Σύγχρονες προκλήσεις στην παθολογία του χοίρου: υγεία του εντέρου, νεογνική διάρροια και αντιβιοαντοχή
Περίληψη
H παρούσα ανασκόπηση εξερευνά τα κρίσιμα ζητήματα της Υγείας του Εντέρου, της Νεογνικής Διάρροιας και της Αντιβιοαντοχής στη σύχρονη χοιροτροφία, υπογραμμίζοντας την αναγκαιότητα για ολοκληρωμένες στρατηγικές διαχείρισης. Η διατήρηση της Υγείας του Εντέρου είναι ουσιώδης για τη βελτίωση της παραγωγικότητας των χοίρων και της συνολικής κατάστασης της υγείας τους, καθώς οι διαταραχές οδηγούν σε σημαντικές οικονομικές απώλειες, κυρίως λόγω της νεογνικής διάρροιας — μια σοβαρή αιτία θνησιμότητας των χοιριδίων. Αυτή η κατάσταση επηρεάζεται από έναν συνδυασμό παθογόνων, περιβαλλοντικών και στρεσογόνων παραγόντων, αποδεικνύοντας την ανάγκη για αποτελεσματικά μέτρα πρόληψης και ελέγχου. Επιπλέον, η ανασκόπηση αυτή, αναδεικνύει την αυξανόμενη απειλή της αντιβιοαντοχής στη χοιροτροφία. Αν και τα αντιμικροβιακά έχουν διαδραματίσει καθοριστικό ρόλο στην προώθηση της υγείας των ζώων, η υπερβολική χρήση τους έχει οδηγήσει στην εμφάνιση ανθεκτικών βακτηρίων, τα οποία αποτελούν σημαντικές προκλήσεις για την υγεία των ζώων και των ανθρώπων. Ιδιαίτερα, στελέχη όπως αυτά του Escherichia coli (E. coli) που παράγουν ευρέως φάσματος β-λακταμάσες (ESBL) επιδεινώνουν την πολύπλοκοτητα της διαχείρισης ασθενειών και μπορούν να μεταδοθούν στους ανθρώπους μέσω της τροφικής αλυσίδας. Για να καταπολεμηθεί η αντιβιοαντοχή, η ανασκόπηση προτείνει αυστηρότερες ρυθμίσεις χρήσης αντιβιοτικών, βελτιωμένες πρακτικές διαχείρισης των εκτροφών και την υιοθέτηση της προσέγγισης της Ενιαίας Υγείας, η οποία υπογραμμίζει την διασύνδεση της ανθρώπινης, ζωικής και περιβαλλοντικής υγείας.
Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
- Πώς να δημιουργήσετε Αναφορές
-
Tsekouras, N., Athanasiou, L., Gougoulis, D., Christodoulopoulos, G., Billinis, C., & Papatsiros, V. (2025). Σύγχρονες προκλήσεις στην παθολογία του χοίρου: υγεία του εντέρου, νεογνική διάρροια και αντιβιοαντοχή. Περιοδικό της Ελληνικής Κτηνιατρικής Εταιρείας, 76(2), 8967–8978. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.38793
- Τεύχος
- Τόμ. 76 Αρ. 2 (2025)
- Ενότητα
- Review Articles
Αυτή η εργασία είναι αδειοδοτημένη υπό το CC Αναφορά Δημιουργού – Μη Εμπορική Χρήση 4.0.
Οι συγγραφείς των άρθρων που δημοσιεύονται στο περιοδικό διατηρούν τα δικαιώματα πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας επί των άρθρων τους, δίνοντας στο περιοδικό το δικαίωμα της πρώτης δημοσίευσης.
Άρθρα που δημοσιεύονται στο περιοδικό διατίθενται με άδεια Creative Commons 4.0 Non Commercial και σύμφωνα με την άδεια μπορούν να χρησιμοποιούνται ελεύθερα, με αναφορά στο/στη συγγραφέα και στην πρώτη δημοσίευση για μη κερδοσκοπικούς σκοπούς.
Οι συγγραφείς μπορούν να καταθέσουν το άρθρο σε ιδρυματικό ή άλλο αποθετήριο ή/και να το δημοσιεύσουν σε άλλη έκδοση, με υποχρεωτική την αναφορά πρώτης δημοσίευσης στο J Hellenic Vet Med Soc
Οι συγγραφείς ενθαρρύνονται να καταθέσουν σε αποθετήριο ή να δημοσιεύσουν την εργασία τους στο διαδίκτυο πριν ή κατά τη διαδικασία υποβολής και αξιολόγησής της.
Λήψεις
Τα δεδομένα λήψης δεν είναι ακόμη διαθέσιμα.
Αναφορές
Aarestrup F (2012) Get pigs off antibiotics. Nature 486:465-466.
Ahmad M, Khan AU (2019) Global economic impact of antibiotic
resistance: A review. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 19:313-316.
Almansour AM, Alhadlaq MA, Alzahrani KO, Mukhtar LE, Alharbi
AL, Alajel SM (2023) The Silent Threat: Antimicrobial-Resistant
Pathogens in Food-Producing Animals and Their Impact on Public
Health. Microorganisms11(9):2127.
Alvarez J, Sarradell J, Morrison R, Perez A (2015) Impact of Porcine
Epidemic Diarrhea on Performance of Growing Pigs. PLOS ONE
(3):e0120532.
Argudin MA, Deplano A, Meghraoui A, Dodemont M, Heinrichs A,
Denis O, Nonhoff C, Roisin S (2017) Bacteria from animals as a
pool of antimicrobial resistance genes. Antibiotics 6:12.
Ardakani Z, Canali M, Aragrande M, Tomassone L, Simoes M, Balzani
A, Beber CL (2023). Evaluating the contribution of antimicrobial
use in farmed animals to global antimicrobial resistance in humans.
One Health 17:100647. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100647.
Baquero F, Nombela C (2012) The microbiome as a human organ.
Clin Microbiol Infect 18:2–4.
Barba-Vidal E, Martín-Orúe SM, Castillejos L (2019) Practical aspects
of the use of probiotics in pig production: a review. Livest
Sci 223:84–96.
Barros MM, Castro J, Araújo D, Campos AM, Oliveira R, Silva S,
Outor-Monteiro D, Almeida C (2023) Swine Colibacillosis: Global
Epidemiologic and Antimicrobial Scenario. Antibiotics 12(4):682.
Bischoff SC (2011) ‘Gut health’: a new objective in medicine? BMC
Med 924.
Bosman AL, Deckert AE, Carson CA, Poljak Z, Reid-Smith RJ, McEwen
SA (2022) Antimicrobial use in lactating sows, piglets, nursery,
and grower-finisher pigs on swine farms in Ontario, Canada during
and 2018. Porc Health Manag 8(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s40813-
-00259-w.Brody H (2020) The gut microbiome. Nature 577:S5.
Byrne MK, Miellet S, McGlinn A, Fish J, Meedya S, Reynolds N,
van Oijen AM (2019) The drivers of antibiotic use and misuse:
the development and investigation of a theory driven community
measure. BMC Public Health 19(1):1425.
Callens B, Persoons D, Maes D, Laanen M, Postma M, Boyen F,
Haesebrouck F, Butaye P, Catry B, Dewulf J (2012) Prophylactic
and metaphylactic antimicrobial use in Belgian fattening pig herds.
Prev Vet Med 106:53-62.
Cao ST, Wang CC, Wu H, Zhang QH, Jiao LF, Hu CH (2018) Weaning
disrupts intestinal antioxidant status, impairs intestinal barrier and mitochondrial function, and triggers mitophagy in piglets. J
Anim Sci 96(3):1073–83.
Chen L, Li P, Wang J, Li X, Gao H, Yin Y, Hou Y, Wu G (2009)
Catabolism of nutritionally essential amino acids in developing
porcine enterocytes. Amino Acids. 37:143–152.
Cheon DS, Chae C (1996) Outbreak of diarrhea associated with Enterococcus
durans in piglets. J Vet Diagn Investig 8:123-124.
Dall C. Global antibiotic use rises, fueled by economic growth
(2018). Available at: http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/
/03/global-antibiotic-use-rises-fueled-economic-growth.
Accessed on 25 September 2021.
DANMAP (2018) Use of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial
resistance in bacteria from food animals, food, and
humans in Denmark. Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance
Monitoring and Research Programme.
De Lange C, Pluske J, Gong J, Nyachoti GM (2010) Strategic use of
feed ingredients and feed additives to stimulate gut health and
development in young pigs. Livest Sci 134(1-3).
DebRoy C, Maddox CW (2001) Identification of virulence attributes
of gastrointestinal Escherichia coli isolates of veterinary significance.
CAB Int 1:129–140.
Dewulf J, Joosten P, Chantziaras I, Bernaerdt E, Vanderhaeghen W,
Postma M, Maes D (2022) Antibiotic Use in European Pig Production:
Less Is More. Antibiotics 11:1493.
Diab SS, Uzal FA, Songer JG (2016) Diseases Produced by Clostridium
difficile. In: Uzal FA, Songer JG, Prescott JF, Popoff MR
(Eds.), Clostridial Diseases of Animals. John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
Hoboken, NJ, pp. 177–195.
Doster A (2000) Porcine gastric ulcer. Vet Clin N Am Food Anim
Pract 16:163–174.
Dowarah R, Verma AK, Agarwal N, Patel BHM, Singh P (2017)
Effect of swine based probiotic on performance, diarrhoea scores,
intestinal microbiota and gut health of grower-finisher crossbred
pigs. Livest Sci 195:74-79
Doyle LP, Hutchings LM (1946) A transmissible gastroenteritis in
pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 108:257–259.
Dubreuil JD (2021) Pig vaccination strategies based on enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli toxins. Braz J Microbiol 52(4):2499-2509.
Economou V, Gousia P (2015) Agriculture and food animals as a source
of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Infect Drug Resist 8:49–61 .
European Food Safety Authority (2024) The European Union summary
report on antimicrobialresistance in zoonotic and indicator
bacteria from humans,animals and food in 2021–2022. EFSA
J 21(2):e8583.
European Medicines Agency. (2023). Sales of veterinary antimicrobial
agents in 31 European countries: 2022 trends (2010-
. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/
report/sales-veterinary-antimicrobial-agents-31-european-countries-
-trends-2010-2022-thirteenth-esvac-report_en.pdf. Accessed
on 25 September 2024.Enjuanes L, Smerdou C, Castilla J,
Antón IM, Torres JM, Sola I, Golvano J, Sánchez JM, Pintado B
(1995) Development of protection against coronavirus induced
diseases. A review. Adv Exp Med Biol 380:197–211.
European Commission (2024). Pigmeat Dashboard. Available at
Accessed on 25 September 2024.European Parliament and the
Council of the European Union Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003.
Off. J. Eur. Union 2003, 4:29–43. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.
eu/legal-content/PT/TXT/?uri=celex:32003R1831 Accessed
on 17 February 2021.
Facklam RR, Carvalho MG, Teixeira LM (2002) Enterococcus. In
: Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Courvalin P, Dunny GM, Murray
BE, Rice LB, (eds) The Enterococci: Pathogenesis, Molecular
Biology, and Antibiotic Resistance. ASM Press, Washington, DC,
USA, pp. 1-54.
Fairbrother JM, Nadeau É. Colibacillosis. In: Zimmerman JJ, Karriker
LA, Ramirez A, Schwartz KJ, Stevenson GW, Zhang J (eds).
Diseases of Swine. John Wiley & Sons; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 2019.
pp. 807–834.
Fairbrother JM, Nadeau E, Gyles CL (2005) Escherichia coli in postweaning
diarrhea in pigs: an update on bacterial types, pathogenesis,
and prevention strategies. Anim Health Res Rev. 6(1):17-39.
Fleming A. Penicillin; Nobel Lecture; 11 December 1945; pp. 84–93.
Available at: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/
fleming/lecture/. Accessed on 24 July 2020.
Fouhse JM, Zijlstra RT, Willing BP (2016) The role of gut microbiota
in the health and disease of pigs. Anim Front 6(3):30–6. https://
doi.org/10.2527/af.2016-0031
Founou LL, Founou RC, Essack SY (2016) Antibiotic resistance in
the food chain: A developing country-perspective. Front Microbiol
:1881.
Founou LL, Founou RC., Essack S. Y. (2021) Antimicrobial resistance
in the farm-to-plate continuum: more than a food safety issue.
Futur Sci FSO692.
Frese SA, Parker K, Calvert CC, Mills DA (2015) Diet shapes the
gut microbiome of pigs during nursing and weaning. Microbiome
:28.
Gao K, Pi Y, Peng Y, Mu CL, Zhu WY (2018b) Time-course responses
of ileal and fecal microbiota and metabolite profiles to antibiotics
in cannulated pigs. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol 102:2289–2299.
George A (2018) Antimicrobial resistance, trade, food safety and security.
One Health 5:6-8.
Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, Prescott SL, Reimer RA, Salminen
SJ, Scott K, Stanton C, Swanson KS, Cani PD, Verbeke K,
Gregor R (2017) Expert consensus document: The International
Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus
statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat
Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:491–502.
Gong Q-L, Zhao W-X, Wang Y-C, Zong Y, Wang Q, Yang Y, Yang
Y, Shi K, Li J-M, Leng X, Du R, Zhao Q (2021) Prevalence
of coccidia in domestic pigs in China between 1980 and 2019:
a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 14:248.
Gryaznova MV, Dvoretskaya YD, Syromyatnikov MY, Shabunin SV,
Parshin PA, Mikhaylov EV, Strelnikov NA, Popov VN (2022)
Changes in the microbiome profile in different parts of the intestine
in piglets with diarrhea. Animals 12:320.
Hajati H (2018) Application of organic acids in poultry nutrition. Int
J Avian Wildl Biol 3:324-329.
Hinney B, Cvjetkovic V, Espigares D, Vanhara J, Waehner C,
Ruttkowski B, Selista R, Sperling D, Joachim A (2020) Cystoisospora
suis control in Europe is not always effective. Front Vet
Sci 7:113.
Hoberg EP, Brooks DR (2015) Evolution in action: Climate change,
biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease. Philosoph
Trans R Soc B 370, 20130553.
Holman DB, Chénier MR (2015) Antimicrobial use in swine production
and its effect on the swine gut microbiota and antimicrobial
resistance. Can J Microbiol 61:785–798.
Innes G, Randad PR, Korinek A, Davis MF, Price LB, So AD, Heaney
CD (2020) External Societal Costs of Antimicrobial Resistance
in Humans Attributable to Antimicrobial Use in Livestock Annu
Rev Public Health 41:141–157.
Jacobson M (2022) On the Infectious Causes of Neonatal Piglet Diarrhoea—
A Review. Vet Sci 9:422.
Jang S, Shin S, Kim S-H, Kim H, Moon C (2019) Diagnosis of Enterococcus
hirae infection in association with piglet diarrhea. J
Biomed Transl Res 20:115-120.
Jiménez MJ, Berrios R, Stelzhammer S, Bracarense APFRL (2020)
Ingestion of organic acids and cinnamaldehyde improves tissue homeostasis of piglets exposed to enterotoxic Escherichia coli
(ETEC). J Anim Sci 98:skaa012.
Jo HE, Kwon MS, Whon TW, Kim DW, Yun M, Lee J, Shin MY, Kim
SH, Choi HJ (2021) Alteration of Gut Microbiota After Antibiotic
Exposure in Finishing Swine. Front Microbiol 12:596002.
Joachim A, Ruttkowski B, Sperling D (2018) Detection of Cystoisospora
suis in faeces of suckling piglets - when and how? A
comparison of methods. Porcine Health Manag 4:20.
Jones MA, Hunter D (1983) Isolation of Clostridium difficile from
pigs. Vet Rec 112:253–254.
Kaper JB, Nataro JP, Mobley HL (2004) Pathogenic Escherichia coli.
Nat Rev Microbiol 2(2):123–140.
Khan SH, Iqbal J (2016) Recent advances in the role of organic acids
in poultry nutrition. J Appl Anim Res 44:359-369.
Kiernan DP, O’Doherty JV, Sweeney T. (2023) The Effect of Prebiotic
Supplements on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Associated
Health Parameters in Pigs. Animals. 13(19):3012.
Kim HB, Isaacson RE (2015) The pig gut microbial diversity: understanding
the pig gut microbial ecology through the next generation
high throughput sequencing. Vet Microbiol 177:242–51.
Kim KR, Owens G, Kwon SI, So KH, Lee DB, Ok YS (2010) Occurrence
and environmental fate of veterinary antibiotics in the
terrestrial environment. Water Air Soil Poll 214:163–174.
Kim HB, Borewicz K, White BA, Singer RS, Sreevatsan S, Tu ZJ,
Isaacson RE (2012) Microbial shifts in the swine distal gut in
response to the treatment with antimicrobial growth promoter,
tylosin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(38):15485-90.
Kimera, ZI, Mshana SE, Rweyemamu MM, Mboera LEG, Matee MIN
(2020) Antimicrobial use and resistance in food-producing animals
and the environment: an African perspective. Antimicrob Resist
Infect Control 9:37.
Kirchhelle C (2018) Pharming animals: a global history of antibiotics
in food production (1935–2017). Palgrave Commun 4:96.
Kongsted H, Pedersen K, Hjulsager CK, Larsen LE, Pedersen KS,
Jorsal SE, Bækbo P (2018) Diarrhoea in neonatal piglets: a case
control study on microbiological findings. Porcine Health Manag
:17.
Lauridsen C (2020) Effects of dietary fatty acids on gut health and
function of pigs pre- and post-weaning. J Anim Sci 98(4):skaa086.
Lekagul A, Tangcharoensathien V, Yeung S (2019) Patterns of antibiotic
use in global pig production: a systematic review. Vet
Anim Sci 7:100058.
Levin D, Raab N, Pinto Y, Rothschild D, Zanir G, Godneva A, Mellul
N, Futorian D, Gal D, Leviatan S, Zeevi D, Bachelet I, Segal E
(2021) Diversity and functional landscapes in the microbiota of
animals in the wild. Science. 372:eabb5352.
Li J, Yang K, Ju T, Ho T, McKay CA, Gao Y, Forget SK, Gartner
SR, Field CJ, Chan CB, Willing BP (2017) Early life antibiotic
exposure affects pancreatic islet development and metabolic regulation.
Sci. Rep. 7:1–12.
Li Z, Ma Z, Li Y, Gao S, Xiao S (2020) Porcine epidemic diarrhea
virus: Molecular mechanisms of attenuation and vaccines. Microb
Pathog 149:104553.
Liao SF (2021) Invited Review: Maintain or Improve Piglet Gut Health
around Weanling: The Fundamental Effects of Dietary Amino
Acids. Animals 11:1110.
Liao SF, Ji F, Fan P, Denryter K (2024) Swine Gastrointestinal Microbiota
and the Effects of Dietary Amino Acids on Its Composition
and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 25(2):1237.
Liu F, Cottrell JJ, Furness JB, Rivera LR, Kelly FW, Wijesiriwardana
U, Pustovit RV, Fothergill LJ, Bravo DM, Celi P, Leury BJ, Gabler
NK, Dunshea FR (2016) Selenium and vitamin E together improve
intestinal epithelial barrier function and alleviate oxidative stress
in heat-stressed pigs. Exp Physiol 101(7):801–10.
Liu L, Chen D, Yu B, Yin H, Huang Z, Luo Y, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu
J, Luo J (2020) Fructooligosaccharides improve growth performance
and intestinal epithelium function in weaned pigs exposed
to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Food Funct 11:9599–9612.
Liu P, Piao X, Kim S, Wang L, Shen Y, Lee H, Li S (2008) Effects
of chito-oligosaccharide supplementation on the growth performance,
nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and fecal
shedding of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus in weaning pigs.
J Anim Sci 86:2609–2618.
Liu Q, Gerdts V (2021) Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs
and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (Coronaviridae). In: Encyclopedia
of Virology. pp. 850–3.
Liu Q, Wang HY (2021) Porcine enteric coronaviruses: an updated
overview of the pathogenesis, prevalence, and diagnosis. Vet Res
Commun 45(2-3):75-86.
Luppi A, Gibellini M, Gin T, Vangroenweghe F, Vandenbroucke V,
Bauerfeind R, Bonilauri P, Labarque G, Hidalgo A (2016) Prevalence
of virulence factors in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
isolated from pigs with post-weaning diarrhea in Europe. Porcine
Health Manag 2:20.
Luppi A. (2017) Swine enteric colibacillosis: diagnosis, therapy and
antimicrobial resistance. Porc Health Manag 3:16.
Ma Y, Han X, Fang J, Jiang H (2021) Role of dietary amino acids and
microbial metabolites in the regulation of pig intestinal health.
Anim Nutr 9:1-6.
Liao SF, Ji F, Fan P, Denryter K (2024) Swine Gastrointestinal Microbiota
and the Effects of Dietary Amino Acids on Its Composition
and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 25(2):1237.
Maes D, Vyt P, Rabaeys P, Gevaert D (2007) Effects of toltrazuril on
the growth of piglets in herds without clinical isosporosis. Vet
J 173:197–199.
Maltecca C, Bergamaschi M, Tiezzi F (2020) The interaction between
microbiome and pig efficiency: a review. J Anim Breed Genet
:4–13.
Marthaler D, Rossow K, Culhane M, Collins J, Goyal S, Ciarlet M,
Matthijnssens J (2013) Identification, phylogenetic analysis and
classification of porcine group C rotavirus VP7 sequences from
the United States and Canada. Virology 446:189-198.
McClane BA, Robertson SL, Li J (2013) Clostridium perfringens, p
–489. In: Doyle MP, Buchanan RL (eds) Food Microbiology:
Fundamentals and Frontiers, 4th ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
Mesonero-Escuredo S, Strutzberg-Minder K, Casanovas C, Segalés J
(2018) Viral and bacterial investigations on the etiology of recurrent
pig neonatal diarrhea cases in Spain. Porc Health Manag 4:5.
Monger XC, Gilbert AA, Saucier L, Vincent AT (2021) Antibiotic
Resistance: From Pig to Meat. Antibiotics 10:1209.
Morin M, Magar R, Robinson Y (1990) Porcine group C rotavirus as
a cause of neonatal diarrhea in a Quebec swine herd. Can J Vet
Res 54:385-389
Morin M, Turgeon D, Jolette J, Robinson Y, Phaneuf JB, Sauvageau
R, Beauregard M, Teuscher E, Higgins R, Larivière S (1983) Neonatal
diarrhea of pigs in Quebec: Infectious causes of significant
outbreaks. Can J Comp Med 47:11–17.
Muteeb G, Rehman MT, Shahwan M, Aatif M (2023) Origin of Antibiotics
and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug
Development: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals 16(11):1615.
Nadeau E, Fairbrother JM, Zentek J, Belanger L, Tremblay D, Tremblay
CL, Rohe I, Vahjen W, Brunelle M, Hellmann K, Cvejic D,
Brunner B, Schneider C, Bauer K, Wolf R, Hidalgo A (2017)
Efficacy of a single oral dose of a live bivalent E. coli vaccine
against post-weaning diarrhea due to F4 and F18-positive enterotoxigenic
E. coli. Vet J 226:32–39.
Nagy J, Bilkei G (2003) Neonatal piglet losses associated with Escherichia
coli and Clostridium difficile infection in a Slovakian
outdoor production unit. Vet J 166(1):98–100.
Neuman H, Forsythe P, Uzan A, Avni O, Koren O (2018) Antibiotics in early life: dysbiosis and the damage done. FEMS Microbiol
Rev 42:489–499.
Pajarillo EAB, Chae JP, Balolong MP, Kim HB, Park C-S, Kang D-K
(2015) Effects of probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 11181
administration on swine fecal microbiota diversity and composition
using barcoded pyrosequencing. Anim Feed Sci Technol
:80–8.
Papatsiros G Billinis C (2012) The prophylactic use of acidifiers as
antibacterial agents in swine. In:Antimicrobial Agents. London,
UK:InTech; 2012.
Pluske JR, Turpin DL, Kim JC (2018) Gastrointestinal tract (gut)
health in the young pig. Anim Nutr 4:187–196.
Post KW, Songer JG (2004) Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium
difficile isolated from neonatal pigs with enteritis. Anaerobe
:47–50.
Posthaus H, Kittl S, Tarek B, Bruggisser J (2020) Clostridium perfringens
type C necrotic enteritis in pigs: diagnosis, pathogenesis,
and prevention. J Vet Diagn Invest 32(2):203-212.
Poudel A, Sharma S, Dhital K, Bhandari S, Rajbhandari PG, Napit
R, Puri D, Karmacharya DB (2024) Antimicrobial stewardship
hindered by inadequate biosecurity and biosafety practices, and
inappropriate antibiotics usage in poultry farms of Nepal-A pilot
study. PLoS One. 19(3):e0296911.
Rathnayake D, Mun HS, Dilawar MA, Baek KS, Yang CJ (2021)
Time for a paradigm shift in animal nutrition metabolic pathway:
dietary inclusion of organic acids on the production parameters,
nutrient digestibility, and meat quality traits of swine and broilers.
Life 11:476.
Rhouma M, Beaudry F, Thériault W, Letellier A (2016) Colistin in
pig production: chemistry, mechanism of antibacterial action, microbial
resistance emergence, and one health perspectives. Front
Microbiol 7:1789.
Rood JI (2016) General physiological and virulence properties of the
pathogenic clostridia. In: Uzal FA, Songer JG, Prescott JF, Popoff
MR (Eds), Clostridial Diseases of Animals. John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
Hoboken, NJ, pp. 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118728291.
ch2
Rood JI, Adams V, Lacey J, Lyras D, McClane BA, Melville SB, Moore
RJ, Popoff MR, Sarker MR, Songer JG, Uzal FA, Van Immerseel
F (2018) Expansion of the Clostridium perfringens toxin-based
typing scheme. Anaerobe 53:5–10.
Silva RO, Oliveira C, Guedes R, Lobato F (2015) Clostridium perfringens:
A review of the disease in pigs, horses and broiler chickens.
Ciência Rural 45.
Simjee S, Ippolito G (2022) European regulations on prevention use
of antimicrobials from january Braz J Vet Med. 2022 44:e000822.
doi: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm000822.
Sjölund M, Zoric M, Wallgren P (2014) Financial impact of disease on
pig production. Part III. Gastrointestinal Disorders. In: Proceedings
of 6th European Symposium of Porcine Health Management;
Italy, Sorrento p. 189.
Soler C, Goossens T, Bermejo A, Migura-García L, Cusco A, Francino
O, Fraile L (2018) Digestive microbiota is different in pigs
receiving antimicrobials or a feed additive during the nursery
period. PLoS ONE 13:e197353.
Song D, Park B (2012) Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus: a comprehensive
review of molecular epidemiology, diagnosis, and vaccines.
Virus Genes 44:167–175.
Songer JG, Post KW, Larson DJ, Jost BH, Glock RD (2000) Infection
of neonatal swine with Clostridium difficile. Swine Health Prod
:185–189.
Stokstad EL, Jukes TH, Pierce J, Page AC, Franklin AL (1949) The
multiple nature of the animal protein factor. JBC 180:647–654.
Su W, Gong T, Jiang Z, Lu Z, Wang Y (2022) The Role of Probiotics in
Alleviating Postweaning Diarrhea in Piglets From the Perspective
of Intestinal Barriers. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12:883107.
Szabó C, Kachungwa Lugata J, Ortega ADSV (2023) Gut Health and
Influencing Factors in Pigs. Animals 13(8):1350.
Tams KW, Larsen I, Hansen JE, Spiegelhauer H, Strøm-Hansen AD,
Rasmussen S, Ingham AC, Kalmar L, Kean IRL, Angen Ø, Holmes
MA, Pedersen K, Jelsbak L, Folkesson A, Larsen AR, Strube
ML (2023) The effects of antibiotic use on the dynamics of the
microbiome and resistome in pigs. Anim Microbiome 5(1):39.
Taylor M, Coop R, Wall R (2016) Veterinary Parasitology 4th edn.
West Sussex: WileyBlackwell.
Theil KW, Saif LJ, Moorhead PD, Whitmoyer RE (1985) Porcine
rotavirus-like virus (Group B rotavirus): Characterization and
pathogenicity for gnotobiotic pigs. J Clin Microbiol 21:340-345.
Thoms U (2012) Between promise and threat. NTM J Hist Sci Technol
Med 20:181–214.
Tsekouras N, Athanasakopoulou Z, Diezel C, Kostoulas P, Braun SD,
Sofia M, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Chatzopoulos DC, Gary D, Krähmer
D, Spyrou V, Christodoulopoulos G, Billinis C, Papatsiros
VG (2022) Cross-Sectional Survey of Antibiotic Resistance in
Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae
Isolated from Pigs in Greece. Animals 12(12):1560.
Uzal FA, Navarro MA, Asin J, Boix O, Ballarà-Rodriguez I, Gibert
X (2023) Clostridial diarrheas in piglets: A review. Vet Microbiol
:109691.
Uzal FA, Plattner BL, Hostetter JM (2016) Alimentary System. In:
Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer’s Pathology of Domestic Animals, Volume
Elsevier, pp. 1–257.
Van Boeckel TP, Brower C, Gilbert M, Grenfell BT, Levin SA,
Robinson TP, Teillant A, Laxminarayan R (2015) Global trends
in antimicrobial use in food animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
(18):5649-54.
Van Boeckel TP, Glennon EE, Chen D, Gilbert M, Robinson TP, Grenfell
BT, Levin SA, Bonhoeffer S, Laxminarayan R (2017) Reducing
antimicrobial use in food animals. Science 357(6358):1350-
Van Boeckel TP, Pires J, Silvester R, Zhao C, Song J, Criscuolo NG,
Gilbert M, Bonhoeffer S, Laxminarayan R (2019) Global trends
in antimicrobial resistance in animals in low- and middle-income
countries. Science 365(6459):eaaw1944.
Vancanneyt M, Snauwaert C, Cleenwerck I, Baele M, Descheemaeker
P, Goossens H, Pot B, Vandamme P, Swings J, Haesebrouck F,
Devriese LA (2001) Enterococcus villorum sp. nov., an enteroadherent
bacterium associated with diarrhoea in piglets. Int J Syst
Evol Microbiol 51;393-400.
Vidal A, Martín-Valls GE, Tello M, Mateu E, Martín M, Darwich L
(2019) Prevalence of enteric pathogens in diarrheic and non-diarrheic
samples from pig farms with neonatal diarrhea in the North
East of Spain. Vet Microbiol 237;108419.
Vlasova AN, Amimo JO, Saif LJ (2017) Porcine rotavirus: Epidemiology,
immune responses and control strategies. Viruses 9;48.
Wang C, Li P, Yan Q, Chen L, Li T, Zhang W, Li H, Chen C, Han X,
Zhang S, Xu M, Li B, Zhang X, Ni H, Ma Y, Dong B, Li S, Liu
S (2019) Characterization of the Pig Gut Microbiome and Antibiotic
Resistome in Industrialized Feedlots in China. mSystems.
(6):e00206-19.
Wang H, Zhong Z, Luo Y, Cox E, Devriendt B (2019) Heat-stable
enterotoxins of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and their impact
on host immunity. Toxins 11(1).
WHO (2001) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United
Nations and World Health Organization. Health and nutritional
properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. Available at: https://www.who.int/foodsafety/
publications/fs_management/en/probiotics.pdf. Accessed on 25
September 2024.
WHO (2015) Library cataloguing-in-publication data global action
plan on antimicrobial resistance. Available at: www.paprika-annecy.
com. Accessed on 13 September 2020.
WHO (2019) Monitoring and Evaluation of the Global Action Plan
on Antimicrobial Resistance. Available at: https://www.who.int/
publications/i/item/monitoring-and-evaluation-of-the-global-action-
plan-on-antimicrobial-resistance.Accessed on 17 February
Wilkins LJ, Monga M, Miller AW (2019) Defining Dysbiosis for a
Cluster of Chronic Diseases. Sci Rep 9:12918.
Xu C, Kong L, Gao H, Cheng X, Wang X (2022) A Review of Current
Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics in Food Animals. Front
Microbiol 13:822689.
Zhang F, Luo S, Gu J, Li Z, Li K, Yuan W, Ye Y, Li H, Ding Z, Song
D, Tang Y (2019) Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of porcine
diarrhea associated viruses in southern China from 2012 to 2018.
BMC Vet Res 15:470.
Zivkovic B, Migdal W, Radovic C (2011). Prebiotics in nutrition of
sows and piglets. BAH. 27.
