Staphylococci and zoonotic potential : oral carriage and antibiotic susceptibility in stray dogs and cats in Algeria


Kahina Razali
Rachid Kaidi
Filippo Giarratana
Khatima Ait-Oudhia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-5615
Résumé

This study aimed at identifying species of staphylococci isolated from the oral cavity of dogs and cats, in Algeria, and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility.

Oral swabs were collected from 70 healthy animals (35dogs and 35cats) and were grown in Mannitol Salt Agar medium.Isolates were identified using API staph commercial kits and then confirmed with MALDI-TOF MS associated with SARAMIS software.Coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) were tested for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion method.

On the 70 sampled animals, 59 were carriers of staphylococci in the oral cavity and more than one species was detected in 11 of them. Seventy (70) staphyloccoccal isolates were obtained belonging to 10 defferent species. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were most prevalent (81.42% ),of which the dominant species was S. xylosus (40%).Other coagulase-negative species,such as S, simulans (14.28%), S ,sciuri (11.42%) , S. saprophyticus (10%),S. capitis (2.85%),S, cohnii subsp cohnii (1.42%), and S, epidermidis (1.42%) were also isolated.The remaining n.13 CoPS included : S. intermedius (2.85%),S .pseudintermedius (8.57%) and S. intermedius group (SIG) (4.28%). No strain of S. aureus was found.

Results of antimicrobial resistance showed that 61.53% of CoPS isolates were resistant to at least two drugs.The highest rate of resistance was observed against penicillin,ampicillin and tetracycline (53.84% for each drug),while amoxicillin-clavulanate was active on most isolates.

In Algeria,Stray dogs and cats are carriers of many staphylococci species in the oral cavity, including multidrug resistant CoPS, which could be transmitted to humans through bites.

Article Details
  • Rubrique
  • Research Articles
Téléchargements
Les données relatives au téléchargement ne sont pas encore disponibles.
Biographie de l'auteur
Khatima Ait-Oudhia, Higher National Veterinary School, PB 161 Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
Veterinary Doctor, Master in Medical Microbiology, PhD in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases at the Veterinary School of Algiers and PhD in Clinical Biology of the Faculty of Medicine of Montpellier-France. Professor of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases at the National Veterinary School of Algiers.Thematic of interest: Parasitic diseases (protozoa), abortive diseases (bacterial, viral, parasitic), vector diseases and Dromedary Pathologies.
Références
Abrahamian FM, Goldstein EJ (2011) Microbiology of animal bite wound infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 24:231-46.
Agabou A, Ouchenane Z, Ngba Essebe C, Khemissi S, Chehboub MTE, Chehboub IB, Sotto A, Dunyach-Remy C, Lavigne JP (2017) Emergence of Nasal Carriage of ST80 and ST152 PVL+ Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Livestock in Algeria. Toxins 9: 303.
Bean DC, Wigmore SM (2016) Carriage rate and antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from healthy dogs in Victoria, Australia. Aust Vet J 94:456–460.
Bierowiec K, Płoneczka-Janeczko K, Rypuła K (2016) Is the Colonisation of Staphylococcus aureus in Pets Associated with Their Close Contact with Owners?.PLoS One 11:e0156052.
Bula-Rudas FJ, Olcott JL (2018) Human and Animal Bites. Pediatr Rev 39 :490–500.
Damborg P, Broens EM, Chomel BB, Guenther S, Pasmans F, Wagenaar JA, Weese JS, Wieler LH, Windahl U, Vanrompay D, Guardabassi L (2016) Bacterial Zoonoses Transmitted by Household Pets: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives for Targeted Research and Policy Actions. J Comp Pathol 155:S27–S40.
Gandolfi-Decristophoris P, Regula G, Petrini O, Zinsstag J, Schelling E (2013) Prevalence and risk factors for carriage of multi-drug resistant Staphylococci in healthy cats and dogs. J Vet Sci 14: 449–456.
Gharsa H, Ben Slama K, Gómez-Sanz E, Gómez P, Klibi N, Zarazaga M, Boudabous A, Torres C (2015a) Characterisation of nasal Staphylococcus delphini and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from healthy donkeys in Tunisia. Equine Vet J 47: 463–466.
Gharsa H, Ben Slama K, Gómez-Sanz E, Lozano C, Zarazaga M, Messadi L, Boudabous A, Torres C (2015b) Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from nasal samples of healthy farm animals and pets in Tunisia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 15: 109–115.
Goldstein EJC, Citron DM, Tyrrell KL, Leoncio E, Merriam CV (2018) Comparative In Vitro Activity of Omadacycline against Dog and Cat Bite Wound Isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 62:e02551-17.
Hariharan H, Matthew V, Fountain J, Snell A, Doherty D, King B, Shemer E, Oliveira S, Sharma RN (2011) Aerobic bacteria from mucous membranes, ear canals, and skin wounds of feral cats in Grenada, and the antimicrobial drug susceptibility of major isolates. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 34: 129–134.
Holzer KJ, Vaughn MG, Murugan V (2019) Dog bite injuries in the USA: prevalence, correlates and recent trends. Inj Prev 25: 187–190.
Iverson SA, Brazil AM, Ferguson JM, Nelson K, Lautenbach E, Rankin SC, Morris DO, Davis MF (2015) Anatomical patterns of colonization of pets with staphylococcal species in homes of people with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin or soft tissue infection (SSTI). Vet Microbiol 176: 202–208.
Kardjadj M, Ben-Mahdi MH (2019) Epidemiology of dog-mediated zoonotic diseases in Algeria: a One Health control approach. New Microbes New Infect 28:17-20.
Kaspar U, von Lützau A, Schlattmann A, Roesler U, Köck R, Becker K (2018) Zoonotic multidrug-resistant microorganisms among small companion animals in Germany. PLoS One 13: e0208364.
Katica M, Obradovic Z; Ahmed NH; Derviševic E (2019) Dog bites and their treatment in federation of Bosina and herzegovina.Cyprus J Med Sci 4:136-40.
Klachbrenner K (2017) Managing common bite wounds and their complications in the United States. Physician Assist Clin 2:277-286.
Lee W, Kim M, Yong D, Jeong SH, Lee K, Chong Y (2015) Evaluation of VITEK mass spectrometry (MS), a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS system for identification of anaerobic bacteria. Ann Lab Med 35:69-75.
Lozano C, Rezusta A, Ferrer I, Pérez-Laguna V, Zarazaga M, Ruiz-Ripa L, Revillo MJ, Torres C (2017) Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Human Infection Cases in Spain: Dog-to-Human Transmission. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 17:268-270.
Magleby R, Bemis DA, Kim D, Carroll KC, Castanheira M, Kania SA, Jenkins SG, Westblade LF (2019) First reported human isolation of Staphylococcus delphini. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 94:274-276.
Malik S, Peng H, Barton MD (2005) Antibiotic resistance in staphylococci associated with cats and dogs. J Appl Microbiol 99:1283-93.
Misic AM, Davis MF, Tyldsley AS, Hodkinson BP, Tolomeo P, Hu B, Nachamkin I, Lautenbach E, Morris DO, Grice EA (2015) The shared microbiota of humans and companion animals as evaluated from Staphylococcus carriage sites. Microbiome 3:2.
Morzycki A, Simpson A, Williams J (2019) Dog bites in the emergency department: a descriptive analysis. CJEM.21:63-70.
Muniz IM, Penna B, Lilenbaum W (2013) Treating animal bites: susceptibility of Staphylococci from oral mucosa of cats. Zoonoses Public Health 60:504-9.
Natsis NE, Cohen PR (2018) Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Am J Clin Dermatol 19:671-677.
Nemeghaire S, Argudín MA, Feßler AT, Hauschild T, Schwarz S, Butaye P (2014) The ecological importance of the Staphylococcus sciuri species group as a reservoir for resistance and virulence genes. Vet Microbiol 171:342–356.
Oh C, Lee K, Cheong Y, Lee SW, Park SY, Song CS, Choi IS, Lee JB (2015) Comparison of the Oral Microbiomes of Canines and Their Owners Using Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 10:e0131468.
Owczarczak-Garstecka SC,Christley R, Watkins F, Yang H, Bishop B, Westgarth, C (2019) Dog bite safety at work: an injury prevention perspective on reported occupational dog bites in the UK.Safety Sci 118:595-606.
Paharik AE, Horswill AR (2016) The Staphylococcal Biofilm: Adhesins, Regulation, and Host Response. Microbiol Spectr 4:10.1128.
Paul NC, Bärgman SC, Moodley A, Nielsen SS, Guardabassi L (2012) Staphylococcus pseudintermedius colonization patterns and strain diversity in healthy dogs: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Vet Microbiol 160:420-7.
Paul NC, Damborg P, Guardabassi L (2014) Dam-to-offspring transmission and persistence of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius clones within dog families. Vet Dermatol. 25: 3–e2.
Rossi CC, da Silva Dias I, Muniz IM, Lilenbaum W, Giambiagi-deMarval M (2017) The oral microbiota of domestic cats harbors a wide variety of Staphylococcus species with zoonotic potential. Vet Microbiol 201:136-140.
Rothe K, Tsokos M, Handrick W (2015) Animal and Human Bite Wounds. Dtsch Arztebl Int 112: 433–443.
Shields BE, Tschetter AJ, Wanat KA (2016) Staphylococcus simulans: An emerging cutaneous pathogen. JAAD Case Rep 2: 428–429.
Tous Romero F, Gutiérrez García-Rodrigo C, Velasco Tamariz V, Llamas Martín R (2016) Acute Infection by Staphylococcus simulans in the Hand of a Man. JAMA Dermatol 152: 1060.
Velázquez-Guadarrama N, Olivares-Cervantes AL, Salinas E, Martínez L, Escorcia M, Oropeza R, Rosas I (2017) Presence of environmental coagulase-positive staphylococci, their clonal relationship, resistance factors and ability to form biofilm. Rev Argent Microbiol. 49: 15–23.
Yahiaoui F, Kardjadj M, Laidoudi Y, Medkour H, Ben-Mahdi MH (2018) The epidemiology of dog rabies in Algeria: Retrospective national study of dog rabies cases, determination of vaccination coverage and immune response evaluation of three commercial used vaccines. Prev Vet Med 158:65-70.
Zaidi S, Bouam A, Bessas A, Hezil D, Ghaoui H, Ait-Oudhia K, Drancourt M, Bitam I (2018) Urinary shedding of pathogenic Leptospira in stray dogs and cats, Algiers: A prospective study. PLoS One 13: e0197068.