A study on the use of tea (Camellia sinensis) flower extract in the feed of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Growth, body composition, and hematological blood parameters
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of supplementing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) feed with tea flower (Camellia sinensis) extract (TFE) on growth performance, body composition and haematological blood parameters. A total of 360 rainbow trout with a mean length of 12.2±0.21 cm (min 11.5 cm; max 13.00 cm) and a mean weight of 20.3±0.26 g (min 18.00 g; max 22.00 g) were used in the study. Thirty fish were placed in each of 12 fibreglass tanks, each with a volume of 100 L (80 L adjusted), a flow system (water flow of 9 L/min) and air support. In the study, a commercial trout feed was supplemented with TFE and 4 different experimental groups (0 ml/kg (Control), 10 ml/kg (TFE-10); 20 ml/kg (TFE-20) and 40 ml/kg (TFE-40) tea flower extract/kg feed) with 3 replicates were formed and randomly distributed. The results showed that final body weight, weight gain, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency, survival and meat yield were significantly higher in the TFE-10 group compared to the control group (P<0.05). TFE supplementation was determined to increase the protein ratio and decrease the fat ratio in the fish flesh composition. Haematological blood parameters, except for PLT, were significantly higher in the TFE-10 group compared to the control group at the end of the study (P<0.05). Based on the results of the cubic polynomial regression, it was calculated that a mean TFE level of 12.3±3.81 ml/kg was suitable for optimal fish growth
Article Details
- Zitationsvorschlag
-
Karabulut, H., Günal, Ş, & Köse, Ö. (2025). A study on the use of tea (Camellia sinensis) flower extract in the feed of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Growth, body composition, and hematological blood parameters. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 76(2), 9185–9198. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.38603
- Ausgabe
- Bd. 76 Nr. 2 (2025)
- Rubrik
- Research Articles
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht-kommerziell 4.0 International.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
· Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
· Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
· Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Downloads
Keine Nutzungsdaten vorhanden.
Literaturhinweise
Abdel-Tawwab, M,. Ahmad, H.M., Seden, M.E., Sakr, S.F.M.
(2010). Use of green tea, (Camellia sinensis L.), in practical
diet for growth and protection of Nile tilapia, (Oreochromis
niloticus L.), against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Journal
of The World Aquaculture Society, 41(2), 203-213. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2010.00360.x
Abdel-Tawwab, M., Adeshina, I., Jenyo-Oni, A., Ajani, E.K. and
Emikpe, B.O. (2018). Growth, physiological, antioxidants, and
immune response of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.),
to dietary clove basil, Ocimum gratissimum, leaf extract and
its susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Fish ve
Shellfish Immunology, 78, 346–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
fsi.2018.04.057
Altınterim, B., Öztürk, E., Kutluyer, F., Aksu, Ö. (2018). Effects
of green tea (Camellia sinensis) oil on feed utilization and
hametological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(2),
AOAC (2005). Official methods of analysis of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists International, 18th ed. Association
of Official Analytical Chemists, Maryland, USA.
Bilgin, Ö. (2017). Using Possibilities of Gren Tea (Camellia sinensis)
as Immunostimulant in Raınbow Trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) Culture, PhD Thesis, Sinop University, Türkiye.
Boran, H., Ciftci, C., Er, A., Kose, Ö., Kurtoglu, I.Z., Kayis, S.
(2015). Evaluation of antibacterial activity of green tea (Camellia
sinensis L.) seeds against some fish pathogens in rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). Turkısh Journal
of Fısherıes And Aquatıc Scıences, 15(1), 49-57. http://doi.
org/10.4194/1303-2712-v15_1_06
Chakraborty, S.B., Hancz, C. (2011). Application of phytochemicals
as immunostimulant, antipathogenic and antistress agents in
finfish culture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 3(3), 103-119. https://
doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2011.01048.x
Chen, J., Zhu, X., Han, D., Yang, Y., Lei, W., and Xie, S. (2011). Effect
of dietary n-3 HUFA on growth performance and tissue fatty acid composition of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio. Aquaculture
Nutrition, 17(2), 476–485. https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1365-2095.2010.00784.x
Chen, B.T., Li, W.X., He, R.R., Li, Y.F., Tsoi, B., Zhai, Y.J.
and Kurihara, H. (2012). Anti-inflammatory effects of a
polyphenols-rich extract from tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers
in acute and chronic mice models. Oxidative Medicine
and Cellular Longevity, 2012(1), 537923. https://doi.
org/10.1155%2F2012%2F537923
Chen, Y., Zhou, Y., Zeng, L., Dong, F., Tu, Y. and Yang, Z. (2018).
Occurrence of functional molecules in the flowers of tea (Camellia
sinensis) plants: Evidence for a second resource. Molecules,
Chen, D., Chen, G., Sun, Y., Zeng, X. and Ye, H. (2020a). Physiological
genetics, chemical composition, health benefits and
toxicology of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) flower: A review. Food
Research International, 137, 109584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
foodres.2020.109584
Chen, D., Ding, Y., Chen, G., Sun, Y., Zeng, X. and Ye, H. (2020b).
Components identification and nutritional value exploration of
tea (Camellia sinensis L.) flower extract: Evidence for functional
food. Food Research International, 132, 109100. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109100
Chen, L., Ren, N., Chen, Y.C. and Tu, Y. (2020). Effect of saponins
extracted from tea (Camellia sinensis) flower on the proliferation
of ovarian cancer stem like cells and its mechanism. Journal of
Zhejiang University Agriculture and Life Sciences, 46(6), 667-
Cho, S.H., Lee, S.M., Park, B.H., Ji, S.C., Lee, J., Bae, J. and Oh,
S.Y. (2007). Effect of dietary inclusion of various sources of
green tea on growth, body composition and blood chemistry of
the juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish Physiology
and Biochemistry, 33, 49-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/
s10695-006-9116-3
Cimagil, R and Delihasan Sonay, F. (2025). Comparison of growth
performance and smoltification of triploid and diploid Black Sea
trout (Salmo labrax) in freshwater and seawater. Turkish Journal
of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 25(4), TRJFAS26908.
Cnaani, A., Tinman, S., Avidar, Y., Ron, M. and Hulata, G. (2004).
Comparative study of biochemical parameters in response to
stress in Oreochromis aureus, O. mossambicus and two strains
of O. niloticus. Aquaculture Research, 35(15), 1434-1440.
Czech, A., Kowalczuk, E. and Grela, E.R. (2009) The effect of
an herbal extract used in pig fattening on the animals performance
and blood components. Annals Universitatis Mariae
Curie-Skodowska, 27(2), 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/
v10083-009-0009-7
Dias, M.T. and Oliveira, S.R. (2009). A review of the blood coagulation
system of fish. Revista Brasileira de Biociências,
(2), 205-224.
Fazio, F., Faggio, C., Marafioti, S., Torre, A., Sanfilippo, M. and
Piccione, G. (2012). Comparative study of haematological profile
on Gobius niger in two different habitat sites: Faro Lake and
Tyrrhenian Sea. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 53(1), 213-219.
Fazio, F., Marafioti, S., Torre, A., Sanfilippo, M., Panzera, M. and
Faggio, C. (2013). Haematological and serum protein profiles
of Mugil cephalus: Effect of two different habitats. Ichthyological
Research, 60, 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-
-0303-1
Fazio, F. (2019). Fish hematology analysis as an important tool of
aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture, 500, 237-242. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.10.030
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO. (2022). The State of Food
Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food
and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable.
Rome: FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639en
FAO. 2022. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022.
Towards Blue Transformation. Rome: FAO. https://doi.
org/10.4060/cc0461en
Gao, J., Koshio, S., Ishikawa, M., Yokoyama, S., Mamauag, R.E.P.
and Han, Y. (2012). Effects of dietary oxidized fish oil with vitamin
E supplementation on growth performance and reduction of
lipid peroxidation in tissues and blood of red sea bream Pagrus
major. Aquaculture, 356–357, 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
aquaculture.2012.05.034
Goda, A.M.A.S. (2008). Effect of dietary ginseng herb (Ginsana
G115) supplementation on growth, feed utilization, and hematological
indices of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.),
fingerlings. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 39(2),
Hajirezaee, S., Mohammadi, G. and Naserabad, S.S. (2020). The
protective effects of vitamin C on common carp (Cyprinus
carpio) exposed to titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs).
Aquaculture, 518, 734734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.
734734
Hamao, M., Matsuda, H., Nakamura, S., Nakashima, S., Semura, S.,
Maekubo, S., Wakasugi, S., Yoshikawa, M. (2011). Anti-obesity
effects of the methanolic extract and chakasaponins from the
flower buds of Camellia sinensis in mice. Bioorganic and Medicinal
Chemistry, 19(20), 6033-6041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
bmc.2011.08.042
Hasanpour, S., Salati, A.P., Falahatkar, B. and Azarm, H.M. (2017).
Effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) on growth, blood
and immune parameters in sturgeon hybrid (Huso huso♂×
Acipenser ruthenus♀) fed oxidized fish oil. Turkish Journal
of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 17(4), 745-753. https://doi.
org/10.4194/1303-2712-v17_4_10
Hasanpour, S., Sheikhzadeh, N., Jamali, H., Naderi Farsani, M.,
Mardani, K. (2019). Growth performance, antioxidant and immune
status of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) fed diets
containing green tea extract and oxidized fish oil. J Appl Ichthyol,
, 1179–1188. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13960
Hoseini, S.M., Mirghaed, A.T., Iri, Y. and Ghelichpour, M. (2018).
Effects of dietary cineole administration on growth performance,
hematological and biochemical parameters of rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquculture, 495, 766-772. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.06.073
Hrubec, T.C. and Smith, S.A (2010). Hematology of Fishes. In:
Weiss, D, J and Wardrop, K.J (Edt). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology,
Sixth Edition, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, State Avenue,
Ames, Iowa, USA, 994-1003.
Ikechukwu, O.A. and Obinnaya, C.L. (2010). Hematological profile
of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Owen) of Anambra
River, Nigeria. Journal of American Science, 6(2), 123-130.
İzci and Ümit. (2023). Meat yield of bogue (Boops boops) and some
quality properties of fish ball. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 19(4),
Javeed, H., Bhat, F.A., Shah, T.H., Asimi, O.A., Abubakr, A., Bhat,
B.A. (2022). Fish hematology: A review. The Pharma Innovation
Journal, 11(5). 230-232.
Jeney, G., Yin, G., Ardo, L., Jeney, Z. (2009). The use of immunostimulating
herbs in fish. An overview of research. Fish Physi ology and Biochemistry, 35, 669–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10695-009-9304-z
Kakoolaki, S., Akbary, P., Zorriehzahra, M.J., Salehi, H., Sepahdari,
A., Afsharnasab, M., Mehrabi, M.R. and Jadgal, S. (2016).
Camellia sinensis supplemented diet enhances the innate
non-specific responses, haematological parameters and growth
performance in Mugil cephalus against Photobacterium damselae.
Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 57, 379-385. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.060
Karabulut, H., Kurtoglu, İ.Z., Kose, O. (2021). Effects of phytase
enzyme supplementation to hazelnut meal-based diets on growth
performance and nutrient digestibility of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser
baerii Brand, 1869). Journal of Agricultural Sciences,
(2), 231-238. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.663532
Khodadadi, M. and Monfared, H.N. (2021). Effect of adding the
green tea (Camellia sinensis) powder to diet of Ctenopharyngodon
idella on hematological and biochemical indices. Journal
of Aquaculture Development, 15(2), 55-66.
Kose, O., Arıman Karabulut, H., Kurtoglu, İ.Z. (2021). Effects of
feed rations containing egg powder in different proportions on
growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and
survival rate of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum,
fry. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 38(1),
Kose, O. and Ariman Karabulut, H. (2022). Effects of dandelion
(Taraxacum officinale) methanolic root leaf and flower extracts
on growth performance body composition and hematologic
blood parameters of fingerling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss Walbaum 1792). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 31,
–4471.
Köse, Ö., Karabulut, H.A., Er, A. (2024). Dandelion root extract in
trout feed and its effects on the physiological performance of
Oncorhynchus mykiss and resistance to Lactococcus garvieae
infection. Annals of Animal Science, 24(1), 161–177. https://
doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2023-0072
Larsen, S.B., Grove, E.L., Hvas, A.M. and Kristensen, S.D. (2014).
Platelet turnover in stable coronary artery disease-influence of
thrombopoietin and low-grade inflammation. PLoS One, 9(1),
e85566, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085566
Lim, C. and Klesius, P.H. (2003). Influence of feed deprivation
on hematology, macrophage chemotaxis, and resistance to
Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge of channel catfish. Journal of
Aquatic Animal Health, 15(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1577/
-8667(2003)015%3C0013:IOFDOH%3E2.0.CO;2
Magill, S.H. and Sayer, M.D.J. (2004). Abundance of juvenile Atlantic
cod (Gadus morhua) in the shallow rocky subtidal and
the relationship to winter seawater temperature. Journal of the
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 84(2),
Mohammadi, G., Rashidian, G., Hoseinifar, S. H., Naserabad, S.S.
and Van Doan, H. (2020). Ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract
affects growth performance, body composition, hematology, serum
and mucosal immune parameters in common carp (Cyprinus
carpio). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 99, 267-273. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.032
Morgan, J.D. and Iwama, G.K. (1997). Measurements of Stressed
States in the Field. In: Iwama, G.K., Pickering, A.D., Sumpter,
J.P., Schreck C.B., (Eds). Fish stress and health in aquaculture.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 247-270.
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. (2023).
Condition factor for salmonid aquaculture. Retrieved from
Orun, I. and Umit Erdeml, A. (2002). A study on blood parameters of
Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843). Journal of Biological Sciences,
(8), 508-511. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2002.508.511
Rehulka, J., Minařík, B., Rehulková, E. (2004). Red blood cell
indices of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) in
aquaculture. Aquaculture Research, 35(6), 529-546. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01035.x
Reverter, M., Bontemps, N., Lecchini, D., Banaigs, B., Sasal, P.
(2014). Use of plant extracts in fish aquaculture as an alternative
to chemotherapy: Current status and future perspectives.
Aquaculture, 433, 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.
05.048
Robin Joshi, R.J., Poonam, P. and Ashu Gulati, A.G. (2011). Biochemical
attributes of tea flowers (Camellia sinensis) at different
developmental stages in the Kangra region of India. Scientia
Horticulturae, 130(1), 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.
06.007
Shen, Y., Ma, K. And Yue, G. H. (2021). Status, challenges and
trends of aquaculture in Singapore. Aquaculture, 533, 736210.
Sil, S.K., Mukherjee, N., Bagchi, S., Gupta, S. and Ganguli, K.
(2021). Structural and beneficial aspects of tea (Camellia sinensis)
flowers. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology,
(1), 5661-5671.
Sonay, F.D. and Kavuk, Z. (2023). Determination of hatching
performance, yolk-sac absorption, and larval growth rates in
Abant trout (Salmo trutta abanticus), brook trout (Salvelinus
fontinalis), and their Hybrids. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary
Medical Society, 74(1), 5177-5184. https://doi.org/10.12681/
jhvms.28082
Sonay, F.D., Başçınar, N., Akhan, S. (2024). Comparison of growth,
carcass and meat quality characteristics of triploid and diploid
Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax) under laboratory conditions.
Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 75(2),
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population
Division. (2022). World Population Prospects 2022:
Summary of Results. UN DESA/POP/2022/TR/NO. 3, ISBN:
-92-1-148373-4, New York, USA.
Vázquez, G.R. and Guerrero, G.A. (2007). Characterization of blood
cells and hematological parameters in Cichlasoma dimerus (Teleostei,
Perciformes). Tissue and Cell, 39(3), 151-160. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2007.02.004
Wang, Y.F., Yu, L. and Wei, X.L (2012), Monosaccharide composition
and bioactivityof tea flower polysaccharides obtained
by ethanol fractional precipitation andstepwise precipitation.
CyTA - Journal of Food, 10(1). 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/1
2010.523901
Yang, Z., Xu, Y., Jie, G., He, P. and Tu, Y. (2007). Study on the
antioxidant activity of tea flowers (Camellia sinensis). Asia
Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16(1), 148-152. https://
doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.2007.16.s1.28
Yang, Z, Y, Tu, Y, Y, Baldermann, S, Dong, F, Xu, Y, Watanabe,
N. (2009). Isolation and identification of compounds from
the ethanolic extract of flowers of the tea (Camellia sinensis)
plant and their contribution to the antioxidant capacity. LWT -
Food Science and Technology, 42(8), 1439–1443. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.lwt.2009.03.017
Yılmaz, E. (2015). A review on hematology of fish and effect of dietary medicinal herb on blood parameters of fish summary.
Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Science Journal (CSJ), 36(2),
-50.
Yılmaz, E. (2017). Effects of green tea extracts on freshwater angelfish,
Pterophyllum scalare growth performance. Marine Science
and Technology Bulletin, 6(1-2), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.33714/
masteb.338781
Yurteri, E., Küplemez, H., Seyis, F. (2022). Plant Breeding Based
Evaluation of Turkish Tea (Camellia Sinensis L. (O.) Kuntze)
Genetic Resources. In: Özyazıcı, G (Edt). New Development
on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-II, İksad Publishing House,
ISBN: 978-625-8213-33-1, Ankara, Türkiye.
Zorriehzahra, M.J., Hassan, M., Gholizadeh, M. and Saidi, A.A.
(2010). Study of some hematological and biochemical parameters
of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry in western
part of Mazandaran province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Fisheries
Sciences, 9(1), 185-198.
