Haemonchus contortus infection of goats and the use of anthelmintic natural alternative : An updated review


Veröffentlicht: Ιουλ 9, 2024
SM Soliman
HM Salem
M El-Saadony
AE Ahmed
A Saad
MT El-Saadony
Abstract

Haemonchus contortus is a gastrointestinal nematode common in small ruminants and is a significant cause of economic loss in livestock enterprises. Progressive anthelmintic resistance of Haemonchus contortus is the most limiting factor in the effective control of this parasite. The utilization of botanical supplements with suspected anthelmintic activity for treating Haemonchus contortus is gaining popularity. This review aims to light on the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus in goats and possible control strategies to overcome such problems by using Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, which has multiple health benefits.

Article Details
  • Rubrik
  • Review Articles
Downloads
Keine Nutzungsdaten vorhanden.
Literaturhinweise
Abongwa, M., Martin, R. J., and Robertson, A. P. (2017). A brief review
of the mode of action of antinematodal drugs. Acta Veterinaria, 67,
-152.
Aboshady, H. M., Choury, A., Montout, L., Félicité, Y., Godard, X., &
Bambou, J. C. (2023). Metagenome reveals caprine abomasal microbiota diversity at early and late stages of Haemonchus contortus
infection. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 2450.
Amit, M., Cohen, I., Marcovics, A., Muklada, H., Glasser, T. A., Ungar, E.
D., & Landau, S. Y. (2013). Self-medication with tannin-rich browse
in goats infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet parasitol,
(3-4):305-311.
Attia, M. M., Soliman, S. M., Salaeh, N. M., Salem, H. M., Alkafafy, M.,
Saad, A. M., ... & El-Gameel, S. M. (2022). Evaluation of immune responses and oxidative stress in donkeys: Immunological studies provoked by Parascaris equorum infection. Saudi Journal of Biological
Sciences, 29(4), 2173-2179.
Athanasiadou, S., Kyriazakis, I., Jackson, F., & Coop, R. L. (2000). Consequences of long-term feeding with condensed tannins on sheep parasitized with Trichostrongylus colubriformis. International Journal
for Parasitology, 30(9), 1025- 1033.
Augusti, K. T. (1996). Therapeutic values of onion (Allium cepa L.) and
garlic (Allium sativum L.). Indian Journal of Experimental Biology,
(7): 634-640.
Azra, A., Kaleemullah, M., Khattak, B., Asma, N., Safi, A. U. R., Qaiser,
J., ... & Farhan, Y. (2019). Comparative efficacy of domestic garlic
(Allium sativum) and neem (Azadirachta indica) against Haemonchus
contortus in small ruminants. Applied Ecology and Environmental
Research, 17(5), 10389-10397.
Brasher, H., Dearborn, L., Nguyen, T., Mooney, Z., Pesato, M., Torres-Acosta, F., ... & Rios, L. (2023). 127 Preliminary effect of cottonseed as a source of gossypol on the artificial meat infection does
withHaemonchus contortus. Journal of Animal Science, 101(Supple-Abongwa, M., Martin, R. J., and Robertson, A. P. (2017). A brief review
of the mode of action of antinematodal drugs. Acta Veterinaria, 67,
-152.
Aboshady, H. M., Choury, A., Montout, L., Félicité, Y., Godard, X., &
Bambou, J. C. (2023). Metagenome reveals caprine abomasal microbiota diversity at early and late stages of Haemonchus contortus
infection. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 2450.
Amit, M., Cohen, I., Marcovics, A., Muklada, H., Glasser, T. A., Ungar, E.
D., & Landau, S. Y. (2013). Self-medication with tannin-rich browse
in goats infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet parasitol,
(3-4):305-311.
Attia, M. M., Soliman, S. M., Salaeh, N. M., Salem, H. M., Alkafafy, M.,
Saad, A. M., ... & El-Gameel, S. M. (2022). Evaluation of immune responses and oxidative stress in donkeys: Immunological studies provoked by Parascaris equorum infection. Saudi Journal of Biological
Sciences, 29(4), 2173-2179.
Athanasiadou, S., Kyriazakis, I., Jackson, F., & Coop, R. L. (2000). Consequences of long-term feeding with condensed tannins on sheep parasitized with Trichostrongylus colubriformis. International Journal
for Parasitology, 30(9), 1025- 1033.
Augusti, K. T. (1996). Therapeutic values of onion (Allium cepa L.) and
garlic (Allium sativum L.). Indian Journal of Experimental Biology,
(7): 634-640.
Azra, A., Kaleemullah, M., Khattak, B., Asma, N., Safi, A. U. R., Qaiser,
J., ... & Farhan, Y. (2019). Comparative efficacy of domestic garlic
(Allium sativum) and neem (Azadirachta indica) against Haemonchus
contortus in small ruminants. Applied Ecology and Environmental
Research, 17(5), 10389-10397.
Brasher, H., Dearborn, L., Nguyen, T., Mooney, Z., Pesato, M., Torres-Acosta, F., ... & Rios, L. (2023). 127 Preliminary effect of cottonseed as a source of gossypol on the artificial meat infection does
withHaemonchus contortus. Journal of Animal Science, 101(Supple-Abongwa, M., Martin, R. J., and Robertson, A. P. (2017). A brief review
of the mode of action of antinematodal drugs. Acta Veterinaria, 67,
-152.
Aboshady, H. M., Choury, A., Montout, L., Félicité, Y., Godard, X., &
Bambou, J. C. (2023). Metagenome reveals caprine abomasal microbiota diversity at early and late stages of Haemonchus contortus
infection. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 2450.
Amit, M., Cohen, I., Marcovics, A., Muklada, H., Glasser, T. A., Ungar, E.
D., & Landau, S. Y. (2013). Self-medication with tannin-rich browse
in goats infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet parasitol,
(3-4):305-311.
Attia, M. M., Soliman, S. M., Salaeh, N. M., Salem, H. M., Alkafafy, M.,
Saad, A. M., ... & El-Gameel, S. M. (2022). Evaluation of immune responses and oxidative stress in donkeys: Immunological studies provoked by Parascaris equorum infection. Saudi Journal of Biological
Sciences, 29(4), 2173-2179.
Athanasiadou, S., Kyriazakis, I., Jackson, F., & Coop, R. L. (2000). Consequences of long-term feeding with condensed tannins on sheep parasitized with Trichostrongylus colubriformis. International Journal
for Parasitology, 30(9), 1025- 1033.
Augusti, K. T. (1996). Therapeutic values of onion (Allium cepa L.) and
garlic (Allium sativum L.). Indian Journal of Experimental Biology,
(7): 634-640.
Azra, A., Kaleemullah, M., Khattak, B., Asma, N., Safi, A. U. R., Qaiser,
J., ... & Farhan, Y. (2019). Comparative efficacy of domestic garlic
(Allium sativum) and neem (Azadirachta indica) against Haemonchus
contortus in small ruminants. Applied Ecology and Environmental
Research, 17(5), 10389-10397.
Brasher, H., Dearborn, L., Nguyen, T., Mooney, Z., Pesato, M., Torres-Acosta, F., ... & Rios, L. (2023). 127 Preliminary effect of cottonseed as a source of gossypol on the artificial meat infection does
withHaemonchus contortus. Journal of Animal Science, 101(Supplement_1), 100-101.
Berman, T. S., Glasser, T. A., & Inbar, M. (2019). Goats adjust their feeding behaviour to avoid the ingestion of different insect species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 97(9), 805-811.
Besier, R. B.; Kahn, L. P.; Sargison, N. D., and Van Wyk, J. A. (2016).
Diagnosis, treatment and management of Haemonchus contortus in
small ruminants. Advances in Parasitology, 93,181-238.
Birthal, P. S. (2008). Linking smallholder livestock producers to markets:
Issues and approaches. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics,
(902-2016-67947).
Burke, J. M., Wells, A., Casey, P., and Miller, J. E. (2009). Garlic and papaya lack control over gastrointestinal nematodes in goats and lambs.
Veterinary Parasitology, 159, 171-174.
Erol, A., Idris, T., Abdurrahman, G. and Orhan, Y. (2008). Evaluation of
the anthelminthic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) in mice naturally
infected with Aspiculuris tetrapte. Recent Patents on Anti-Infective
Drug Discovery, 3 (2), 149-152.
European Medicines Agency. (2017, April 21). Reflection paper on anthelmintic resistance. European Medicines Agency: Sciences Medicine, Health. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/reflection-paperanthelmintic-resistance_en-1.pdf.
Foreyt, W. J. (2013). Veterinary Parasitology Reference Manual (Fifth).
Hoboken: Wiley.
Gilleard, J. S., & Redman, E. (2016). Genetic diversity and population
structure of Haemonchus contortus. Advances in Parasitology, 93,
-68.
Githiori, J. B., Athanasiadou, S., & Thamsborg, S. M. (2006). Use of
plants in novel approaches for control of gastrointestinal helminths in
livestock with emphasis on small ruminants. Veterinary parasitology,
(4), 308-320.
Glaji, Y. A., Mani, A. U., Bukar, M. M., & Igbokwe, I. O. (2014). Reliability of FAMACHA© chart for the evaluation of anaemia in goats in
and around Maiduguri. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 12(3),
-14.
Glimp, H. A. (1995). Meat goat production and marketing. Journal of Animal Science, 73(1), 291-295.
Groves, R. M., Fowler Jr, F. J., Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J. M., Singer,
E., & Tourangeau, R. (2011). Survey methodology (Vol. 561). John
Wiley & Sons. Harder, A. (2016). The biochemistry of Haemonchus
contortus and other parasitic nematodes. In Advances in parasitology
(Vol. 93, pp. 69-94). Academic Press.
Hegazy, M. I., Hegazy, A. M., Saad, A. M., Salem, H. M., El-Tahan, A.
M., El-Saadony, M. T., ... & Swelum, A. A. (2022). ٍSome biologically
active microorganisms have the potential to suppress mosquito larvae
(Culex pipiens, Diptera: Culicidae). Saudi Journal Of Biological Sciences, 29(4), 1998-2006.
Hepworth, K. (2006). Managing internal parasitism in sheep and goats.
Herath, H. M. P. D., Taki, A. C., Sleebs, B. E., Nguyen, N., Hofmann,
A., Jabbar, A., ... & Gasser, R. B. (2021). Advances in the discovery
and development of anthelmintics by harnessing natural product scaffolds. Advances in Parasitology, 111, 203- 251.
Hodgkinson, J. E., Kaplan, R. M., Kenyon, F., Morgan, E. R., Park, A.
W., Paterson, S., & Devaney, E. (2019). Refugia and anthelmintic
resistance: concepts and challenges. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance, 10, 51-57.
Hosseinzadeh, S.; Ghalesefidi, J. M.; Azami, M.; Mohaghegh, M. A.; Hejazi, S. H. and Ghomashlooyan, M. (2016). In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of seed extract of Coriandrum sativum compared
to Niclosamid against Hymenolepis nana infection. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 40 (4):1307-1310.
Hoste, H., Sotiraki, S., Landau, S. Y., Jackson, F., & Beveridge, I. (2010).
Goat- nematode interactions: think differently. Trends in parasitology,
(8), 376-381.
Huffman, M. A. (2003). Animal self-medication and ethno-medicine: exploration and exploitation of the medicinal properties of plants. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 62(2), 371-381.
Hyun Kim, J.; Fridman, S.; BorochovNeori, H.; Sinai, T. and Zilberg, D. (2019): Evaluating the use of garlic (Allium sativum) for there medy of Cryptocaryon irritans in guppies
(Poeciliareticulata). Aquaculture Research, 50:431- 438.
Inupala, S. N., Pande, P., Uzzaman, M. R., & Worku, M. (2023). Evaluation of effects of garlic extract on health parameters and gut health
in St. Croix Sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 101(Supplement_1),
-100.
Kahiya, C., Mukaratirwa, S., & Thamsborg, S. M. (2003). Effects of Acacia nilotica and Acacia karoo diets on Haemonchus contortus infection in goats. Veterinary Parasitology, 115(3), 265-274.
Kearney, P. E., Murray, P. J., Hoy, J. M., Hohenhaus, M., & Kotze, A.
(2016). The ‘Toolbox’of strategies for managing Haemonchus contortus in goats: what’s in and what’s out. Veterinary Parasitology, 220,
-107.
Kettle, P. R., Vlassoff, A., Reid, T. C., & Hotton, C. T. (1983). A survey of
nematode control measures used by milking goat farmers and of anthelmintic resistance on their farms. New Zealand veterinary journal,
(8): 139-143.
Ketzis, J. K., Taylor, A., Bowman, D. D., Brown, D. L., Warnick, L. D.,
& Erb, H. N. (2002). Chenopodium ambrosioides and its essential oil
as treatments for Haemonchus contortus and mixed adult-nematode
infections in goats. Small Ruminant Research, 44(3), 193-200.
Khalil, A. M. H., & Fawaz, M. M. (2023). Garlic extracts up-regulate IL-4
and IL-13 cytokines and increase the goblet cell numbers in Eimeria
vermiformisinfected mice. Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences, 4(3), 567-578.
Kodera, Y., Suzuki, A., Imada, O., Kasuga, S., Sumioka, I., Kanezawa,
A., Taru, N., Fujikawa, M., Nagae, S., Masamoto, K., Maeshige, K.,
and Ono, K. (2002). Physical, chemical, and biological properties of
S-allyl cysteine, an amino acid derived from garlic. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 622-632.
Köhler, P. (2001). The biochemical basis of anthelmintic action and resistance. International Journal for Parasitology, 31(4):336-45.
Kotze, A. C., & Prichard, R. K. (2016). Anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus: history, mechanisms and diagnosis. Advances in
parasitology, 93, 397- 428.
Kotze, A. C., and Prichard, R. K. (2016): Anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus. Advances in Parasitology, 93, 397-428.
Krejcie, R. V., Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational & Psychological Measurement. 30,
-610.
Launchbaugh, K. L., & Provenza, F. D. (1993). Can plants practice mimicry to avoid grazing by mammalian herbivores?. Oikos, Vol. 66, No.
(Apr., 1993), pp. 501-504 (4 pages) Published By: Wiley.
León, J. C. P., Delgado, N. U., & Florez, A. A. (2019). Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle and sheep in three municipalities in the
colombian northeastern mountain. Veterinary world, 12(1), 48.
Levecke, B., Rinaldi, L., Charlier, J., Maurelli, M. P., Bosco, A., Vercruysse, J., & Cringoli, G. (2012). The bias, accuracy and precision
of faecal egg count reduction test results in cattle using McMaster,
Cornell-Wisconsin and FLOTAC egg counting methods. Veterinary
parasitology, 188(1-2), 194-199.
Lima, C. M. B. L., Freitas, F. I. D. S., Morais, L. C. S. L. D., Cavalcanti,
M. G. D. S., Silva, L. F. D., Padilha, R. J. R., ... & Diniz, M. D. F.
F. M. (2011). Ultrastructural study on the morphological changes to
male worms of Schistosoma mansoni after in vitro exposure to allicin. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 44(3),
-330.
Lisonbee, L. D., Villalba, J. J., Provenza, F. D., & Hall, J. O. (2009). Tannins and self-medication: Implications for sustainable parasite control
in herbivores. Behavioural Processes, 82(2), 184-189.
Machen, R. V., Craddock, F., Craig, T., & Fuchs, T. W. (1998). A Haemonchus contortus management plan for sheep and goats in Texas. Texas
FARMER Collection.
Mahieu, M., Arquet, R., Kandassamy, T., Mandonnet, N., & Hoste, H.
(2007). Evaluation of targeted drenching using Famacha© method
in Creole goat: reduction of anthelmintic use, and effects on kid production and pasture contamination. Veterinary parasitology, 146(1-2):
-147.
Masamha, B., Gadzirayi, C. T., and Mukutirwa, I. (2010). Efficacy of
Allium sativum (garlic) in controlling nematode parasites in sheep.
International Journal of Applied Research In Veterinary Medicine, 8,
-169.
Mbatha, K. R. (2001). The effects of tannin ingestion on the physiology of
boer- goats (Doctoral dissertation)
Muchiut, S. M., Fernández, A. S., Steffan, P. E., Riva, E., & Fiel, C. A.
(2018). Anthelmintic resistance: Management of parasite refugia for
Haemonchus contortus through the replacement of resistant with susceptible populations. Veterinary parasitology, 254, 43-48.
NAHMS goat studies. (2020). Retrieved March 31, 2021, from
Naeem, M., Iqbal, Z., & Roohi, N. (2021). Ovine haemonchosis: a review.
Tropical Animal Health and Production, 53, 1-11.
Niezen, J. H., Charleston, W. A. G., Hodgson, J., Mackay, A. D., & Leathwick, D. M. (1996). Controlling internal parasites in grazing ruminants without recourse to anthelmintics: approaches, experiences and
prospects. International Journal for Parasitology, 26(8-9), 983-992.
Pathak, A. K., & Pal, S. (2008). Seasonal prevalence of gastrointestinal
parasites in goats from Durg district of Chhattisgarh. Veterinary
world, 1(5), 136.
Poli, M. A., Donzelli, M. V., Caffaro, M. E., Raschia, M. A., Mazzucco, J. P., & Rossi, U. A. (2023). Genetic resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in sheep. CABI International. doi: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0019.
Preston, J. M., & Allonby, E. W. (1978). The influence of breed on the susceptibility of sheep and goats to a single experimental infection with
Haemonchus contortus. The Veterinary Record, 103(23), 509-512.
Prichard, R. (2001). Genetic variability following selection of Haemonchus contortus with anthelmintics. Trends in parasitology, 17(9):
-453.
Provenza, F. D., Burritt, E. A., Clausen, T. P., Bryant, J. P., Reichardt, P.
B., & Distel, R. A. (1990). Conditioned flavor aversion: a mechanism
for goats to avoid condensed tannins in blackbrush. The American
Naturalist, 136(6), 810-828.
Qamar, M. F., Maqbool, A., & Ahmad, N. (2011). Economic losses due to
haemonchosis in sheep and goats. Science internship, 23(4), 321-4.
Riley, S. N. (2018). Missouri meat goat producers: A focus group approach
to identify opportunities and challenges. SU Graduate Theses. 3335.
Roberts, B., Antonopoulos, A., Haslam, S. M., Dicker, A. J., McNeilly,
T. N., Johnston, S. L., ... & Britton, C. (2013). Novel expression of
Haemonchus contortus vaccine candidate aminopeptidase H11 using
the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Veterinary research,
, 1-15.
Russell, A. (2020, August 04). Texas sheep and goat producers are experiencing a mixed bag. Retrieved March 31, 2021, from https://
agrilifetoday.tamu.edu/2020/03/24/texascrop-and-weather-report-march-24-2020/
Sahib, N.G., Anwar, F., Gilani, A.H., Hamid, A.A., Saari, N., and Alkharfy,
K.M. (2013). Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): a potential source
of high value components for functional foods and nutraceuticals-a
review. Phytotherapy Research, 27,1439-1456.
Salehi, B., Zucca, P., Orhan, I. E., Azzini, E., Adetunji, C. O., Mohammed,
S. A., ... & Ahmad, Z. (2019). Allicin and health: A comprehensive
review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 86, 502-516.
Salem, H. M., Salaeh, N. M., Ragni, M., Swelum, A. A., Alqhtani, A. H.,
Abd El-Hack, M. E., ... & Attia, M. M. (2022). Incidence of gastrointestinal parasites in pigeons with an assessment of the nematocidal
activity of chitosan nanoparticles against Ascaridia columbae. Poultry Science, 101(6), 101820.
Salle, G., Doyle, S. R., Cortet, J., Cabaret, J., Berriman, M., Holroyd, N.,
& Cotton, J. A. (2019). The global diversity of Haemonchus contortus is shaped by human intervention and climate. Nature communications, 10(1), 1-14.
Scare, J. A., Slusarewicz, P., Noel, M. L., Wielgus, K. M., & Nielsen,
M. K. (2017). Evaluation of accuracy and precision of a smartphone
based automated parasite egg counting system in comparison to the
McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC methods. Veterinary parasitology, 247,
-92.
Schwarz, E. M., Korhonen, P. K., Campbell, B. E., Young, N. D., Jex,
A. R., Jabbar, A., ... & Hofmann, A. (2013). The genome and developmental transcriptome of the strong ylid nematode Haemonchus
contortus. Genome biology, 14(8), R89.
Schweizer, N. M.; Foster, D. M.; Knox, W. B.; Sylvester, H. J. and Anderson, K. L. (2016). Single vs. double dose of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) for treatment of anthelmintic resistant Haemonchus
contortus in weanling lambs. Veterinary Parasitology, 229, 68-72.
Sendow, J. (3003). Haemonchus contortus. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved September 23, 2021, from https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Haemonchus_contortus/.
Shalaby, H. A. (2013). Anthelmintics resistance; how to overcome it?. Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 8(1), 18.
Soliman, S. M., Aljahdali, N. H., Majrashi, K. A., El-Gameel, S. M., Ismael, E., Salem, H. M., ... & Attia, M. M. (2022). Immune cell reaction
associated with Coenurus cerebralis infection in sheep with particular reference to ELISA as a diagnostic tool. Life, 12(10), 1515
Terrill, T. H., Kaplan, R. M., Larsen, M., Samples, O. M., Miller, J. E., &
Gelaye, S. (2001). Anthelmintic resistance on goat farms in Georgia:
efficacy of anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in two
selected goat herds. Veterinary Parasitology, 97(4), 261-268.
Torres-Acosta, J. F. J., & Hoste, H. (2008). Alternative or improved methods to limit gastrointestinal parasitism in grazing sheep and goats.
Small Ruminant Research, 77(2-3), 159-173.
Toulah, F. H., and M. M. Al-Raw (2007): Efficacy of garlic extract on
hepatic coccidiosis in infected rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): histological and biochemical studies. Journal of the Egyptian Society of
Parasitology. 37 (3), 957-968.
Tsai, C. W., Chen, H. W., Sheen, L. Y., & Lii, C. K. (2012). Garlic: Health
benefits and actions. BioMedicine, 2(1), 17-29.
Van Wyk, J. A., & Bath, G. F. (2002). The FAMACHA system for managing haemonchosis in sheep and goats by clinically identifying individual animals for treatment. Veterinary research, 33(5), 509-529.
Velkers, F. C., Dieho, K., Pecher, F. W. M., Vernooij, J. C. M., Van Eck,
J. H. H., & Landman, W. J. M. (2011). Efficacy of allicin from garlic
against Ascaridia galli infection in chickens. Poultry Science, 90(2),
-368.
Vieira, T. M., Fonseca, L. D., Bastos, G. A., de Oliveira V., Silva, M. L., MoraisCosta, F. and Duarte, E. R. (2017): Control of Haemonchus contortus in sheep using basidiocarps of
Agaricusblazei Murril. Veterinary Research Communication 41(2),
-106.
Waller, P. J. (2004). Management and control of nematode parasites of
small ruminants in the face of total anthelmintic failure. Tropical Biomedicine, 21(2), 7-13.
Worku, M.; Franco, R. and Baldwn, K. (2009): Efficacy of garlic as an
anthelmintic in adult Boer goats. Archives of Biological Sciences, 61
(1), 135-140.
Yildiz, H. Y.; Van, Q. P.; Parisi G. and Sao, M.D. (2019): Anti-parasitic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) juice
against crustacean parasite, Lernantropus kroyeri, found on European
sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Italian Journal of Animal Science,
,1,833-837.
Yin, F., Gasser, R. B., Li, F., Bao, M., Huang, W., Zou, F., ... & Hu, M.
(2013). Genetic variability within and among Haemonchus contortus
isolates from goats and sheep in China. Parasites & vectors, 6, 1-9.
Zajac, A. M., & Gipson, T. A. (2000). Multiple anthelmintic resistance in
a goat herd. Veterinary Parasitology, 87(2-3), 163-172.
Zhong, R., Xiang, H., Cheng, L., Zhao, C., Wang, F., Zhao, X., & Fang,
Y. (2019). Effects of feeding garlic powder on growth performance,
rumen fermentation, and the health status of lambs infected by gastrointestinal nematodes. Animals, 9(3), 102
Am häufigsten gelesenen Artikel dieser/dieses Autor/in