Η εργαστηριακή διερεύνηση της αιμόστασης στα ζώα συντροφιάς


Δημοσιευμένα: Dec 21, 2017
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
αιμοπετάλια αιμόσταση γάτα θρομβοκυτταροπάθεια παράγοντες πήξης αίματος σκύλος
R. MISCHKE
Περίληψη

Στην ανασκόπηση αυτή αναφέρονται οι ενδείξεις για τον εργαστηριακό έλεγχο της αιμόστασης, η επιλογή των κατάλληλων για κάθε περίπτωση εξετάσεων, η μεθοδολογία για τη λήψη και το χειρισμό των δειγμάτων και η ερμηνεία των αποτελεσμάτων. Οι συνηθέστερες ενδείξεις για τον έλεγχο της αιμόστασης είναι η αιμορραγική διάθεση και η διάγνωση νοσημάτων που συνοδεύονται από διαταραχή της πήξης του αίματος. Σε αρκετές περιπτώσεις η ανασκόπηση του ιστορικού σε συνδυασμό με τα ευρήματα της κλινικής εξέτασης παρέχουν χρήσιμη πληροφόρηση για την αιτιολογία της αιμορραγικής διάθεσης. Κατά τη δειγματοληψία θα πρέπει να αποφεύγεται η παρατεταμένη ίσχαιμη περίδεση και να επιλέγονται τα φιαλίδια με το κατάλληλο αντιπηκτικό που θα γεμίζονται αυστηρά με την προκαθορισμένη κατά περίπτωση ποσότητα αίματος. Η ανάμιξη του αίματος με το αντιπηκτικό θα πρέπει να γίνεται με ήπιους χειρισμούς. Η εργαστηριακή αξιολόγηση της αιμόστασης περιλαμβάνει την μέτρηση του αριθμού των αιμοπεταλίων, του χρόνου ροής (προαιρετικά όταν υπάρχει υποψία θρομβοκυτταροπάθειας), του χρόνου προθρομβίνης (ΡΤ), του χρόνου ενεργοποιημένης μερικής θρομβοπλαστίνης (ΑΡΡΤ), του χρόνου πήξης (προαιρετικά, όταν οι ΡΤ και ΑΡΡΤ είναι αυξημένοι) και το θρομβοελαστόγραμμα. Η μεθοδική αυτή αξιολόγηση της αιμόστασης μπορεί να επεκταθεί με την εφαρμογή πιο εξειδικευμένων εξετάσεων όπως η μέτρηση των παραγόντων πήξης του αίματος, ο προσδιορισμός του παράγοντα von Willebrand και οι λειτουργικές δοκιμασίες των αιμοπεταλίων. Για την αξιοπιστία των ελέγχου της αιμόστασης θα πρέπει (1) να χρησιμοποιούνται μέθοδοι που έχουν αξιολογηθεί για εφαρμογή στο ζωικό είδος που εξετάζεται και (2) να λαμβάνονται υπόψη οι περιορισμοί που ισχύουν όταν εφαρμόζονται στα ζώα μέθοδοι που προορίζονται για τον άνθρωπο (για παράδειγμα, η μέθοδος μέτρησης του χρόνου προθρομβίνης στον άνθρωπο δεν είναι αρκετά ευαίσθητη για χρήση στο σκύλο και τη γάτα).

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Αναφορές
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