Mycobacterium genavense splenitis in a pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) presented for fracture

PDF (English)
Veröffentlicht: Απρ 21, 2023
Aktualisiert: 2023-04-21
Versionen:
2023-04-21 (3)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.29145
C Paoletti
Department of Exotic Animal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire ADVETIA, 9 Avenue Louis Breguet, 78140 Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1717-4950
J. Rosas-Navarro
PO Godart
JF Quinton
Abstract

Mycobacteriosis is an uncommon infection that has been sporadically described among wild, farmed and pet rabbits. To date, only one case of Mycobacterium genavense infection has been reported in a dwarf rabbit presenting with granulomatous pneumonia. This new case report describes granulomatous splenitis caused by M. genavense in a pet rabbit brought in for lameness caused by a femoral fracture. The initial blood test, X-ray, abdominal ultrasound, and bone marrow and spleen cytology results were consistent with a diagnosis of a metastatic giant-cell tumour. The rabbit underwent successful femoral osteosynthesis, and six months later, following the occurrence of a second spontaneous fracture and a worsening of overall health, the patient was euthanised. The postmortem histological examination showed severe granulomatous splenitis caused by acid-fast bacilli identified as M. genavense by real-time PCR analysis. The route of infection remains unknown, yet the lack of pulmonary involvement likely rules out airborne transmission. M. genavense infection, although rarely described in pet rabbits, appears to be an emerging pathogen and should be included among the differential diagnoses for pneumonia and splenomegaly.

Article Details
  • Rubrik
  • Case Report
Creative-Commons-Lizenz
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht-kommerziell 4.0 International.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

· Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Downloads
Keine Nutzungsdaten vorhanden.
Autor/innen-Biografie
C Paoletti, Department of Exotic Animal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire ADVETIA, 9 Avenue Louis Breguet, 78140 Vélizy-Villacoublay, France

Department of Exotic Animal Medicine

Literaturhinweise
Abrantes, J., van der Loo, W., Le Pendu, J., & Esteves, P. J. (2012). Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV): A review. Veterinary Research, 43(1), 12.
Al-Zamel, F. A. (2009). Detection and diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 7(9), 1099–1108.
Arrazuria, R., Juste, R. A., & Elguezabal, N. (2017). Mycobacterial Infections in Rabbits: From the Wild to the Laboratory. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 64(4), 1045–1058.
Bennett, A. D., Lalor, S., Schwarz, T., & Gunn-Moore, D. A. (2011). Radiographic Findings in Cats with Mycobacterial Infections. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 13(10), 718–724.
Bertram, C. A., Barth, S. A., Glöckner, B., Lübke-Becker, A., & Klopfleisch, R. (2020). Intestinal Mycobacterium avium Infection in Pet Dwarf Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 180, 73–78.
Bertram, C. A., Bertram, B., Bartel, A., Ewringmann, A., Fragoso-Garcia, M. A., Erickson, N. A., Müller, K., & Klopfleisch, R. (2021). Neoplasia and Tumor-Like Lesions in Pet Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): A Retrospective Analysis of Cases Between 1995 and 2019. Veterinary Pathology, 58(5), 901–911.
Böttger, E. C. (1990). Infection with a Novel, Unidentified Mycobacterium. New England Journal of Medicine, 323(23), 1635–1636.
Böttger, E. C. (1994). Mycobacterium genavense: An emerging pathogen. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 932–936.
Böttger, E. C., Teske, A., Kirschner, P., Bost, S., Hirschel, B., Chang, H. R., & Beer, V. (1992). Disseminated “Mycobacterium genavense” infection in patients with AIDS. The Lancet, 340(8811), 76–80.
Bourlon, C., Vargas-Serafín, C., & López-Karpovitch, X. (2017). Mycobacterium genavense invading the bone marrow in a HIV-positive patient. Clinical Case Reports, 5(6), 1043–1045.
Chassang, L., Zoller, G., Loos, P., Gomes, E., Bismuth, C., Briend-Marchal, A., Nicolier, A., & Huynh, M. (2019). Antemortem Diagnosis and Surgical Management of Splenitis Due to Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis Infection in a Pet Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 29, 182–187.
Dequéant, B., Pascal, Q., Bilbault, H., Dagher, E., Boschiroli, M.-L., Cordonnier, N., & Reyes-Gomez, E. (2019). Identification of Mycobacterium genavense natural infection in a domestic ferret. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 31(1), 133–136.
Elghoul, N., Benchakroun, M., Zaddoug, O., Bennis, A., Zine, A., Tanane, M., & Jaafar, A. (2020). A report of two challenging cases of bone infection: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. How to manage? Oxford Medical Case Reports, 2020(4).
Gleeson, M., & Petritz, O. A. (2020). Emerging Infectious Diseases of Rabbits. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 23(2), 249–261.
Gutierrez, C., & Somoskovi, A. (2014). Human Pathogenic Mycobacteria. In Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, 3rd ed, Elsevier, pp 1-15.
Harcourt‐Brown, N., Silkstone, M., Whitbread, T. J., & Harcourt‐Brown, F. M. (2020). RHDV2 epidemic in UK pet rabbits. Part 1: Clinical features, gross post mortem and histopathological findings. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 61(7), 419–427.
Haridy, M., Fukuta, M., Mori, Y., Ito, H., Kubo, M., Sakai, H., & Yanai, T. (2014). An Outbreak of Mycobacterium genavense Infection in a Flock of Captive Diamond Doves (Geopelia cuneata). Avian Diseases, 58(3), 383–390.
Harrenstien, L. A., Finnegan, M. V., Woodford, N. L., Mansfield, K. G., Waters, W. R., Bannantine, J. P., Paustian, M. L., Garner, M. M., Bakke, A. C., Peloquin, C. A., & Phillips, T. M. (2006). Mycobacterium avium in pigmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis): 28 CASES. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 37(4), 498–512.
Henkle, E., & Winthrop, K. L. (2015). Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infections in Immunosuppressed Hosts. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 36(1), 91–99.
Hillebrand-Haverkort, M. E. (1999). Generalized Mycobacterium genavense Infection in HIV-Infected Patients: Detection of the Mycobacterium in Hospital Tap Water. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 31(1), 63–68.
Hoefsloot, W., van Ingen, J., Peters, E. J. G., Magis-Escurra, C., Dekhuijzen, P. N. R., Boeree, M. J., & van Soolingen, D. (2013). Mycobacterium genavense in the Netherlands: An opportunistic pathogen in HIV and non-HIV immunocompromised patients. An observational study in 14 cases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 19(5), 432–437.
Hoop, R. K., Böttger, E. C., & Pfyffer, G. E. (1996). Etiological agents of mycobacterioses in pet birds between 1986 and 1995. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 34(4), 991–992.
Hughes, M. S., Ball, N. W., Love, D. N., Canfield, P. J., Wigney, D. I., Dawson, D., Davis, P. E., & Malik, R. (1999). Disseminated Mycobacterium genavense Infection in a FIV-Positive Cat. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 1(1), 23–29.
Huynh, M., Pingret, J.-L., & Nicolier, A. (2014). Disseminated Mycobacterium genavense Infection in a Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 151(1), 122–125.
Ishimori, M., Michishita, M., Yoshimura, H., Azakami, D., Ochiai, K., Ishiwata, T., & Takahashi, K. (2017). Disseminated histiocytic sarcoma with hemophagocytosis in a rabbit. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 79(9), 1503–1506.
Kiehn, T. E., Hoefer, H., Bottger, E. C., Ross, R., Wong, M., Edwards, F., Antinoff, N., & Armstrong, D. (1996). Mycobacterium genavense infections in pet animals. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 34(7), 1840–1842.
Klotz, D., Barth, S. A., Baumgärtner, W., & Hewicker-Trautwein, M. (2018). Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis Infection in a Domestic Rabbit, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(3), 596–598.
Kobayashi, K. (2014). Serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium avium Complex Disease in Humans: Translational Research from Basic Mycobacteriology to Clinical Medicine. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 67(5), 329–332.
Krebs, T., Zimmerli, S., Bodmer, T., & Lammle, B. (2000). Mycobacterium genavense infection in a patient with long-standing chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Journal of Internal Medicine, 248(4), 343–348.
Langley-Hobbs, S., & Harcourt-Brown, N. (2013). Fracture management. In: BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Surgery, Dentistry and Imaging. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Glouchester: pp 283–304.
Lucas, A., Furber, H., James, G., Hughes, M., Martin, P., Chen, S., Mitchell, D., Love, D., & Malik, R. (2000). Mycobacterium genavense infection in two aged ferrets with conjunctival lesions. Australian Veterinary Journal, 78(10), 685–689.
Ludwig, E., Reischl, U., Janik, D., & Hermanns, W. (2009). Granulomatous Pneumonia Caused by Mycobacterium genavense in a Dwarf Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Veterinary Pathology, 46(5), 1000–1002.
Manarolla, G., Liandris, E., Pisoni, G., Sassera, D., Grilli, G., Gallazzi, D., Sironi, G., Moroni, P., Piccinini, R., & Rampin, T. (2009). Avian mycobacteriosis in companion birds: 20-year survey. Veterinary Microbiology, 133(4), 323–327.
Marques, M. B., Waites, K. B., Jaye, D. L., Kilby, J. M., & Reddy, V. V. B. (2000). Histologic examination of bone marrow core biopsy specimens has limited value in the diagnosis of mycobacterial and fungal infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Annals of Diagnostic Pathology, 4(1), 1–6.
Melillo, A. (2007). Rabbit Clinical Pathology. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 16(3), 135–145.
Melillo, A. (2013). Applications of Serum Protein Electrophoresis in Exotic Pet Medicine. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 16(1), 211–225.
Moreno, B., Aduriz, G., Garrido, J. M., Sevilla, I., & Juste, R. A. (2007). Disseminated Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium infection in a pet Korean squirrel (Sciuris vulgaris coreae). Veterinary Pathology, 44(1), 123–125.
Pennington, K. M., Vu, A., Challener, D., Rivera, C. G., Shweta, F. N. U., Zeuli, J. D., & Temesgen, Z. (2021). Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease. Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, 24, 100244.
Portaels, F., Realini, L., Bauwens, L., Hirschel, B., Meyers, W. M., & de Meurichy, W. (1996). Mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium genavense in birds kept in a zoo: 11-year survey. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 34(2), 319–323.
Reed, D. S., Smith, L., Dunsmore, T., Trichel, A., Ortiz, L. A., Stefano, K., & Barry, E. (2011). Pneumonic Tularemia in Rabbits Resembles the Human Disease as Illustrated by Radiographic and Hematological Changes after Infection. PLoS ONE, 6(9), 9.
Rish, J. A., Eisenach, K. D., Cave, M. D., Reddy, M. V., Gangadharam, P. R., & Bates, J. H. (1996). Polymerase chain reaction detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in formalin-fixed tissue. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 153(4), 1419–1423.
Sakamoto, K. (2012). The Pathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Veterinary Pathology, 49(3), 423–439.
Schmitz, A., Korbel, R., Thiel, S., Wörle, B., Gohl, C., & Rinder, M. (2018). High prevalence of Mycobacterium genavense within flocks of pet birds. Veterinary Microbiology, 218, 40–44.
Schrenzel, M. D. (2012). Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacteriosis in Wildlife and Pet Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 15(1), 1–23.
Selçuk, N. A., Fenercioğlu, A., Selçuk, H. H., Uluçay, Ç., & Yencilek, E. (2014). Multifoci Bone Tuberculosis and Lymphadenitis in Mediastinum Mimics Malignancy on FDG-PET/CT: A Case Report. Malecular Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy, 23(1), 39–42.
Sevilla, I. A., Arnal, M. C., Fuertes, M., Martín, E., Comenge, J., Elguezabal, N., Fernández de Luco, D., & Garrido, J. M. (2020). Tuberculosis outbreak caused by Mycobacterium caprae in a rabbit farm in Spain. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 67(1), 431–441.
Shah, K. K., Pritt, B. S., & Alexander, M. P. (2017). Histopathologic review of granulomatous inflammation. Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, 7, 1–12.
Suri, R., Gupta, S., Gupta, S. K., Singh, K., & Suri, S. (1998). Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology in abdominal tuberculosis. The British Journal of Radiology, 71(847), 723–727.
Theuß, T., Aupperle, H., Eulenberger, K., Schoon, H.-A., & Richter, E. (2010). Disseminated Infection with Mycobacterium genavense in a Grizzled Giant Squirrel (Ratufa macroura) Associated with the Isolation of an Unknown Mycobacterium. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 143(2–3), 195–198.
Thorel, M. F., Huchzermeyer, H., Weiss, R., & Fontaine, J. J. (1997). Mycobacterium avium infections in animals. Literature review. Veterinary Research, 28(5), 439–447.
Tortoli, E. (2003). Impact of Genotypic Studies on Mycobacterial Taxonomy: The New Mycobacteria of the 1990s. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 16(2), 319–354.
Tortoli, E., Brunello, F., Cagni, A. E., Colombrita, D., Grisendi, L., Manfrin, V., Moroni, M., Tosi, C. P., Pinsi, G., Scarparo, C., & Simonetti, M. T. (1998). Mycobacterium genavense in AIDS patients, report of 24 cases in Italy and review of the literature. European Journal of Epidemiology, 14(3), 219–224.
Vitošević, K., Todorović, M., Varljen, T., Slović, Ž., Matić, S., & Todorović, D. (2018). Effect of formalin fixation on pcr amplification of DNA isolated from healthy autopsy tissues. Acta Histochemica, 120(8), 780–788.
Wangai, F., Achieng, L., Otieno, G., Njoroge, J., Wambaire, T., & Rajab, J. (2017). Isolated splenic tuberculosis with subsequent paradoxical deterioration: A case report. BMC Research Notes, 10(1), 162.
Washington, I. M., & Van Hoosier, G. (2012). Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology. In The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents. 1st ed. Academic Press: pp 57–116.
Wu, U. I., & Holland, S. M. (2015). Host susceptibility to non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 15(8), 968–980.