Warm Water Strawberry Disease (WWSD) Outbreak in Cultured Rainbow Trout

PDF (English)
Publicado: Apr 17, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.32145
TT Tanrıkul
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Türkiye
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1684-7965
E Dincturk
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Türkiye
F Şimşek
Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Türkiye
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7131-7035
Resumen

This study reports the first observation of warm-water strawberry disease in market-sized rainbow trout when the water temperature is above 15°C between April and September for 2 years in Turkey. Diseased fish with hemorrhagic inflammatory skin lesions were obtained from 4 different rainbow trout farms located in Muğla, Aegean Region of Turkey where the outbreak occurred. Microbiological, molecular, and histopathological analyze and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations were performed to determine the causative agent of the disease, but no particular microbial growth and positive nested PCR results were obtained from the samples. In contrast, a rod-shaped coccoid bacterium was observed in SEM views of inflammatory skin samples. Intense lymphocytic infiltration was determined in both the epidermis and the dermis by histopathological examination. The etiology of this skin disease is still uncertain; however, the disease continues to spread in the region where most of the rainbow trout production occurs with economic loss in relation to inevaluable market size fish. It is important to observe the effects of the disease to prevent spread between farms and determine appropriate protection and control strategies.


Article Details
  • Sección
  • Research Articles
Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

· Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Descargas
Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.
Citas
Anacker RL, Ordal EJ (1959). Studies on the myxobacterium Chondrococcus
columnaris 1. Serologicqal typing. J Bacteriol 78:25-32
Austin B, Austin DA (2007) Bacterial Fish Pathogens: Disease of farmed
and wild fish, fourth ed. UK. Heidelberg, Springer.
Cecchini F, Manzano M, Iacumin L, Comi G, Volpatti D, Galletti E, Galeotti
M (2017) Utilization of molecular methods to relate Red Mark
Syndrome affecting Oncorhynchus mykiss to an unculturable Rickettsiales
organism. J Appl Biol 5:001-007. https://doi.org/10.7324/
JABB.2017.50301
Ferguson HW, Girons A, Rizgalla G, Lapatra S, Branson EJ, Mackenzie
K, Davies M, Collins RO, Diab A, Crumlish M (2006) Strawberry
disease in rainbow trout in Scotland: pathology and association with
Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Vet Rec 158: 630-632. https://doi.
org/10.1136/vr.158.18.630
Fryer JL, Lannan CN, Giovannoni SJ, Wood ND 1992 Piscirickettsia
salmonis gen. nov., sp. nov., the causative agent of an epizootic disease
in salmonid fishes. Int J Syst Bacteriol 42: 120-6. https://doi.
org/10.1099/00207713-42-1-120
Galeotti M, Manzano M, Beraldo P, Bulfon C, Rossi G, Volpatti D, Magi
GE 2017 Ultrastructural and biomolecular detection of Rickettsialeslike
organisms in tissues of rainbow trout with Red Mark Syndrome. J
Fish Dis 40: 907-917. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12571
Galeotti M, Sarli G, Sirri R, Mandrioli L, Beraldo P, Bronzatti P, Giavenni
R, Orioles M, Magi GE, Volpatti D 2021a Red mark syndrome
of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; Walbaum, 1792): Histopathological
scoring and correlation with gross lesions. J Fish Dis 44: 1325-1336.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13391
Galeotti M, Volpatti, D, Byadgi O, Beraldo P, Orioles M, Sarti M, Ciulli S,
Magi GE 2021b Red mark syndrome (RMS) in farmed rainbow trout:
First report of outbreaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina. J Fish Dis 44:
-631. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13336
Kashi AM, Tahermanesh K, Chaichian S, Joghataei MT, Moradi F, Tavangar
SM, Naiafabadi ASM, Lotfibakhshaijesh N, Beyranvand SP,
Anvari-Yazdi AF, Abed SM 2014 How to prepare biological samples
and live tissues for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). GMJ 3: 63-
https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v3i2.267
Kubilay A, Ciftci S, Yıldırım P, Didinen BI, Metin S, Demirkan T, Ozen
MR, Oidtmann B, 2014 First observation of Red Mark Syndrome
(RMS) in cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum,
in Turkey. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 34: 95-101.
Lloyd SJ, Lapatra SE, Snekvik KR, Cain KD, Call DR 2011 Quantitative
PCR demonstrates a positive correlation between a Rickettsia-like organism
and severity of strawberry disease lesions in rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J Fish Dis 34: 701-709. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01285.x
Lloyd SJ, Lapatra SE, Snekvik KR, St-Hilaire S, Cain KD, Call DR 2008
Strawberry disease lesions in rainbow trout from southern Idaho are
associated with DNA from a Rickettsia-like organism. Dis Aquat Org
: 111-118. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao01969
McCarthy U, Steiropoulos NA, Thompson KD, Adams A, Ellis AE,
Ferguson HW 2005 Confirmation of Piscirickettsia salmonis as a
pathogen in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and phylogenetic
comparison with salmonid strains. Dis Aquat Org 64: 107-119.
https://doi.org/10.3354/dao064107
Metselaar M, Orioles M, Galeotti M, Adams A, Thompson KD 2022 Red
mark syndrome-Current state of knowledge. Aquaculture. 549: 737-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737748
Metselaar M, Thompson KD, Gratacap RML, Kik MJ, Lapatra SE, Lloyd
SJ, Call DR, Smith PD, Adams A 2010 Association of red-mark
syndrome with a Rickettsia-like organism and its connection with
strawberry disease in the USA. J Fish Dis 33: 849-858. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01187.x
Metselaar M, Thompson KD, Paley R, Green DM, Verner-Jeffreys D, Feist
S, Adams A 2020 Investigating the involvement of a Midichloria-like
organism (MLO) in red mark syndrome in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus
mykiss. Aquaculture. 528: 735-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
aquaculture.2020.735485
Oh WT, Giri SS, Yun S, Kim HJ, Kim SG, Kim SW, Kang JW, Han SJ,
Kwon J, Jun JW, Park SC 2019 Emergence of Rickettsial Infection
in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fry Displaying the Appearance
of Red Mark Syndrome in Korea. Microorganisms. 7: 302.
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090302
Oidtmann B, Lapatra SE, Verner-Jeffreys D, Pond M, Peeler EJ, Noguera
PA, Bruno DW, St-Hilaire S, Schubiger CB, Snekvik K, Crumlish M,
Green DM, Metselaar M, Rodger H, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Galeotti
M, Feist SW 2013 Differential characterization of emerging skin diseases
of rainbow trout-a standardized approach to capturing disease
characteristics and development of case definitions. J Fish Dis 36:
-937. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12086
Orioles M, Bulfoni M, Saccà E, Cesselli D, Schmidt JG, Galeotti M 2022a Development and application of a sensitive droplet digital
PCR for the detection of red mark syndrome infection in rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 551: 737910. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.737910
Orioles M, Saccà E, Metselaar M, Bulfoni M, Cesselli D, Galeotti M
b Observations on Red Mark Syndrome in juvenile rainbow trout
farmed in RAS system. J Fish Dis 00: 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1111/
jfd.13707
Sandoval C, Intante J, Abad J, Ferguson HW, Paredes E, Valdebenito S,
Yanez AJ, Illardi P, Avendano-Herrera R 2016 Case report: Strawberry
disease in farmed Chilean rainbow trout. J Aquat Anim Health 28:
-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2015.1114534
Sasani F, Shokpoor S, Rahmati-Holasoo H, Zargar A 2016 Appearance of
Red Mark Syndrome (RMS) in cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss Walbaum, 1972) in Iran. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 36:
-94.
Schmidt JG, Thompson KD, Padros F 2018 Emerging skin diseases in
aquaculture. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Path 38: 122-129.
St-Hilaire S, Jeffery K 2004 Strawberry disease in rainbow trout. Trout
News 37: 24.
Takeuchi M, Fujiwara-Nagata E, Katayama T, Suetake H 2021 Skin bacteria
of rainbow trout antagonistic to the fish pathogen Flavobacterium
psychrophilum. Sci Rep 11: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-
-87167-1
Verner-Jeffreys DW, Pond MJ, Peeler EJ, Rimmer GSE, Oidtmann B, Way
K, Mewett J, Jeffrey K, Bateman K, Reese RA, Feist SW 2008 Emergence
of cold water strawberry disease of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus
mykiss in England and Wales: outbreak investigations and transmission
studies. Dis Aquat Org 79: 207-218. https://doi.org/10.3354/
dao01916
von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, Schmidt JG, Chen D, Kania PW, Buchmann
K, Olesen NJ 2019 Skin immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) experimentally exposed to the disease Red Mark
Syndrome. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 211: 25-34. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.03.008
Artículos más leídos del mismo autor/a