Epidemiology and Risk Mapping of hard ticks (Ixodidae) infecting Small Ruminants in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan

PDF (English)
Publiée : Apr 18, 2023
Mis à jour : 2023-04-18
Versions :
2023-04-18 (2)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.28972
Z Iqbal
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7266-9289
K Afshan
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3979-7606
AR Kayani
PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2664-1239
H Ahmad
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, 46000, Pakistan.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0382-3569
M Irfan
PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5308-2359
M Qayyum
PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi,
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4959-7832
Résumé

Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) cause a negative impact on animal health and production globally. Because of the transhumant production system of sheep and goats in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan, registration and tracking system of animals is not possible, which is a prerequisite for the development of early warning systems for any outbreak of TBDs. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the district-wise surveillance and risk mapping to find the epidemiological profile of tick infestation in small ruminants from KP, Pakistan. Ticks (n=6257) were collected from the six selected districts from May 2017- April 2018. A total of 1500 animals (goats=618 and sheep=881) were screened for the presence of ticks on different host predilection sites. A questionnaire depicting epidemiological information was filled, and a geographic information system (GIS) was used to map the risk areas. The study identified six tick species namely, Rhiphicephalus (R.) microplus, Hyalomma (H.) trancatum, H. anatolicum, H. aegyptium, H. asiaticum, and Haemaphysalis bispinosa. The tick prevalence in study districts was 16% in Peshawar, 15.67% Mardan, 12.8% Bannu, 18% Mansehra, 15.67% Mingora, and 21.87% in Dera Ismail Khan. R. microplus was only prevalent in Peshawar (36.18 %) and in Dera Ismail Khan (63.81 %) districts, while Haemaphysalis bispinosa and H. aegyptium were only recorded in Mardan. The intensity of Hyalomma spp. was recorded at 62.92 % followed by Rhipicephalus spp., 36.55%, and Haemaphysalis spp., 1.15%. Hyalomma spp. showed the highest prevalence on all host predilection sites viz: ears (62.2 %), groin areas (60.8%), under the tail (61.9 %), testicular areas (63.2 %), breast (64.5 %), and in hooves (64.7%) as compared to Rhipicephalus and Haemaphysalis species. Similarly, in sheep and goats, the adult ticks were more prevalent in age group 1-2 years (83.28% and 68.98%) followed by < 1 year of age group (82% and 68.89%), respectively. The results revealed high female (61.9%) tick infestation as compared to male ticks (38.1%), whereas the highest female to male tick ratio was 1.77:1 in Haemaphysalis species. The GIS map demonstrated that the degree of tick infestation varied within districts and villages.  In conclusion, results recorded that economically vital ticks are extensively distributed all over the KP province and cost-effective control studies are needed to minimize the spread of tick-borne diseases.

Article Details
  • Rubrique
  • Research Articles
Creative Commons License

Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

· Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Téléchargements
Les données relatives au téléchargement ne sont pas encore disponibles.
Bibliographies de l'auteur
Z Iqbal

PhD scholar

K Afshan, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

Assistant Professor

AR Kayani, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi

Assistant Professor

H Ahmad, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, 46000, Pakistan.

Assistant Professor

M Irfan, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi,

Assistant professor

M Qayyum, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi,

Professor, Dean Faculty of Sciences

Références
Abera M, Mohammed T, Abebe R, Aragaw K, Bekele J (2010) Survey of ixodid ticks in domestic ruminants in Bedelle district, Southwestern Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 42(8): 1677-83.
Akhtar K, Anees R, Karim T, Gul SU, Rehman HU, Ali A, Wazir MI, Khan F, Achakzai SK (2019) Prevalence of tick infestation in cows of various regions of district Karak, Pakistan. J Entomol Zool Stud 7(2): 791-795.
Ali A, Khan MA, Zahid H, Yaseen PM, Khan MQM, Nawab J, Rehman UZ, Ateeq M, Khan S, Ibrahim M (2019) Seasonal Dynamics, record of ticks infesting humans, wild and domestic animals and molecular phylogeny of Rhipicephalus microplus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Front Physiol 10: 793.
Alonso-Díaz MA, García L, Galindo-Velasco E, Lezama-Gutiérrez R, Angel-Sahagún C, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Fragoso-Sánchez H (2007) Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Hyphomycetes) for the control of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) on naturally infested cattle in the Mexican tropics. Vet Parasitol 147: 336–340.
Atif FA, Khan MS, Iqbal HJ, Ali Z, Ullah S (2012) Prevalence of cattle tick infestation in three districts of the Punjab, Pakistan. Pak J Sci 64: 49-53.
Bianchi MW, Barre N, Messad S (2003) Factors related to cattle infestation level and resistance to acaricides in Boophilus microplus tick populations in New Caledonia. Vet Parasitol 112 (1-2): 75-89.
Burri C, Mora´n Cadenas F, Douet V, Moret J, Gern L (2007) Ixodes ricinus density and infection prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato along a north-facing altitudinal gradient in the Rhoˆne Valley (Switzerland). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 7: 50–58.
Champour M, Mohammadi G, Chinikar S, Razmi G, Mostafavi E, Jalali T (2013) Frequency of hard-ticks and the influence of age and sex of camel on ticks infestation rates in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) population in the northeast of Iran. Sci Parasitol 14(2): 89-93.
Dabaja MF, Tempesta M, Bayan A, Vesco G, Greco G, Torina A, Blanda V, La Russa F, Scimeca S, Lelli R, Ezzedine M, Mortada H, Raoult D, Fournier PE, Mortada M (2017) Diversity and distribution of ticks from domestic ruminants in Lebanon. Vet Ital 53(2): 147-155.
Dantas-Torres F (2015) Climate change, biodiversity, ticks and tick-borne diseases: The butterfly effect. Int J Parasitol: Parasites Wildl 4(3): 452-461.
de la Fuente J, Antunes S, Bonnet S, Cabezas-Cruz A, Domingos AG, Estrada-Peña A, Johnson N, Kocan KM, Mansfield KL, Nijhof AM, Papa A (2017) Tick-Pathogen Interactions and Vector Competence: Identification of Molecular Drivers for Tick-Borne Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 7: 1-14.
Devendra C, Burns M (1983) Feeding and Nutrition. In: Goat production in the Tropics. CAB (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux), Farnham Royal, Slough, UK, 90-115.
Estrada-Pena A (2009) Tick-borne pathogens, transmission rates and climate change. Front Biosci 14: 2674.
Gondard M, Cabezas-Cruz A, Charles RA, Vayssier-Taussat M, Albina E, Moutailler S (2017) Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of the Caribbean: Current Understanding and Future Directions for More Comprehensive Surveillance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 29: 1-16.
GOP (2019) Economic Survey 2018-2019. Finance Division, Economic Adviser’s Wing, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.
Gray J (2007) Ixodes ricinus seasonal activity: implication of global warming indicated by revisiting tick and weather data. Int J Med Microbiol 298: 19 -24.
Greenfield BPJ (2011) Environmental parameters affecting tick (Ixodes ricinus) distribution during the summer season in Richmond Park, London. Biohorizons 4(2): 140-148.
Iqbal A, Sajid MS, Khan MN, Khan MK (2013) Frequency distribution of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting bubaline population of district Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan. Parasitol Res 112(2): 535-541.
Irshad N, Qayyum M, Hussain M, Khan MQ (2010) Prevalence of tick infestation and theileriosis in sheep and goats. Pak Vet J 30(3): 178-180.
Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, Daszak P (2008) Global trends in emerging infection us diseases. Nature 451(7181): 990–994.
Jongejan F, Berger L, Busser S, Deetman I, Jochems M, Leenders T, de Sitter B, van der Steen F, Wentzel J, Stoltsz H (2020) Amblyomma hebraeum is the predominant tick species on goats in the Mnisi Community Area of Mpumalanga Province South Africa and is co-infected with Ehrlichia ruminantium and Rickettsia africae. Parasit Vectors 13(1): 172.
Kumsa B, Beyecha K, Geloye M (2012) Ectoparasites of sheep in three agro-ecological zones in central Oromia, Ethiopia. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 79(1): 1-7.
Mariana A, Zuraidawati Z, Ho TM, Kulaimi BM, Saleh I, Shukor MN, Shahrul-Anuar (2008) Ticks (Ixodidae) and other ectoparasites in Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kedah, Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 39: 496–506.
Mirzaei M, Khedri J (2014) Ixodidae ticks in cattle and sheep in Sistan and Baluchestan Province (Iran). Vet Ital 50(1): 65-8.
Mustafa I, Shabbir RMK, Subhani M, Ahmad I, Raza A, Jamil S, Muqaddas HR, Shabbir G, Ghani A, Mahmood T, Aslam M, Khan MR, Asif S, Malik IU, Bakar A, Raza M, Aqeel MA, Qayyum M, Waqas A, Ahmed H (2014) Seasonal activity of tick infestation in goats and buffalo of Punjab province (District Sargodha), Pakistan. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 20(5): 655-662.
Mwangi EN, Sayer PD, Njanja JC, Bell JF (1985) Tick survey on goats and sheep in Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 17(2): 102-6.
Paddock CD, Childs JE (2003) Ehrlichia chaffeensis: a Prototypical Emerging Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 16(1): 37–64.
Parola P, Raoult D (2001) Ticks and Tickborne Bacterial Diseases in Humans: An Emerging Infectious Threat. Clin Infect Dis 32: 897-928.
Pasalary M, Arbabi M, Pashei S, Abdigoudarzi M (2017) Fauna of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and their seasonal infestation rate on Camelus dromedarius (Mammalia: Camelidae) in Masileh region, Qom province, Iran. Persian J Acarol 6(1): 31–37.
Piesman J, Eisen L (2008) Prevention of tick-borne diseases. Annu Rev Entomol 53: 323-343.
Ramzan M, Ullah UN, Saba S, Iqbal N, Saeed S (2020) Prevalence and identification of tick species (Ixodidae) on domestic animals in district Multan, Punjab Pakistan. Int J Acarol 46(2): 83-87.
Rony SA, Mondal MMH, Begum N, Islam MA, Affroze S (2010) Epidemiology of ectoparasitic infestations in cattle at Bhawal Forest Area, Gazipur. Bangladesh J Med Vet Med 8(1): 27-33.
Sajid MS, Iqbal Z, Khan MN, Muhammad G, Khan MK (2009) Prevalence and associated risk factors for bovine tick infestation in two districts of lower Punjab, Pakistan. Prev Vet Med 92(4): 386-91
Sajid MS, Iqbal Z, Khan MN, Muhammad G, Needham G, Khan MK (2010) Prevalence, associated determinants, and in vivo chemotherapeutic control of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting domestic goats (Capra hircus) of lower Punjab, Pakistan. Parasitol Res 108(3): 601-609.
Shemshad K, Rafinejad J, Kamali K, Piazak N, Sedaghat MM, Shemshad M, Biglarian A, Nourolahi F, Valad Beigi E, Enayati AA (2012) Species diversity and geographic distribution of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) infesting domestic ruminants, in Qazvin Province, Iran. Parasitol Res 110(1): 373-80.
Sherrard-Smith E, Chadwick E, Cable J (2012) Abiotic and Biotic Factors Associated with Tick Population Dynamics on a Mammalian Host: Ixodes hexagonus Infesting Otters, Lutra lutra. PLoS ONE 7(10): e47131.
Singh NK, Rath SS (2013) Epidemiology of ixodid ticks in cattle population of various agro-climatic zones of Punjab, India. Asian Pac J Trop Med 6(12): 947-951.
Soulsby EJL (1982) Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals, 7th Ed, Elsevier, New Delhi, India.
Teel PD, Marın SL, Grant WE (1996) Simulation of host-parasite-landscape interactions: influence of season and habitat on cattle fever tick (Boophilus sp.) population dynamics. Ecol Modell 84: 19-30.
Walker AR, Bouattour A, Camicas JL, Estrada-Pena A, Horak IG, Latif AA, Pegram RG, Preston PM (2007) Ticks of domestic animals in Africa, Bioscience Reports, Edinburgh, UK.
Walker AR, Bouattour A, Camicas JL, Estrada-Peña A, Horak IG, Latif AA, Pegram RG, Preston PM (2014) Ticks of domestic animals in Africa: A Guide to Identification of Species. Bioscience Reports, Edinburgh Scotland, U.K, 221.
Xu T, Tabor AL, Valle MR (2016) Effective inhibition of thrombin by Rhipicephalus microplus serpin-15 (RmS-15) obtained in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Ticks Tick-borne Dis 7(1): 180-187.
Yacob H, Ataklty H, Berssisa K (2008a) Major ectoparasites of cattle in and around Mekelle, northern Ethiopia. Entomol Res 38: 126-130.
Yakhchali M, Hasanzadehzarza HS (2004) Study on some ecological aspects and prevalence of different species of hard ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) on cattle, buffalo and sheep in Oshnavieh suburb. Pajouhesh-va-Sazandegi Anim Fish Sci 63: 30-35.
Ybañez AP, Mingala CN, Ybañez RHD (2018) Historical review and insights on the livestock tick-borne disease research of a developing country: The Philippine scenario. Parasitol Int 67(2): 262-266.
Yu Z, Wang H, Wang T, Sun W, Yang X, Liu J (2015) Tick-borne pathogens and the vector potential of ticks in China. Parasites & Vectors 8: 24.
Zhao GP, Wang YX, Fan ZW, Ji Y, Liu MJ, Zhang WH, Li XL, Zhou SX, Li H, Liang S, Liu W (2021) Mapping ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China. Nat Commun 12(1): 1-13.
Articles les plus lus par le même auteur ou la même autrice