Επίμονες ιογενείς λοιμώξεις οε παραγωγικά ζώα και ζώα συντροφιάς: μηχανισμοί εγκατάστασης και διατήρησης αυτών


Δημοσιευμένα: Dec 6, 2017
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
Επίμονες ιογενείς λοιμώξεις μηχανισμοί εγκατάστασης μέτρα πρόληψης παραγωγικά ζώα ζώα συντροφιάς
M. PAPANASTASOPOULOU (Μ. ΠΑΠΑΝΑΣΤΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ)
Περίληψη

Στις επίμονες ιογενείς λοιμώξεις ο εκάστοτε υπεύθυνος ιός δεν εξουδετερώνεται πλήρως από το ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα του ξενιστή, αλλά παραμένει στον οργανισμό για διάστημα μηνών, ετών ή εφ' όρου ζωής και απεκκρίνεται κατά διαστήματαή συνεχώς. Το ζώο φορέας μπορεί να είναι φαινομενικώς υγιές, πιθανόν όμως να εμφανίζει συμπτώματα. Η επιζωοτιολογική σημασίατων επίμονων ιογενών λοιμώξεων είναι μεγάλη, γιατί οι ασυμπτωματικοί φορείς αποτελούν μόνιμη πηγή διασποράς του ίου, τον οποίο μπορεί να μεταφέρουν ακόμη και σε μακρινές αποστάσεις και να τον εισάγουν ξανά σε άλλη εκτροφή, περιοχή ή χώρα που είχαν εξυγιανθεί. Επιπλέον, οι λοιμώξεις αυτές μπορεί να αναζωπυρωθούν, να οδηγήσουν σε νόσημα ανοσολογικής προέλευσης,να συνοδεύονται από νεοπλασίες ή ακόμη να μεταδοθούν σε άλλα ζώα και σε ανθρώπους με τη χρήση μολυσμένων βιολογικών προϊόντων. Οι οικονομικές απώλειες που προκαλούνται στην εκτροφή ή και στο κράτος είναι σημαντικές. Πενήντα τέσσερις RNA και DNA ιοί διαπιστώθηκε ότι προκαλούν επίμονες λοιμώξεις στα παραγωγικά ζώα και τα ζώα συντροφιάς. Συγκεκριμένα,στα βοοειδή επίμονες λοιμώξεις προκαλούν 14 ιοί, στα αιγοπρόβατα 7, στους χοίρους 9, στα ιπποειδή 11, στη γάτα 8 και στο σκύλο 5. Η πλειονότητα των λοιμώξεων αυτών οφείλεται σε ρετροϊους και ερπητοϊους. Η εγκατάσταση και η διατήρηση μιας επίμονης λοίμωξης επιτυγχάνεται με διάφορους μηχανισμούς, όπως με τον περιορισμό της κυτταρολυτικής δράσης του ίου, την επί μακρόν διατήρηση του γενώματός του στο κυτταρικό DNA του ξενιστή και τη διαφυγή από τη δράση του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος. Τα μέτρα που λαμβάνονται για την προστασία των ζώων αφορούν είτε στην ανοσοποίηση τους είτε στην εκρίζωση του νοσήματος με θανάτωση των μολυσμένων ή καλύτερα όλων των ζώων της εκτροφής.Τα εμβόλια που χρησιμοποιούνται είναι αδρανοποιημένα ή ζωντανά ελαττωμένης λοιμογόνου δύναμης. Τα περισσότερα από αυτά παρασκευάζονται με συμβατικές μεθόδους. Υπάρχουν, όμως, διαθέσιμα και εμβόλια νέας τεχνολογίας, όπως εμβόλια-φορείς, εμβόλια-δείκτες ή εμβόλια υπομονάδων (subunit). Το κύριο πλεονέκτημα της χρήσης των εμβολίων-δεικτών είναι ότι επιτρέπουν τη διάκριση των εμβολιασμένων από τα φυσικά μολυσμένα ζώα.

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Αναφορές
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