Comparison of Fatty Acid Profile and Proximate Composition of Three Native Trout Species: Health Benefits and Risk Assessments Associated with Their Consumption

PDF
Published: Oct 21, 2024
Versions:
2024-10-21 (1)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.33319
Keywords:
Fatty acid chemical composition Salmo rizeensis Salmo ardahanensis Salmo coruhensis
B Karsli
Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey
E Çağlak
Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey
C Kaya
2Department of Inland Waters Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey
Abstract

Evaluating fish's nutrient content could provide essential guidance for fish consumption and the protection of human health. This study investigated the biochemical composition and fatty acid profiles (FA) of three native trout species: Salmo rizeensis, Salmo ardahanensis, and Salmo coruhensis. This is the first study to characterize FA content and lipid quality indices of S. rizeensis, Salmo ardahanensis, and S. coruhensis. The highest crude protein and crude fat were found in S. ardahanensis and S. rizeensis, respectively. Although there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) among trout species on crude protein, the crude fat content of S. rizeensis was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the other species. The FA compositions of trout species ranged from 29.22% to 40.12% saturated FAs (SFA), 27.57% to 37.67% monounsaturated FAs (MUFA), and 26.54% to 28.41% polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA). The most dominant FAs were palmitic acid (C16:0) among SFAs, oleic acid (C18:1n9c) among MUFAs, and linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n3) among PUFAs. These species were found to be rich sources of EPA+DHA in the range of 10.49-15.58%. The highest fish lipid quality index (FLQ) and EPA+DHA content were found in S. ardahanensis, while the highest h/H value was in S. coruhensis. The atherogenic index, thrombogenic index, and ∑n-3/n-6 ratio of all species were within the limit range reported by international organizations. These results showed that all trout species used in this study could be considered as a beneficial and balanced food source for human consumption in terms of rich protein content, FA ratio, and lipid quality indices in future fish farming.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Research Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

· Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abrami, G., Natiello, F., Bronzi, P., McKenzie, D., Bolis, L., & Agradi, E. (1992). A comparison of highly unsaturated fatty acid levels in wild and farmed eels (Anguilla anguilla). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry, 101(1–2), 79–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(92)90161-j
Akpinar, M. A., Görgün, S., & Akpinar, A.E. (2009). A comparative analysis of the fatty acid profiles in the liver and muscles of male and female Salmo trutta macrostigma. Food Chemistry, 112(1), 6-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.025
AOAC 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. Official methods, 2.507 and 7.009. 15th edition. Association of Analytical Chemists. Washington DC, USA.
AOAC 1995. Official methods of analysis. Official methods, 985.14. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
Aras, N.M., Haliloğlu, H.İ., Ayık, Ö., & Yetim, H. (2003a). Comparison of fatty acid profiles of different tissues of mature trout (Salmo trutta labrax, Pallas, 1811) caught from Kazandere Creek in the Çoruh region, Erzurum, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 27(2), 311-316.
Aras, N.M., Haliloğlu, H.İ., Bayır, A., Atamanalp, M., & Sirkecioğlu, A. N. (2003b). Comparison of the fatty acid composition of different tissues in mature trout (Salmo trutta macrostigma, Dumeril, 1858) in Yeşildere Creek in the Karasu basin. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 27(4), 887-892.
Ateş, M., Çakıroğulları, G.Ç., Kocabaş, M., Kayım, M., Can, E., & Kızak, V. (2013). Seasonal variations of proximate and total fatty acid composition of wild brown trout in Munzur River, Tunceli-Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13, 613-619. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_06
Bayır, A., Haliloğlu, H.I., Sirkecioğlu, A.N., & Aras, N.M. (2006). Fatty acid composition in some selected marine fish species living in Turkish waters. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86(1), 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2295
Bayir, A., Sirkecioğlu, A. N., Aras, N. M., Aksakal, E., Haliloğlu, H.İ., & Bayır, M. (2010). Fatty acids of neutral and phospholipids of three endangered trout: Salmo trutta caspius Kessler, Salmo trutta labrax Pallas and Salmo trutta macrostigma Dumeril. Food Chemistry, 119, 1050-1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.07.064
Bayrakli, B. (2021). Monthly Variations in proximate composition, fatty acid quality and amino acid score of warty crab, Eriphia verrucosa (Forsskal, 1775) from the Southern Coast of Black Sea, Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 53(5), 1729-1741. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20210318090304
Bilgin, Ș., Ertan, Ö. O., & İzci, L. (2007). Investigation on changes in the chemical composition of hot smoked Salmo trutta macrostigma, Dumeril 1858, stored different temperatures. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 1(2), 68-80. https://doi.org/10.3153/jfscom.2007009
Bligh, E.G., & Dyer, W.J. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37, 911–917.
Blanchet, C., Lucas, M., Julien, P., Morin, R., Gingras, S., & Dewailly, É. (2005). Fatty acid composition of wild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Lipids, 40, 529-531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-005-1414-0
British Department of Health. (1994). Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease. Report on health and social subjects, N 46.
Chen, J., & Liu, H. (2020). Nutritional indices for assessing fatty acids: a mini-review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(16): 5695.
Chow, C.K. (2008). Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications, 3rd ed. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton (FL). ISBN 978-0849372612.
Çağlak, E., & Karslı, B. (2015). Determination of shelf life of marinade and brine injected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) at refrigerator conditions. Food and Health, 1(4), 199-210. https://doi.org/10.3153/JFHS15019
Çaglak, E., Karsli, B. (2017). Seasonal variation of fatty acid and amino acid compositions in the muscle tissue of zander (Sander lucioperca Linnaeus, 1758) and the evaluation of important indexes related to human health. Italian Journal of Food Science, 29(2), 266–275.
Caglak, E., & Karsli, B. (2023). Use of dill extracts as a natural preservative on shelf‐life extension of rainbow trout croquettes during refrigerator storage. Food Science & Nutrition, 11(11), 7330-7340. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3658
Çaglak, E., Karsli, B., Koral, S. (2020). The Effect of depuration on metals, bacteria, and nutrition in Venus verrucosa from the Aegean Sea: benefit and risk for consumer health of warty venus. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 29(6), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/10498850.2020.1774691
Çankırılıgil, E. C., & Berik, N. (2020). Chemical composition of the Black Sea trout (Salmo labrax Pallas, 1814): A comparative study. Aquatic Research, 3(4), 208-219. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20019
Duman, M., Dartay, M., & Yüksel, F. (2011). Munzur Çayı (Tunceli) dağ alabalıkları Salmo trutta macrostigma (Dumeril, 1858)’nin et verimi ve kimyasal kompozisyonu. Fırat Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(1), 41-45.
Ehsani, A., Jasour, M.S., Agh, N., Hashemi, M., & Khodadadi, M. (2018). Rancidity development of refrigerated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets: comparative effects of in vivo and in vitro lycopene. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(2), 559-565. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8497
Erdem, Ö.A., Alkan, B., & Dinçer, M.T. (2020). Comparison on nutritional properties of wild and cultured brown trout and Atlantic salmon. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37(1), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.37.1.05
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). (2020). Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1213t
Gunlu, A., & Gunlu, N. (2014). Taste activity value, free amino acid content and proximate composition of Mountain trout (Salmo trutta macrostigma Dumeril, 1858) muscles. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science, 13(1), 58-72.
Haliloğlu, H.İ., Bayir, A., Sirkecioğlu, A.N., & Aras, N.M. (2005). Fatty acid profiles of different tissues in mature trout (Salmo trutta macrostigma) from Pulur Creek in Karasu Region, Turkey. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 27(2), 81-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2005.9706545
Ichihara, K., Shibahara, A., Yamamoto, K., & Nakayama, T. (1996). An improved method for rapid analysis of the fatty acids of glycerolipids. Lipids, 31(5), 535–539.
Jabeen, F., & Chaudhry, A. S. (2011). Chemical compositions and fatty acid profiles of three freshwater fish species. Food Chemistry, 125(3), 991-996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.103
Kaçar, S., Kaya, H., & Başhan, M. (2021a). Seasonal effects of the fatty acid composition of phospholipid and triacylglycerol in the muscle and liver of male Salmo trutta macrostigma. Grasas y Aceites, 72(4): e435. https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0779201
Kaçar, S., Kayhan, H., & Başhan, M. (2021b). Dişi Salmo trutta macrostigma (Dumeril, 1858)’nın kas dokusu yağ asidi içeriğinin mevsimsel değişimi. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 7(3), 356-363. https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.863245
Karakaya, E., & Duman, M. (2016). Effect of the packaging on the quality of Salmo trutta macrostigma during chilled storage. International Food Research Journal, 23(5), 1911.
Karsli, B. (2021). Comparative analysis of the fatty acid composition of commercially available fish oil supplements in Turkey: Public health risks and benefits. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 103, 104105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104105
Kayhan, H., Başhan, M., & Kaçar, S. (2015). Seasonal variations in the fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triacylglycerols of brown trout. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 117(5), 738-744. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201400152
Kinsella, J.E., Lokesh, B., & Stone, R.A. (1990). Dietary n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/52.1.1
Lubis, L., & Buckle, K.A. (1990). Rancidity and lipid oxidation of dried-salted sardines. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 25, 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb01085.x
Łuczyńska, J., Paszczyk, B., Nowosad, J., & Łuczyński, M.J. (2017). Mercury, fatty acids content and lipid quality indexes in muscles of freshwater and marine fish on the Polish market. Risk assessment of fish consumption. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10):1120. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101120
Mohseni, M., Lashgari, S.N., Golalipour, Y., Rastravan, M.E., Banavreh, A., Sajadkhanian, A., & Pourhosein‐Sarameh, S. (2021). Effects of different dietary canola and fish oil levels on overall performance, fatty acid profile, haemato‐biochemical responses, and digestibility of macronutrients of Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius Kessler) fingerling. Journal of Applied Ichthyology: https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14284
Öğretmen, Ö.Y. (2022). The effect of migration on fatty acid, amino acid, and proximate compositions of the Black Sea anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus, Linne 1758) from Turkey, Georgia, and Abkhazia. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 105: 104197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104197
Ouraji, H., Shabanpur, B., Kenari, A.A., Shabani, A., Nezami, A., Sudagar, M., & Faghani, S. (2009). Total lipid, fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation of Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) fed diets containing different lipid sources. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(6), 993–997. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3545
Oz, M. & Dikel, S. (2015). Body compositions and fatty acid profile of Salmo Trutta Macrostigma caught from Korkun Brook. Advances in Zoology and Botany, 3(4), 190-192. https://doi.org/10.13189/azb.2015.030405
Şahin, Ş. A., Başçınar, N., Kocabaş, M., Tufan, B., Köse, S., & Okumuş, İ. (2011). Evaluation of meat yield, proximate composition and fatty acid profile of cultured brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill, 1814) and Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, 1811) in comparison with their hybrid. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 11(2), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.4194/trjfas.2011.0211
Tufan, B. (2023). Changes in the biochemical and fatty acids composition of different body parts of warty crab (Eriphia verrucosa, Forsskål, 1775) caught from the Southeastern Black Sea and their relationship to seasons and sex. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 23(5), TRJFAS22160. https://doi.org/10.4194/TRJFAS22160
Turan, D., Kottelat, M., & Engin, S. (2009). Two new species of trouts, resident and migratory, sympatric in streams of northern Anatolia (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 20(4), 333-364.
Turan, D., & Aksu, S. (2021). A new trout species from southern Marmara Sea drainages (Teleostei: Salmonidae). Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 6(2), 232-239. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.903810
Turan, D., Aksu, İ., Oral, M., Kaya, C., & Bayçelebi, E. (2021). Contribution to the trout of Euphrates River, with description of a new species, and range extension of Salmo munzuricus (Salmoniformes, Salmonidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution, 97(2), 471-482. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.72181
Turan, D., Kottelat, M., & Kaya, C. (2022). The trouts of the upper Kura and Aras rivers in Turkey, with description of three new species (Teleostei: Salmonidae). Zootaxa, 5150(1), 43-64. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.2
Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK), (2020). Fisheries statistic. Turkish Statistical Institute. Ankara, Turkey. Internet: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Fishery-Products-2020-37252 (accessed March 2022).
Ulbricht, T.L. & Southgate, D.A. (1991). Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors. Lancet, 338, 985–992. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)91846-M
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2015. 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines. USDA Publication, Washington (DC). Internet: https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/2015-2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf (accessed Feb 2022).
Yoğurtçuoğlu, B., Kaya, C., & Freyhof, J. (2020). Freshwater fishes of the Anatolian midwestern black sea basin. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 30(2), 111-130. http://doi.org/10.23788/IEF-1152