Unveiling the Truth: Honey Bees’ Astonishing Adaptation to Human Management Μέλι μέλισσα ανθρώπινη προσαρμογή
Résumé
The honey bee, Apis mellifera L., originated on the supercontinent Gondwana over 100 million years ago. It evolved in Southeast Asia and diversified into subspecies in North Africa, eventually spreading to Western Asia and Northern Europe. This species remained largely unchanged until it encountered humans approximately 10,000 years ago, leading to significant alterations through domestication. Human-induced hybridization has since blurred the geographic boundaries of subspecies, posing threats to honey bee diversity and resulting in the loss of many subspecies that formed 100,000 years ago.
Despite these challenges, local honey bee populations have demonstrated greater resistance to environmental factors compared to introduced lines, underscoring the importance of selecting subspecies and ecotypes adapted to local conditions. Genetic diversity is crucial for supporting honey bees' evolutionary potential and their ability to adapt to changing environments. Understanding the historical relationship between humans and honey bees is essential for developing strategies that enhance their ecological adaptation and foster mutually beneficial relationships.
Although honey bees may appear independent, modern humans and honey bees have become interdependent partners, enhancing their adaptation, resilience, and survival through cooperation. This mutual relationship highlights the importance of conserving the biological and genetic diversity of honey bees, ensuring their continued benefits to agriculture and the environment. Based on our experiences, we contend that modern beekeeping is not rooted in domestication but rather in the management of semi-wild bees.
Article Details
- Comment citer
-
Ilyasov, R., Boguslavsky, D., Ilyasova, A., Davydova, E., Atnagulova, A., Sattarov, V., Khrapova, S., Mannapov, A., & Kekeçoğlu, M. (2025). Unveiling the Truth: Honey Bees’ Astonishing Adaptation to Human Management: Μέλι μέλισσα ανθρώπινη προσαρμογή. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 76(2), 8955–8966. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.38619
- Numéro
- Vol. 76 No 2 (2025)
- Rubrique
- Review Articles
Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
· Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
· Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
· Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Téléchargements
Les données relatives au téléchargement ne sont pas encore disponibles.
Références
Aizen, M. A., Harder, L. D. (2009) The global stock of domesticated honey
bees is growing slower than agricultural demand for pollination.
Current Biology 19(11): 915-918. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.071
Akkaya, H., Alkan, S. (2007) Beekeeping in Anatolia from the Hittites
to the present day. Journal of Apicultural Research 46(2): 120-124.
doi: 10.3896/IBRA.1.46.2.10
Alburaki, M., Bertrand, B., Legout, H., Moulin, S., Alburaki, A., et al.
(2013) A fifth major genetic group among honeybees revealed in Syria.
Bmc Genetics 14: 117. doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-117
Alburaki, M., Moulin, S., Legout, H. E. E., Alburaki, A., Garnery, L.
(2011) Mitochondrial structure of eastern honeybee populations from
Syria, Lebanon and Iraq. Apidologie 42(5): 628-641. doi: 10.1007/
s13592-011-0062-4
Allendorf, F. W., Luikart, G., Aitken, S. N. (2012) Conservation and the
genetics of populations. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken.
Almeida, E. A. B., Bossert, S., Danforth, B. N., Porto, D. S., Freitas, F.
V., et al. (2023) The evolutionary history of bees in time and space.
Current Biology 33(16): 3409-3422. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.005
Arias, M. C., Sheppard, W. S. (2005) Phylogenetic relationships of honey
bees (Hymenoptera: Apinae: Apini) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial
DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
(1): 25-35. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.017
Avery, M. (1936) The Exultet Rolls of Italy. Princeton University Press,
Princeton, NJ.
Beltran, A. (1982) Rock Art of the Spanish Levant. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK.
Bloch, G., Francoy, T. M., Wachtel, I., Panitz-Cohen, N., Fuchs, S., et al.
(2010) Industrial apiculture in the Jordan valley during Biblical times
with Anatolian honeybees. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 107(25): 11240-11244. doi:
1073/pnas.1003265107
Boesch, C., Head, J., Robbins, M. M. (2009) Complex tool sets for honey
extraction among chimpanzees in Loango National Park, Gabon.
Journal of Human Evolution 6(6): 560-569. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.
04.001
Borst, L. P. (2012) The history of bee breeding. American Bee Journal
: 679-683.
Bossert, S., Murray, E. A., Almeida, E. A. B., Brady, S. G., Blaimer, B. B.,
et al. (2019) Combining transcriptomes and ultraconserved elements
to illuminate the phylogeny of Apidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and
Evolution 130: 121-131. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.012
Brady, S. G., Sipes, S., Pearson, A., Danforth, B. N. (2006) Recent and
simultaneous origins of eusociality in halictid bees. Proceedings
of the Biological Sciences 273(1594): 1643-1649. doi: 10.1098/
rspb.2006.3496
Brother, A. (1987) Beekeeping At Buckfast Abbey with a section on mead
making. Northern Bee Books, Hebden Bridge, United Kingdom.
Büchler, R., Costa, C., Hatjina, F., Andonov, S., Meixner, M. D., et al.
(2014) The influence of genetic origin and its interaction with environmental
effects on the survival of Apis mellifera L. colonies in
Europe. Journal of Apicultural Research 53(2): 205-214. doi: 10.3896/
IBRA.1.53.2.03
Cardinal, S., Danforth, B. N. (2013) Bees diversified in the age of eudicots.
Proceedings of the Biological Sciences 280(1755): 20122686. doi:
1098/rspb.2012.2686
Chapman, N. C., Harpur, B. A., Lim, J., Rinderer, T. E., Allsopp, M. H.,
et al. (2016) Hybrid origins of Australian honeybees (Apis mellifera).
Apidologie 47(1): 26-34. doi: 10.1007/s13592-015-0371-0
Chapman, N. C., Lim, J., Oldroyd, B. P. (2008) Population genetics of
commercial and feral honey bees in Western Australia. Journal of
Economic Entomology 101(2): 272-277. doi: 10.1093/jee/101.2.272
Chen, C., Liu, Z., Pan, Q., Chen, X., Wang, H., et al. (2016) Genomic
analyses reveal demographic history and temperate adaptation of the
newly discovered honey bee subspecies Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan
n. ssp. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33(5): 1337-1348. doi:
1093/molbev/msw017
Cilliers, L., Retief, F. P. (2008) Bees, honey and health in antiquity. Akroterion
(0): 7-19. doi: 10.7445/53-0-36
Cobey, S., Sheppard, W. S., Tarpy, D. R. (2012) Status of breeding practices
and genetic diversity in domestic US honey bees, Honey Bee
Colony Health: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions, CRC, Boca
Raton, FL, pp. 39-49.
Columella, L. J. M. (1941) Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella on Agriculture.
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Costa, C., Büchler, R., Berg, S., Bienkowska, M., Bouga, M., et al. (2012)
A Europe-Wide Experiment for Assessing the Impact of Genotype-Environment
Interactions on the Vitality and Performance of Honey
Bee Colonies: Experimental Design and Trait Evaluation. Journal of
Apicultural Science 56(1): 147-158. doi: 10.2478/v10289-012-0015-9
Crane, E. (1971) For those interested in history. Bee World 52(2): 80-81.
doi: 10.1080/0005772X.1971.11097360
Crane, E. (1975) Honey: a comprehensive survey. Heinemann, London.
Crane, E. (1998) Wall hives and wall beekeeping. Bee World 79(1): 11-22.
doi: 10.1080/0005772X.1998.11099371
Crane, E. (1999) The world history of beekeeping and honey hunting.
Routledge, New York.
Crane, E., Graham, A. J. (1985) Bee hives of the Ancient World. 1. Bee
World 66(1): 23-41. doi: 10.1080/0005772X.1985.11098818
Crane, E., Walker, P. (1985) Evidence on Welsh beekeeping in the past.
Folk Life 23(1): 21-48. doi: 10.1179/flk.1984.23.1.21
Crane, E., Walker, P. (1999) Early English beekeeping: the evidence from
local records up to the end of the Norman period. Local Historian
(3): 130-151. doi: 10.4324/9780203819937
Crickette, M., Sanz, C. M., Morgan, D. B. (2009) Flexible and persistent
tool-using strategies in honey-gathering by wild chimpanzees.
International Journal of Primatology 30(3): 411-427. doi: 10.1007/
s10764-009-9350-5
Dalley, S. (2002) Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities. Gorgias
Press LLC, Piscataway, New Jersey.
Danforth, B. N. (2002) Evolution of sociality in a primitively eusocial
lineage of bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 99(1): 286-290. doi: 10.1073/
pnas.012387999
Danforth, B. N., Minckley, R. L., Neff, J. L., Fawcett, F. (2019) The Solitary
Bees: Biology, Evolution, Conservation. Princeton University
Press, Princeton, NJ.
Danforth, B. N., Sipes, S., Fang, J., Brady, S. G. (2006) The history of
early bee diversification based on five genes plus morphology. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
of America 103(41): 15118-15123. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0604033103
Davies, M., Kathirithamby, J. (1986) Greek Insects. Oxford University
Press, Oxford, UK.
De Jong, D. (1996) Africanized honey bees in Brazil, forty years
of adaptation and success. Bee World 77(2): 67-70. doi:
1080/0005772X.1996.11099289
De la Rúa, P., Jaffé, R., Dall’Olio, R., Muñoz, I., Serrano, J. (2009) Biodiversity,
conservation and current threats to European honeybees.
Apidologie 40(3): 263-284. doi: 10.1051/apido/2009027
Delaney, D. A., Meixner, M. D., Schiff, N. M., Sheppard, W. S. (2009)
Genetic characterization of commercial honey bee (Hymenoptera:
Apidae) populations in the United States by using mitochondrial
and microsatellite markers. Annals of the Entomological Society of
America 102(4): 666-673. doi: 10.1603/008.102.0411
Diamond, J. (2002) Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal
domestication. Nature 418(6898): 700-707. doi: 10.1038/nature01019
Dietemann, V., Walter, C., Pirk, W., Crewe, R. (2009) Is there a need for
conservation of honeybees in Africa? Apidologie 40(3): 285-295.
doi: 10.1051/apido/2009013
Dogantzis, K. A., Tiwari, T., Conflitti, I. M., Dey, A., Patch, H. M., et al.
(2021) Thrice out of Asia and the adaptive radiation of the western
honey bee. Sci Adv 7(49): eabj2151. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abj2151
Engel, M. S. (1999) The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees (Hymenoptera,
Apidae, Apis). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 8: 165-196.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4960-7_18
Engel, M. S., Schultz, T. R. (1997) Phylogeny and behavior in honey
bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Annals of the Entomological Society
of America 90(1): 43-53. doi: 10.1093/aesa/90.1.43
Francis-Baker, T. (2021) Bees and Beekeeping. Shire Publications, London,
UK.
Franck, P., Garnery, L., Celebrano, G., Solignac, M., Cornuet, J. M. (2000)
Hybrid origins of honeybees from Italy (Apis mellifera ligustica) and
Sicily (Apis mellifera sicula). Molecular Ecology 9(7): 907-921. doi:
1046/j.1365-294X.2000.00945.x
Franck, P., Garnery, L., Loiseau, A., Oldroyd, B. P., Hepburn, H. R., et al.
(2001) Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: microsatellite and
mitochondrial data. Heredity 86(4): 420-430. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-
2001.00842.x
Frankham, R., Ballou, J. D., Briscoe, D. A., McInnes, K. H. (2010) Introduction
to conservation genetics. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Fraser, H. M. (1931) Beekeeping in Antiquity. University of London
Press, London.
Fraser, H. M. (1958) History of Beekeeping in Britain. Bee Research
Association, London.
Freeman, M. B. (1945) Lighting the Easter candle. Metropolitan Museum
of Art Bulletin 3(8): 194-200. doi: 10.2307/3257215
Fries, I., Imdorf, A., Rosenkranz, P. (2006) Survival of mite infested
(Varroa destructor) honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in a Nordic
climate. Apidologie 37: 564-570. doi: 10.1051/apido
Galton, D. (1971) Beeswax as an import in Mediaeval England. Bee World
(2): 68-74. doi: 10.1080/0005772X.1971.11097355
Gary, N. E. (1962) Chemical Mating Attractants in the Queen Honey
Bee. Science 136(3518): 773-774. doi: 10.1126/science.136.3518.773
Graystock, P., Yates, K., Evison, S. E. F., Darvill, B., Goulson, D., et al.
(2013) The Trojan hives: pollinator pathogens, imported and distributed
in bumblebee colonies. Journal of Applied Ecology 50(5):
-1215. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12134
Groeneveld, L. F., Kirkerud, L. A., Dahle, B., Sunding, M., Flobakk, M.,
et al. (2020) Conservation of the dark bee (Apis mellifera mellifera):
Estimating C-lineage introgression in Nordic breeding stocks. Acta
Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A - Animal Science 69(3): 157-
doi: 10.1080/09064702.2020.1770327
Gruter, C., Menezes, C., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L., Ratnieks, F. L. (2012)
A morphologically specialized soldier caste improves colony defense
in a neotropical eusocial bee. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America 109(4): 1182-1186. doi:
1073/pnas.1113398109
Hadisoesilo, S., Otis, G. W. (1996) Drone flight times confirm the species
status of Apis nigrocincta Smith, 1861 to be a species distinct from
Apis cerana F, 1793, in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Apidologie 27(5): 361-
doi: 10.1051/apido:19960504
Hadisoesilo, S., Otis, G. W., Meixner, M. (1995) Two distinct populations
of cavity-nesting honey bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in South
Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
: 399-407.
Hall, S. J., Bradley, D. G. (1995) Conserving livestock breed biodiversity.
Trends in ecology & evolution 10(7): 267-270. doi: 10.1016/0169-
(95)90005-5
Han, F., Wallberg, A., Webster, M. T. (2012) From where did the Western
honey bee (Apis mellifera) originate? Ecology and Evolution 2(8):
-1957. doi: 10.1002/ece3.312
Harpur, B. A., Chapman, N. C., Krimus, L., Maciukiewicz, P., Sandhu,
V., et al. (2015) Assessing patterns of admixture and ancestry in Canadian
honey bees. Insectes Sociaux 62(4): 479-489. doi: 10.1007/
s00040-015-0427-1
Harpur, B. A., Kent, C. F., Molodtsova, D., Lebon, J. M., Alqarni, A. S.,
et al. (2014) Population genomics of the honey bee reveals strong
signatures of positive selection on worker traits. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111(7):
-2619. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1315506111
Hatjina, F., Costa, C., Büchler, R., Uzunov, A., Drazic, M., et al. (2014)
Population dynamics of European honey bee genotypes under different
environmental conditions. Journal of Apicultural Research 53(2):
-247. doi: 10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.05
Hepburn, H. R., Radloff, S. E. (1998) Honeybees of Africa. Springer,
Berlin Heidelberg.
Herrod-Hempsall, W. (1937) Bee-Keeping New and Old Described with
Pen and Camera, V. II. The British Bee Journal publisher, London.
Ilyasov, R. A., Kosarev, M. N., Neal, A., Yumaguzhin, F. G. (2015) Burzyan
wild-hive honeybee A. m. mellifera in South Ural. Bee World 92(1):
-11. doi: 10.1080/0005772X.2015.1047634
Ilyasov, R. A., Lee, M. l., Takahashi, J. i., Kwon, H. W., Nikolenko, A. G.
(2020) A revision of subspecies structure of western honey bee Apis
mellifera. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 27(12): 3615-3621.
doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.001
Ilyasov, R. A., Nikolenko, A. G., Saifullina, N. M. (2016) The Dark Forest
Bee Apis mellifera mellifera L. of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
KMK Scientific Publications Partnership, Moscow.
Ilyasov, R. A., Boguslavsky, D. V., Ilyasova, A. Y., Sattarov, V. N., Mannapov,
A. G. (2024) Coevolution of the honeybee and man: adaptive
evolution of two species. Biology Bulletin Reviews (Uspekhi Sovremennoi
Biologii) 14(3): 336–350. doi: 10.1134/S2079086424600619
Jaffé, R., Dietemann, V., Allsopp, M. H., Costa, C., Crewe, R. M., et al.
(2010) Estimating the density of honey bee colonies across their
natural range to fill the gap in pollinator decline censuses. Conservation
Biology 24(2): 583-593. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01331.x
Johnson, B. R., Linksvayer, T. A. (2010) Deconstructing the superorganism:
Social physiology, groundplans, and sociogenomics. The
Quarterly review of biology 85(1): 57-79. doi: 10.1086/650290
Johnson, B. R., Seeley, T. D. (2023) Honey Bee Biology. Princeton University
Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
Johnston, R. A. (2011) All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the
Medieval World, Vol1. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara. CA.
Jones, J. E., Graham, A. J., Sackett, L. H. (1973) An Attic country house
below the cave of Pan at Vari. Thames & Hudson Ltd., London,
United Kingdom.
Jones, R. (2013) A short history of beekeeping in the Ukraine. Bee World
(1): 12-14. doi: 10.1080/0005772X.2013.11417518
Kocher, S. D., Li, C., Yang, W., Tan, H., Yi, S. V., et al. (2013) The draft
genome of a socially polymorphic halictid bee, Lasioglossum albipes.
Genome Biology 14(12): R142. doi: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-12-r142
Kritsky, G. (1991) Lessons from history, the spread of the honey bee in
North America. The American Bee Journal 131: 367-370.
Kritsky, G. (2010) The Quest for the Perfect Hive. Oxford University
Press, New York.
Kritsky, G. (2015) The Tears of Re: Beekeeping in Ancient Egypt. Oxford
University Press, New York.
Kritsky, G. (2017) Beekeeping from Antiquity Through the Middle
Ages. Annu Rev Entomol 62: 249-264. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-
-035115
Laidlaw, H. H. (1944) Artificial insemination of the queen bee (Apis
mellifera L.): Morphological basis and results. Journal of Morphology
(3): 429-465. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1050740307
Laidlaw, J. H. H., Page, R. E. (1997) Queen Rearing and Bee Breeding.
Wicwas Press, Cheshire.
Langstroth, L. (1857) A Practical Treatise on the Hive and the Honey Bee.
CM Saxton and Company, New York.
Le Conte, Y., de Vaublanc, G., Crauser, D., Jeanne, F., Rousselle, J.-C., et
al. (2007) Honey bee colonies that have survived Varroa destructor.
Apidologie 38(6): 566-572. doi: 10.1051/apido:2007040
Lo, N., Gloag, R. S., Anderson, D. L., Oldroyd, B. P. (2010) A molecular
phylogeny of the genus Apis suggests that the Giant Honey Bee of
the Philippines, A. breviligula Maa, and the Plains Honey Bee of
southern India, A. indica Fabricius, are valid species. Systematic
Entomology 35(2): 226-233. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00504.x
Lodesani, M., Costa, C. (2008) Maximizing the efficacy of a thymol
based product against the mite Varroa destructor by increasing the
air space in the hive. Journal of Apicultural Research 47(2): 113-117.
doi: 10.1080/00218839.2008.11101436
Lunde, M. (2017) The History of Bees. Atria Books, New York, United
States.
Mattila, H. R., Seeley, T. D. (2007) Genetic diversity in honey bee colonies
enhances productivity and fitness. Science 317(5836): 362-364. doi:
1126/science.1143046
Mazar, A., Panitz-Cohen, N. (2007) It is the land of honey: beekeeping at Tel
Rehov. Near East. Archaeol. 70(4): 202-219. doi: 10.2307/20361335
Meixner, M. D., Costa, C., Kryger, P., Hatjina, F., Bouga, M., et al. (2010)
Conserving diversity and vitality for honey bee breeding. Journal
of Apicultural Research 49(1): 85-92. doi: 10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.12
Meixner, M. D., Leta, M. A., Koeniger, N., Fuchs, S. (2011) The honey
bees of Ethiopia represent a new subspecies of Apis mellifera - Apis
mellifera simensis n. ssp. Apidologie 42(3): 425-437. doi: 10.1007/
s13592-011-0007-y
Meixner, M. D., Pinto, M. A., Bouga, M., Kryger, P., Ivanova, E., et al.
(2013) Standard methods for characterising subspecies and ecotypes
of Apis mellifera. Journal of Apicultural Research 52(4): 1-28. doi:
3896/IBRA.1.52.4.05
Michener, C. D. (1969) Comparative social behavior of bees. Annu Rev Entomol
(1): 299-342. doi: 10.1146/ANNUREV.EN.14.010169.001503
Michener, C. D. (1974) The Social Behavior of the Bees. Harvard Univ.
Press, Cambridge, MA.
Michener, C. D. (2000) The Bees of the World. John Hopkins University
Press, Baltimore, London.
Mikheyev, A. S., Tin, M. M. Y., Arora, J., Seeley, T. D. (2015) Museum
samples reveal population genomic changes associated with a rapid
evolutionary response by wild honey bees (Apis mellifera) to an
introduced parasite. Nat Commun 6: 7991. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8991
Moritz, R. F., Lattorff, H. M., Neumann, P., Kraus, F. B., Radloff, S. E., et
al. (2005) Rare royal families in honeybees, Apis mellifera. Die Naturwissenschaften
(10): 488-491. doi: 10.1007/s00114-005-0025-6
Moritz, R. F. A., Kraus, F. B., Kryger, P., Crewe, R. M. (2007) The size
of wild honeybee populations (Apis mellifera) and its implications
for the conservation of honeybees. Journal of Insect Conservation
(4): 391-397. doi: 10.1007/s10841-006-9054-5
Nebolsin, P. (1887) Tales of a Traveler, Saint Petersburg.
Neumann, P., Carreck, N. L. (2010) Honey bee colony losses. Journal of
Apicultural Research 49(1): 1-6. doi: 10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.01
Nolan, W. J. (1929) Success in the artificial insemination of queen bees at
the Bee Culture Laboratory. Journal of Economic Entomology 22(3):
-551. doi: 10.1093/jee/22.3.544
Nye, R. (2004) Beowulf. Orion Child. Books, London.
Oldroyd, B. P. (2007) What’s killing American honey bees? PLoS Biology
(6): 1195-1199. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050168
Oldroyd, B. P. (2012) Domestication of honey bees was associated with
expansion of genetic diversity. Molecular Ecology 21(18): 4409-4411.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05641.x
Oldroyd, B. P., Fewell, J. H. (2007) Genetic diversity promotes homeostasis
in insect colonies. Trends in ecology & evolution 22(8): 408-413.
doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2007.06.001
Oldroyd, B. P., Wongsiri, S. (2006) Asian honey bees (biology, conservation,
and human interactions). Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts and London, England.
Oleksa, A., Wilde, J., Tofilski, A., Chybicki, I. J. (2013) Partial reproductive
isolation between European subspecies of honey bees. Apidologie
(5): 611-619. doi: 10.1007/s13592-013-0212-y
Oxley, P. R., Oldroyd, B. P. (2010) The Genetic Architecture of Honeybee
Breeding. Advances in Insect Physiology 39(83): 83-118. doi:
1016/B978-0-12-381387-9.00003-8
Parejo, M., Wragg, D., Gauthier, L., Vignal, A., Neumann, P., et al. (2016) Using whole-genome sequence information to foster conservation efforts
for the European dark honey bee, Apis mellifera mellifera. Frontiers
in Ecology and Evolution 4: 1-15. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00140
Parker, R., Melathopoulos, A. P., White, R., Pernal, S. F., Guarna, M. M.,
et al. (2010) Ecological Adaptation of Diverse Honey Bee (textlessitalictextgreaterApis
melliferatextless/italictextgreater) Populations.
Plos One 5(6): 11096. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011096
Petrov, E. M. (2009) On the Origins of Forest Beekeeping in Bashkortostan.
Kitap, Ufa.
Pinto, M. A., Henriques, D., Chávez-Galarza, J., Kryger, P., Garnery,
L., et al. (2014) Genetic integrity of the dark European honey bee
(Apis mellifera mellifera) from protected populations: a genome-wide
assessment using SNPs and mtDNA sequence data. Journal of Apicultural
Research 53(23): 269-278. doi: 10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.08
Pliny the Elder. (1855) The natural history, in: Bostock, J. and Riley, H.
T. (Eds.), Book XXIX (Ch. XXXIX), Bohn, H. G. , pp. 250.
Radford, U. M. (1949) The Antiquaries Journal. The Antiquaries Journal
(3-4): 164-168. doi: 10.1017/S0003581500017273
Raffiudin, R., Crozier, R. H. (2007) Phylogenetic analysis of honey bee
behavioral evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43(2):
-552. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.013
Rangel, J., Giresi, M., Pinto, M. A., Baum, K. A., Rubink, W. L., et al.
(2016) Africanization of a feral honey bee (Apis mellifera) population
in South Texas: does a decade make a difference? Ecology and
Evolution 6(7): 2158-2169. doi: 10.1002/ece3.1974
Ransome, H. M. (2004) The sacred bee, Ancient Times and Folklore,
Dover Publications, New York, pp. 308.
Requier, F., Garnery, L., Kohl, P. L., Njovu, H. K., Pirk, C. W. W., et al.
(2019) The Conservation of Native Honey Bees Is Crucial. Trends in
ecology & evolution 34(9): 789-798. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.008
Rinderer, T. E., Stelszer, J. A., Oldroyd, B. P., Buco, S. M., Rubink, W. L.
(1991) Hybridization between European and Africanized honey bees
in the neotropical Yucatan Peninsula. Science 253(5017): 309-311.
doi: 10.1126/science.253.5017.309
Roffet-Salque, M., Regert, M., Evershed, R. P., Outram, A. K., Cramp, L.
J., et al. (2015) Widespread exploitation of the honeybee by early Neolithic
farmers. Nature 527(7577): 226-230. doi: 10.1038/nature15757
Ruttner, F. (1988) Biogeography and taxonomy of honeybees. Springer
Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Rychkov, P. I. (1762) Orenburg Topography or a Complete Geographic
Description of the Orenburg Province, Saint Petersburg.
Saggs, H. W. F. (1984) The Might That Was Assyria. Sidgwick and Jackson,
London.
Samojlik, T., Jedrzejewska, B. (2004) Utilization of Białowieza Forest in
the times of Jagiellonian dynasty and its traces in the contemporary
forest environment. Sylwan 148(11): 37-50.
Schiff, N. M., Sheppard, W. S. (1996) Genetic differentiation in the queen
breeding population of the western United States. Apidologie 27(2):
-86. doi: 10.1051/apido:19960202
Schiff, N. M., Sheppard, W. S., Loper, G. M., Shimanuki, H. (1994) Genetic
Diversity of Feral Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Populations in
the Southern United States. Annals of the Entomological Society of
America 87(6): 842-848. doi: 10.1093/aesa/87.6.842
Schneider, S. S., Deeby, T., Gilley, D. C., DeGrandi-Hoffman, G. (2004)
Seasonal nest usurpation of European colonies by African swarms
in Arizona, USA. Insectes Sociaux 51(4): 359-364. doi: 10.1007/
s00040-004-0753-1
Seeley, T. D. (1985) Honeybee ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton,
United States.
Seeley, T. D. (1995) The Wisdom of the Hive: The Social Physiology of
Honey Bee Colonies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Seeley, T. D. (2019) The Lives of Bees: The Untold Story of the Honey
Bee in the Wild. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Seeley, T. D., Tarpy, D. R. (2007) Queen promiscuity lowers disease within
honeybee colonies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
(1606): 67-72. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3702
Sheppard, W. S. (1988) Comparative study of enzyme polymorphism
in United States and European honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
populations. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 81(6):
-889. doi: 10.1093/aesa/81.6.886
Sheppard, W. S., Rinderer, T. E., Garnery, L., Shimanuki, H. (1999) Further
analysis of Africanized honey bee mitochondrial DNA reveals
diversity of origin. Genetics and Molecular Biology 22(1): 73-75.
doi: 10.1590/S1415-47571999000100015
Smith, A. R., Wcislo, W. T., O’Donnell, S. (2003) Assured fitness returns
favor sociality in a mass provisioning sweat bee, Megalopta genalis
(Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
: 14-21. doi: 10.1007/s00265-003-0602-y
Soland-Reckeweg, G., Heckel, G., Neumann, P., Fluri, P., Excoffier, L.
(2009) Gene flow in admixed populations and implications for the
conservation of the Western honeybee, Apis mellifera. Journal of
Insect Conservation 13(3): 317-328. doi: 10.1007/s10841-008-9175-0
Spivak, M., Masterman, R., Ross, R., Mesce, K. A. (2002) Hygienic
Behavior in the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) and the Modulatory
Role of Octopamine. Journal of Neurobiology 55(3): 341-354. doi:
1002/neu.10219
Szabo, T. I., Lefkovitch, L. P. (1989) Effect of brood production and
population size on honey production of honeybee colonies in Alberta,
Canada. Apidologie 20(2): 157-163. doi: 10.1051/apido:19890206
Tarpy, D. R. (2003) Genetic diversity within honeybee colonies prevents
severe infections and promotes colony growth. Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 270(1510):
-103. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2199
Tarpy, D. R., Nielsen, D. I. (2002) Sampling Error, Effective Paternity, and
Estimating the Genetic Structure of Honey Bee Colonies (Hymenoptera:
Apidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95(4):
-528. doi: 10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0513:SEEPAE]2.0.CO;2
Taxel, I. (2006) Ceramic evidence for beekeeping in Palestine in the
Mamluk and Ottoman periods. Levant 38(1): 203-212. doi: 10.1179/
lev.2006.38.1.203
Thompson, J. W. (1928) An Economic and Social History of the Middle
Ages (300–1300). Century Co., New York.
Tihelka, E., Cai, C., Pisani, D., Donoghue, P. C. J. (2020) Mitochondrial
genomes illuminate the evolutionary history of the Western honey
bee (Apis mellifera). Scientific Reports 10(1): 14515. doi: 10.1038/
s41598-020-71393-0
Uzunov, A., Meixner, M. D., Kiprijanovska, H., Andonov, S., Gregorc, A.,
et al. (2014) Genetic structure of Apis mellifera macedonica in the
Balkan peninsula based on microsatellite DNA polymorphism. Journal
of Apicultural Research 53(2): 288-295. doi: 10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.10
Vakhitov, R. S. (1992) Bees and People. Bashkir Book Publishing House,
Ufa.
vanEngelsdorp, D., Evans, J. D., Saegerman, C., Mullin, C., Haubruge,
E., et al. (2009) Colony Collapse Disorder: A Descriptive Study. Plos
One 4(8): e6481. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006481
VanEngelsdorp, D., Meixner, M. D. (2010) A historical review of managed
honey bee populations in Europe and the United States and the factors
that may affect them. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103: 80-95.
doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.011
Varro, M. T. (1934) De Re Rustica, on Agriculture, Book III. Loeb Classical
Library, London.
Wallberg, A., Han, F., Wellhagen, G., Dahle, B., Kawata, M., et al. (2014)
A worldwide survey of genome sequence variation provides insight
into the evolutionary history of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Nature
Genetics 46(10): 1081-1088. doi: 10.1038/ng.3077
Whitfield, C. W., Behura, S. K., Berlocher, S. H., Clark, A. G., Johnston,
J. S., et al. (2006) Thrice out of Africa: ancient and recent expansions
of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Science 314(5799): 642-645. doi:
1126/science.1132772
Wilson, W. T. (1971) Resistance to American foulbrood in honey bees. XI.
Fate of Bacillus larvae spores ingested by adults. Journal of Invertebrate
Pathology 17(2): 247-251. doi: 10.1016/0022-2011 (71)90099-1
Winston, M. L. (1991) The biology of the honey bee. Harvard University
Press.
Witherell, P. C. (1976) A story of success: the Starline and Midnite hybrid
bee breeding programme. American Bee Journal 116: 63-82.
Woyke, J., Wilde, J., Phaincharoen, M. (2012) First evidence of hygienic
behaviour in the dwarf honey bee Apis florea. Journal of Apicultural
Research 51(4): 359-361. doi: 10.3896/IBRA.1.51.4.11
Yukuhiro, K., Sezutsu, H., Itoh, M., Shimizu, K., Banno, Y. (2002) Significant
levels of sequence divergence and gene rearrangements have
occurred between the mitochondrial genomes of the wild mulberry
silkmoth, Bombyx mandarina, and its close relative, the domesticated
silkmoth, Bombyx mori. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19(8):
-1389. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004200
Zhou, S., Morgante, F., Geisz, M. S., Ma, J., Anholt, R. R. H., et al. (2020)
Systems genetics of the Drosophila metabolome. Genome Research
(3): 392-405. doi: 10.1101/gr.243030.118
