Association of herd management with the infestation of ticks in domestic goats

PDF (English)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25074
M.S. SAJID
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan One health Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
H.M. RIZWAN
Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
M.K. KHAN
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
A. QUDOOS
Central Hi-Tech Laboratory, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
F.A. ATIF
Department of Clinical Sciences, Medicine Section, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan.
M.A. MALIK
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
M. MAQBOOL
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Résumé

Three-stage cluster random sampling was done for determination of the association of herd management with the prevalence of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestation in goats (Capra hircus) in southern Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 136 nomadic goat herds and settled farms were screened for ticks and related information like nature of herds, herd size, farming pattern, animal keeping, housing, floor pattern and hygienic measures and documented on a pre-structured questionnaire. In addition, participatory epidemiological tools were used to document trends of consultancy and therapy, choice of drugs and therapeutic approaches. A significant tick infestation (56.30%) was found in all the settled farms or nomadic herds irrespective of the herd size; however, herds having 40-60 goats showed highest infestation. Among 109 (80.1%) settled farms and 27 (19.8%) nomadic herds, highest infestation was found in nomadic herds. No significant association of tick infestation was found with the goat herds reared with large ruminants or separately. Association of tick infestation with goat herds reared in closed housing system was found to be significantly higher as compared to partially-closed or open. Tethered goats showed significantly higher rate of tick infestation than free living. Uncemented (Kacha) floor was a higher risk factor for tick infestation as compared to cemented and bricked. The goats of the settled farms were more prone to tick infestation whose owner neglected the tick infestation, consulted with quacks, used ethnoveterinary medicine and petroleum for control of ticks. The findings of present study will be helpful in devising appropriate extension services for the control of tick infestation in the selected region in specific and in resource-poor countries with similar livestock husbandry systems, in general.

Article Details
  • Rubrique
  • Research Articles
Creative Commons License

Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

· Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Téléchargements
Les données relatives au téléchargement ne sont pas encore disponibles.
Références
Abunna F, Tura J, Regassa A (2012) Status of tick infestation in small ruminants of Bedelle District, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 8:459.
Afzal M, Naqvi AN (2003) Livestock resources of Pakistan: present status
and future trends. Animal Sciences Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad 9: 1-14.
Ali A, Khan MA, Zahid H, Yaseen PM, Qayash Khan M, Nawab J, Ur Rehman Z, Ateeq M, Khan S and Ibrahim M (2019) Seasonal dynamics, record of ticks infesting humans, wild and domestic animals and molecular phylogeny of Rhipicephalus microplus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Pakistan. Front Physiol 10:793.
Atif FA, Khan MS, Iqbal HJ, Arshad GM, Ashraf E, Ullah S (2012) revalence of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina and Theileria annulata infections among cattle in Sargodha district, Pakistan. African J Agric Res 7:3302-7.
Badar N, Iqbal Z, Sajid MS, Rizwan HM, Jabbar A, Babar W, Khan MN, Ahmed A (2017) Documentation of ethnoveterinary practices in district
Jhang, Pakistan. J Anim Plant Sci 27(2): 398-406.
Batool M, Nasir S, Rafiq A, Yousaf I and Yousaf M (2019) Prevalence of tick infestation in farm animals from Punjab, Pakistan. Pak Vet J. xxxx, xx(x): xxx
Beyecha K, Kumsa B, Beyene D (2014) Ectoparasites of goats in three agroecologies in central Oromia, Ethiopia. Comp Clin Pathol 23:21-28.
Dipeolu OO (1983) Study on ticks of veterinary importance in Nigeria, An
attempt to control tick infestation on a herd of cattle grazed on tick infested pasture through acaricide treatment alone. Rev Elev Méd Vét Pays Trop 36(4):379-385.
Durrani AZ, Shakoori AR (2009) Study on ecological growth conditions of cattle Hyalomma ticks in Punjab, Pakistan. Iranian J Parasitol 4:19-25.
Farooqi SH, Ijaz M, Saleem MH, Rashid MI, Oneeb M, Khan A, Aqib AI, Mahmood S (2017) Distribution of Ixodid tick species and associated risk factors in temporal zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. Pakistan J Zool 49(6):2011-2017.
Fentahun T, Woldemariam F, Chanie M, Berhan M (2012) Prevalence of
ectoparasites on small ruminants in and around Gondar town. American-
Eurasian J Sci Res 7:106-111.
Ghosh S, Bansal GC, Gupta SC, Ray D, Khan MQ, Irshad H, Shahiduzzaman M, Seitzer U, Ahmed JS (2007) Status of tick distribution in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Parasitol Res 101(1):207-16.
Gopalakrishnan A, Dimri U, Nandi A, Ajith Y, Joshi V, Jhambh R, Yatoo MI (2017) Prevalence study on tick infestations of goat in lower Shivalik region of Uttarakhand. Int J Livest Res 7(7):158-165.
Hassan MA, Liu J, Rashid M, Iqbal N, Guan G, Yin H, Luocorresponding J (2018) Molecular survey of piroplasm species from selected areas of China and Pakistan. Parasit Vectors 11:457.
Hussain SI, Kumar GA (1985) The incidence of ticks (Ixodidea: Ixodidae) infesting sheep and goats in Sind province, Pakistan. Pak J Zool 17:89-97.
Iqbal A, Sajid MS, Khan MN, Khan MK (2013) Frequency distribution of
hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting bubaline population of district Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan. Parasitol Res 112:535-41.
Iqbal A, Sajid MS, Khan MN, Khan MK (2013) Frequency distribution of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting bubaline population of district Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan. Parasitol Res 112:535-541.
Irshad N, Qayyum M, Hussain M, Khan M (2010) Prevalence of tick infestation and theileriosis in sheep and goats. Pak Vet J 30:178-80.
Jongejan F, Uilenberg G (2004) The global importance of ticks. Parasitol 129:S3-S14.
Kabir MHB, Mondal MMH, Eliyas M, Mannan MA, Hashem MA, Debnath NC, Miazi OF, Mohiuddin C, Kashem MA, Islam MR, Elahi MF (2011). An epidemiological survey on investigation of tick infestation in cattle at Chittagong district, Bangladesh. African J Microbiol Res 5:346-52.
Kakar ME, Khan MA, Khan MS, Ashraf K, Kakar MA, Jan HS and Razzaq A (2017) Prevalence of tick infestation in different breeds of cattle in Balochistan. J Anim Plant Sci, 27(3): 797-802.
Kakar MN, Kakarsulemankhel JK (2008) Prevalence of endo (Trematodes)
and ecto-parasites in cows and buffaloes of Quetta, Pakistan. Pak Vet J 28:34-36.
Karim S, Budachetri K, Mukherjee N, Williams J, Kausar A, Hassan MJ, Adamson S, Dowd SE, Apanskevich D, Arijo A, Sindhu ZU, Kakar MA, Khan RMD, Ullah S, Sajid MS, Ali A, Iqbal Z (2017) A study of ticks and tick-borne livestock pathogens in Pakistan. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 11(6):e0005681.
Khan MI (1993) Taxonomical study of ticks of genus Rhipicephalus and their relation to the incidence of haemoparasites and comparative efficacy of different acaricides on ticks in sheep and goats in Kaghan valley. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
Khan MK, He L, Hussain A, Azam S, Zhang WJ, Wang LX, Zhang QL, Hu M, Zhou YQ, Zhao J (2013) Molecular epidemiology of Theileria annulata and identification of 18S rRNA gene and ITS regions sequences variants in apparently healthy buffaloes and cattle in Pakistan. Infection, Gen Evol 13:124-132.
Kumsa B, Beyecha K, Geloye M (2012) Ectoparasites of sheep in three agro-ecological zones in central Oromia, Ethiopia. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 79:1-7.
Lloyd S (1983) Effect of pregnancy and lactation upon infection. Vet Immun Immunopath 4:153-176.
MacLeod J (1935) Ixodes ricinus in relation to its physical environment. Parasitol 27:489-500.
Milne A (1948) The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus microhabitat
economy of the adult tick. Parasitol 40:14-34.
Moshaverinia A, Dini M, Azizzadeh M (2012) Prevalence of ixodid tick infestation of sheep in the Arasbaran region of Iran. J Parasit Dis 36:230-233.
Mustafa I, Shabbir RMK, Subhani M, Ahmad I, Raza A, Jamil S, Muqaddas
H, Shabbir R, Ghani A, Mahmood T, Aslam M, Khan MR, Asif S, Malik IU, Raza A, Aqeel M, Qayyum M, Waqas A, Ahmed H (2014) Seasonal activity of tick infestation in goats and buffalo of Punjab Province (District Sargodha), Pakistan. Kafkas Üniv Vet FakDerg 20:655-62.
Ogden NH, Swai E, Beauchamp G, Karimuribo E, Fitzpatrick JL, Bryant MJ, Kambarage D, French NP (2005) Risk factors for tick attachment to smallholder dairy cattle in Tanzania. Prev Vet Med 67:157-170.
Palomar AM, García-Álvarez L, Santibáñez S, Portillo A, Oteo JA (2014) Detection of tick-borne ‘Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis’ and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Spain in 2013. Parasit. Vectors 7:57.
Patel G, Shanker D, Jaiswal AK, Sudan V, Verma SK (2013) Prevalence and seasonal variation in ixodid ticks on cattle of Mathura district, Uttar Pradesh. J Parasit Dis 37:173-176.
Peckle M, Pires MS, Dos TM, Santos, Roier EC, Da Silva CB, Vilela JA, Santos HA, Massard CL (2013) Molecular epidemiology of Theileria equi in horses and their association with possible tick vectors in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Parasitol Res 112:2017-2025.
Perveen F, Bilqees FM, Ahmad H, Bibi NS, Hussain FM (2010) Frequency
of ixodid ticks infestation in livestock in two districts of NWFP, Pakistan. Proceed Parasitol 49:127-141.
Radon K, Danuser B, Iversen M (2001) Respiratory symptoms in European animal farmers. Eur Respir J 17:747-754.
Ramzan M, Unsar NU, Syed HMB, Ghulam M, Alamgir AK (2018) Knowledge, attitude and practices of herdsmen about ticks and tick–borne diseases in district Multan. Pak Entomol 40(1):13-18.
Rashid I, Saqib M, Ahmad T, Sajid MS (2019) Sero-prevalence and associated risk factors of q fever in cattle and buffaloes managed at institutional dairy farms. Pak Vet J xx(xx):xx-xx
Rehman A, Nijhof AM, Sauter-Louis C, Schauer B, Staubach C, Conraths FJ (2017) Distribution of ticks infesting ruminants and risk factors associated with high tick prevalence in livestock farms in the semiarid and arid agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. Parasites Vectors 10:190.
Rizwan HM, Sajid MS, Abbas H, Qamar MF, Akram Q, Maqbool M J HELLENIC VET MED SOC 2020, 71(3)ΠΕΚΕ 2020, 71(3)2290.
M.S. SAJID, H.M. RIZWAN, M.K. KHAN, A. QUDOOS, F.A. ATIF, M.A. MALIK, M. MAQBOOL (2019) Epidemiology and control of Congo fever in sacrificial animals of Pakistan. Vet Sci Res 01(02):18-24.
Rojas A, Rojas D, Montenegro V, Gutiérrez R, Yasur-Landau D, Baneth G (2014) Vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Costa Rica: first molecular
description of Babesia vogeli and Hepatozoon canis infections with a high prevalence of monocytic ehrlichiosis and the manifestations of co-infection. Vet Parasitol 199:121-128.
Rony SA, Mondal MMH, Begum N, Islam MA, Affroze S (2010) Epidemiology of ectoparasitic infestations in cattle at Bhawal forest area,
Gazipur. Bang J Vet Med 8:27-33.
Sajid MS, Iqbal A, Khan MN, Muhammad G, Siddique RM, Iqbal Z, Khan MK, Siddique F (2013) Descriptive epidemiology of insects infesting domestic sheep (Ovis aries) of district Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan. Pak J Agri Sci 50(1):117-122.
Sajid MS, Kausar A, Iqbal A, Abbas H, Iqbal Z, Jones MK (2018) An insight into the ecobiology, vector significance and control of Hyalomma ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): A review. Acta Trop 187:229-239.
Sajid MS, Iqbal Z, Shamim A, Siddique RM, Jawad-Ul-Hassan M, Rizwan HM (2017) Distribution and abundance of ticks infesting livestock population along Karakorum highway from Mansehra to Gilgit, Pakistan. J Hellenic Vet Med Soc 68:051-058.
Sajid MS, Iqbal Z, Khan MN, Muhammad G, Khan MK (2011) Prevalence,
associated determinants and in vivo chemotherapeutic control of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting domestic goats (Capra hircus) of lower Punjab, Pakistan. Parasitol Res 108: 601-609.
Sajid MS, Iqbal Z, Khan MN, Muhammad G, Iqbal MU (2007) Effect of Hyalomma ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on milk production of dairy buffaloes (Bos Bubalus Bubalis) of Punjab (Pakistan). Italian J Anim Sci 6:939-941.
Schork MA, Remington RD (2010) Statistics with applications to the Biological and Health Sciences. 3rd edition Lexington KY: USA.
Shemshad K, Rafinejad J, Kamali K, Piazak N, Sedaghat MM, Shemshad M, Biglarian MA, Nourolahi F, Beigi EV, Enayati AA (2012) Species diversity and geographic distribution of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) infesting domestic ruminants, in Qazvin Province, Iran Parasitol
Res 110:373-380.
Siddiqi MN, Jan AH (1986) Ixodid ticks (Ixodoidae) of N.W.F.P. (Pakistan).
Pak Vet J 6:124-126.
Sindhu ZUD, Iqbal Z, Khan MN, Jonsson NN, Siddique M (2010) Documentation of ethno-veterinary practices used for treatment of different ailments in selected a hilly area of Pakistan. Int J Agric Biol 12:353-358.
Soomro MH, Soomro SP, Bhutto MB, Akbar Z, Yaqoob M, Aarijo AG (2014) Prevalence of ticks in buffaloes in the upper Sindh Pakistan. Buffalo Bulletin 33:323-327.
Soulsby EJL (1982) Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of domesticated
animals. 7th ed., Bailliere Tindall and Cassel Ltd., London, UK.
Sultana N, Shamim A, Awan MS, Ali U, Hassan M, Siddique RM (2015). First pilot study on the prevalence of tick infestation in livestock of tehsil Hajira, Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir. Adv Anim Vet Sci 3:430-4.
Thrusfield M, Christley R, Brown H, Diggle PJ, French N, Howe K, Kelly L, Annette O’Connor, Sargeant J, Wood H (2018). Veterinary Epidemiology.
th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
Vathsala M, Mohan P, Sacikumar, Ramessh S (2008) Survey of tick species distribution in sheep and goats in Tamil Nadu, India. Small Rum
Res 74:238-242.
Walker AR, Bouattour A, Camicas JL, Estrada-Pena A, Horak IJ, Latif AA, Pegram RG, Preston PM (2007) Ticks of domestic animals in Africa, Bioscience reports, Edinburgh, UK.
Wanzala W (2017) Potential of traditional knowledge of plants in the management of arthropods in livestock industry with focus on (Acari) ticks. Hindawi 2017:1-33.