Animal Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods. 5th ed, Missouri, Elsevier Saunders.
Wood RD (2017) White Blood Cell Disorders of Dogs, In: MSD Veterinary Manual https://www.msdvetmanual.com/dog-owners/blood-disorders-of-dogs/white-blood-cell-disorders-of-dogs.
Zygner W, Gojska O, Wedrychowicz H (2012) Strong monovalent electrolyte imbalances in serum of dogs infected with Babesia canis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 3:107–13.
Most read articles by the same author(s)