Κυκλικές ιμίνες, μια ομάδα νεοεμφανιζόμενων βιοτοξινών: Χημικές και τοξικολογικές ιδιότητες, κατανομή και μέθοδοι ανίχνευσης


Δημοσιευμένα: nov 10, 2011
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
κυκλικές ιμίνες σπειρολίδια γυμνοδιμίνες οστρακοειδή LC-MS/MS
M. CHATZIANASTASIOU
P. KATIKOU
Th. ZACHARAKI
A. PAPAZACHARIOU
A. McKEVITT
Περίληψη

Τα οστρακοειδή και, πιο συγκεκριμένα, τα δίθυρα μαλάκια είναι τρόφιμο ιδιαίτερου ενδιαφέροντος για λόγουςτόσο οικονομικούς όσο και δημόσιας υγείας. Τρέφονται με μικροφΰκη, τα οποία παρότι είναι επωφελή για την υδατοκαλλιέργεια, συμπεριλαμβάνουν και ορισμένα τοξινοπαραγωγά είδη. Τα είδη αυτά παράγουν θαλάσσιες βιοτοξίνες, οι οποίες διαμέσου τουμηχανισμού άντλησης και διήθησης του νερού, βιοσυσσωρεύονται στους ιστούς των οστρακοειδών. Η βιοσυσσώρευση αυτήείναι εντονότερη και άρα πιο επικίνδυνη για τη δημόσια υγεία κατά τη διάρκεια των «επιβλαβών ανθήσεων», γνωστών και ως Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), δηλαδή των περιόδων της πληθυσμιακής αύξησης των μικροφυκών. Οι θαλάσσιες βιοτοξίνεςκατατάσσονται με βάση τη χημική τους δομή σε 8 ομάδες, μία από τις οποίες είναι και οι κυκλικές ιμίνες. Οι κυκλικές ιμίνεςείναι λιπόφιλες τοξίνες, οι οποίες ανακαλύφθηκαν τυχαία λόγω της πρόκλησης νευρολογικών συμπτωμάτων και ταχύτατωνθανάτων σε μύες κατά τις βιοδοκιμές ρουτίνας για την ανίχνευση άλλων λιπόφιλων θαλάσσιων βιοτοξινών. Περιλαμβάνουν τιςυποομάδες: σπειρολίδια (spirolides, SPX), γυμνοδιμίνες (gymnodimines, GYM), πιννατοξίνες (pinnatoxins, PnTX), πτεριατοξίνες (pteriatoxins, PtTX), προροκεντρολίδες (prorocentrolides) και σπειρο-προροκεντριμίνες (spiro-prorocentrimines). Οι πρώτεςτρεις υποομάδες, οι οποίες παράγονται από δινομαστιγωτά μικροφύκη, απασχολούν περισσότερο την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (ΕΕ),διότι σε αντίθεση με τις υπόλοιπες, έχουν ήδη ανιχνευθεί στην Ευρώπη ή υπάρχουν ισχυρότατες ενδείξεις της παρουσίας τους.Τα σπειρολίδια παράγονται από το άινομαοηγωτό Alexandrium ostenfeldii/peruvianum, οι γυμνοδιμίνες από το δινομαστιγωτό Karenia selliformis και οι πιννατοξίνες από ένα περιδινοϊδές δινομαστιγωτό που έχει περιγραφεί πρόσφατα υπό το νέο γένος Vulcanodinium spp. Αν και υπάρχουν ανεπαρκείς πληροφορίες για την ακριβή γεωγραφική τους κατανομή, ο εντοπισμός τους σε πολλές περιπτώσεις στα ευρωπαϊκά ύδατα, σε συνδυασμό με την προαναφερθείσα ισχυρότατη οξεία τοξικότητα τους κατάτη διενέργεια ενδοπεριτοναϊκής έγχυσης σε μυς, τις κατέστησαν, τουλάχιστον στην ΕΕ, αντικείμενο έντονης επιστημονικής έρευνας. Παρά την αποδεδειγμένη τοξικότητα τους στους μυς, δεν έχουν ακόμη ενοχοποιηθεί για κρούσματα τοξινώσεων σε ανθρώπους. Προς το παρόν, η ΕΕ δεν έχει θεσμοθετήσει Ανώτατα Επιτρεπτά Επίπεδα (Maximum Permissible Levels) συγκεντρώσεωντων κυκλικών ιμινών στα οστρακοειδή ούτε τη μέθοδο αναφοράς για την ανίχνευση και τον ποσοτικό τους προσδιορισμό.Οι μέθοδοι που εφαρμόζονται σήμερα είναι βιολογικές, βιοχημικές  αι χημικές. Η βιολογική μέθοδος είναι μια βιοδοκιμή πουδιενεργείται με ενδοπεριτοναϊκή έγχυση ενός εκχυλίσματος που περιέχει την υπό εξέταση ουσία σε μυς και ανιχνεύει τησυνολική τοξικότητα. Η ιδιότητα αυτή θεωρείται απαραίτητη για την ανίχνευση άγνωστων τοξινών, όμως, λόγω της χρήσης πειραματόζωων,ενέχει σκεπτικισμό ως προς την ευζωία τους και την ηθική της όλης διαδικασίας. Η βιοχημική μέθοδος βασίζεταιστον ανταγωνισμό μιας φθοροεπισημασμένης τοξίνης με τις κυκλικές ιμίνες για τη σύνδεση με τους υποδοχείς του οργανισμούTorpedo marmorata. Τέλος, από τις χημικές μεθόδους, η ανίχνευση με υγροχρωματογραφία-φασματομετρία μάζας (LC-MS/MS)είναι η πιο αξιόλογη γιατί είναι γρήγορη, με μεγάλη επαναληψιμότητα και ειδικότητα.

Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
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Λήψεις
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