Νόσος gumboro (infectious bursal disease, IBD): ανασκόπηση της νόσου


Δημοσιευμένα: Nov 29, 2017
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
Νόσος Gumboro ορνίθια
J. GEORGOPOULOU (Ι. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ)
Περίληψη

Η νόσος του Gumboro προκαλούμενη από ιό είναιμία ανοσοκατασταλτική κατάσταση των ορνιθίων που επιφέρει σοβαρές οικονομικές απώλειες. Περίπου 47 χρόνια μετά την πρώτη της εφάνιση, οι μεταβολές στην κλινική εκδήλωση της νόσου, αλλά και στη λοιμογόνο δύναμη και την αντιγονική δομή του ίου, είχαν ως αποτέλεσμα αλλαγές και προσαρμογές των χρησιμοποιημένων εμβολίων για τον έλεγχο της. Η αρχική μορφή της νόσου, γνωστή ως κλασική, παρατηρείται συνήθως μετά την ηλικία των 3 εβδομάδων με υψηλή θνησιμότητα, εξαρτώμενη από παράγοντες, όπως η λοιμογόνος δύναμη του φυσικού στελέχους, η ηλικία και η φυλή των πτηνών και το επίπεδο των μητρικών αντισωμάτων. Η οξεία μορφή της νόσου, προκαλούμενη από τα πολύ λοιμογόνα στελέχη, χαρακτηρίζεται από υψηλά επίπεδα θνησιμότητας σε εμβολιασμένα ορνίθια και η συμπτωματολογία και οι αλλοιώσεις αυτήςείναι όμοιες με της κλασικής μορφής. Η υποκλινική μορφή της νόσου σχετίζεται με τα "variants" στελέχη του ίου, που προκαλούν μικρή θνησιμότητα και σοβαρή ανοσοκαταοτολή. Αρχικά, η κλασική μορφή ελεγχόταν ικανοποιητικά με τη χρήση των ήπιων εμβολίων τη δεκαετία του '70 και από το τέλος της δεκαετίας του '80 διαπιστώθηκε αδυναμία προστασίας από τα πολύ λοιμογόνα στελέχη. Μία άλλη ομάδα εμβολίων, γνωστή ως ισχυρή ή διεισδυτική, χρησιμοποιήθηκεγια τον έλεγχο των πολύ λοιμογόνων στελεχών. Αυτά τα εμβολιακά στελέχη πολλαπλασιάζονται στα πτηνά ακόμη και με παρουσία πολύ υψηλών τίτλων μητρικών αντισωμάτων. Στην Αμερική και σε άλλες χώρες, η νόσος από τα "variants" στελέχη ελέγχθηκεμε τα ενδιάμεσα εμβόλια, καθώς και με τα αδρανοποιημένα που περιελάμβαναν "variants", παρέχοντας έτσι μητρική ανοσία έναντι καιτων δυο, κλασικών και "variants" στελεχών. Μέχρι σήμερα η νόσος εξακολουθεί να αποτελεί μια σημαντική απειλή για την πτηνοτροφία. Η ανθεκτικότητα του IBDV σε φυσικούς και χημικούς παράγοντες υποβοηθά την παραμονή του ίου στο εξωτερικό περιβάλλον, ιδιαίτερα σε μολυσμένες εκτροφές παρά τις απολυμάνσεις. Η IBD απαιτεί αυστηρή επαγρύπνηση και θα πρέπει να αξιολογούνται πολύ προσεκτικά η εμφάνιση και ο επιπολασμός τόσο της κλινικής όσο και της υποκλινικής μορφής.

Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
  • Ενότητα
  • Review Articles
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