Aflatoxin effects on animals health and milk composition of the ruminants


G. D. KOUROUSEKOS (Γ.Δ. ΚΟΥΡΟΥΣΕΚΟΣ)
Abstract

Anatoxins constitute toxic metabolites of the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus and are considered to be the mycotoxins, first detected and researched by the scientists. Aflatoxin consumption by animals or humans could lead to their organism function disorder, mainly depending on the duration of consumption and the quantity of the toxin. Such disorders, caused by aflatoxins and/or by other mycotoxins as well, could seriously affect animal production, the quality of the foods of animal origin and also the farmers income. After aflatoxin Bl is consumed by lactating animals, it is metabolised to aflatoxin Ml, which is excreted into the milk. As a consequence of aflatoxin influence on the general condition of animals, together with the excretion into the milk, the effects on milk quality, including changes in some milk components concentration could be considered as possible. Unfortunately, the present literature regarding this suggestion is inadequate. The reports regarding aflatoxin effects on the general condition of animals are mainly related with basic parameters, whose change can influence animal production. Such parameters are the body weight and the biochemical parameters of liver and kidneys. Reduction of body weight, decreased food consumption, increased concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and probably of alanine aminotransferase, extensive liver damage are reported by most authors. As for the milk fat concentration, some researchers did not reveal any aflatoxin effects on fat values, while others report a significant reduction of milk fatty acids.These results were attributed to the inhibition or the decreased production of some enzymes, appropriate for fatty acids synthesis, such as synthetase. Regarding the milk protein content, no aflatoxin effects on it are reported. Most researchers make reason for a slight increase of total protein blood levels after aflatoxin consumption as well as for RNA polymerase suspended action, resulting in the inhibition of a lot of metabolic reactions, such as protein synthesis. Moreover, no significant changes were recorded concerning either the milk lactose content or the glucose blood concentration, after aflatoxin consumption. The likelihood of the possible aflatoxin effects on udder health, resulting in mastitis, or on somatic cell count and total microbial count changes cannot be supported by the up-today existing data. Additionally, these parameters could be affected by a variety of factors, requiring, for this reason, extensive research.

Article Details
  • Sezione
  • Review Articles
Downloads
I dati di download non sono ancora disponibili.
Riferimenti bibliografici
Aller WW Jr, Edds GT, Asquith RL (1981) Effects of aflatoxins in young ponies. Am J Vet Res, 42 (12): 2162-2164
Applebaum RS, Marth EH (1983) Responses of dairy cows to dietary aflatoxin: Concentration of blood serum constituents and hormones associated with liver-kidney dysfunction and maintenance of lactation. Appi Microbiol Biotechnol, 18 (6): 381-386
Bansal BK, Hamann J, Grabowski NT, Singh KB (2005) Variation in the composition of selected milk fraction samples from healthy and mastitic quarters, and its significance for mastitis diagnosis. J Dairy Res, 72:144-152
Battacone G, Nudda A, Cannas A, Cappio Boriino A, Bomboi G, Pulina G (2003) Excretion of aflatoxin Ml in milk of dairy ewes treated with different doses of aflatoxin Bl. J Dairy Sci, 86 (8):2667-2675
Bhat NK, Emeh JK, Niranjan BG, Avadhani NG (1982) Inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis during early stages of aflatoxin Bl induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res, 42 (5): 1876-1880
Bingol NT, Tanritanir P, Dede S, Ceylan E (2007) Influence of aflatoxin present in forages and concentrated feedingstuffs on milk and some serum biochemical parameters in goats. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 51: 65-69
Black HS, Smith JD, Austin BJ, Rauschkolb EW (1970) Effect of aflatoxin Bl on the in vitro incorporation of 14C-acetate into human skin lipids. Experientia, 26:1292-1293
Boros V (1986) Influence of the lactation period on variations in thelevels of certain components of bulked goat's milk. Int Dairy Fed Bull, 202: 81-83
Bortell R, Asquith RL, Edds GT, Simpson CF, Aller WW (1983) Acute experimentally induced aflatoxicosis in the weanling pony. Am J Vet Res, 44 (11): 2110-2114
Boscos C, Stefanakis A, Alexopoulos C, Samartzi F (1996) Prevalence of subclinical mastitis and influence of breed, parity, stage of lactation and mammary bacteriological status on Coulter Counter Counts and California Mastitis Test in the milk of Saanen and autochthonous Greek goats. Small Rum Res, 21:139-147
Brown RW, Pier AC, Richard JL, Krogstad RE (1981) Effects of dietary aflatoxins on existing bacterial intramammary infections of dairy cows. Am J Vet Res, 42 (6): 927-933
Clark JD, Hatch RC, Miller DM, Jain AV (1984) Caprine aflatoxicosis:experimental disease and clinical pathologic changes. Am J Vet Res, 45 (6): 1132-1135
Colvin BM, Harrison LR, Gosser HS, Hall RF (1984) Aflatoxicosis in feeder cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 184 (8): 956-958
Diekman MA, Green ML (1992) Mycotoxins and Reproduction in Domestic Livestock. J Anim Sci, 70:1615 -1627
Dimick PS, McCarthy RD, Patton S (1970) Physiology of digestion and metabolism in the ruminants. A. T. Phillipson, ed. Oriel Press, New Castle upon Tyne: 529-541
Dimitri RA, Gabal MA, Saleh N.(1998) Effect of aflatoxin ingestion in feed on body weight gain and tissue residues in rabbits. Mycoses, 41 (1-2): 87-91
Doerr JA, Ottinger MA (1980) Delayed reproductive development resulting from aflatoxicosis in juvenile Japanese quail. Poult Sci, 59:1995-2001
Donaldson WE, Hsi-Tang Tung, Hamilton PB (1972) Depression of fatty acid synthesis in chick liver (Gallus domesticus) by aflatoxin.Comp Biochem Physiol, 41B: 843-847
Elgerbi AM, Aidoo KE, Candlish AAG, Tester RF (2004) Occurrence of aflatoxins Ml in randomly selected North African milk and cheese samples. Food Addit Contam, 21 (6): 592-597
El-Nezami HS, Nicoletti G, Neal GE, Donohue DC, Ahokas JT (1995) Aflatoxin Ml in human breast milk samples from Victoria, Australia and Thailand. Food Chem Toxicol, 33:173-179
Fernandez A, Hernandez M, Verde MT, Sanz M (2000) Effect of aflatoxin on performance, haematology and clinical immunology in lambs. Can J Vet Res, 64 (1): 53-58
Fernandez A, Ramos JJ, Sanz M, Saez T, Fernandez de Luco D (1996) Alterations in the performance, haematology and clinical biochemistry of growing lambs fed with aflatoxin in the diet. J Appi Toxicol, 16 (1): 85-91
Galvano F, Galofaro V, Galvano G (1996) Occurrence and stability of aflatoxim Ml in milk and milk products: a worldwide review. J Food Prot, 59:1079-1090
Galvano F, Galofaro V, Ritieni A, Bognanno M, De Angelis A, Galvano G (2001) Survey of the occurrence of aflatoxin Ml in dairy in dairy products marketed in Italy: second year of observation. Food Addit Contam, 18 (7): 644-646
Garrido NS, Iha MH, Santos Ortolani MR, Duarte Favaro RM (2003) Occurrence of aflatoxins Ml and M2 in milk commercialized in Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Food Addit Contam, 20 (1): 70-73
Gerson T, Shorland FB, Wilson GF, Reid CWS (1968) Origin of glyceride fatty acids in cow milk fat. J Dairy Sci, 51: 356-361
Hall RF, Harrison LR, Colvin BM (1989) Aflatoxicosis in cattle pastured in a field of sweet corn. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 194 (7): 938
Jacobsen BJ, Bowen KL, Shedly RA, Diener UL, Kemppainen BW, Floyd J (1993) Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicoses. Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities.www.aces.edu/department/grain/ANR767.htm
John DW, Miller LL (1969) Effect of aflatoxin Bl on net synthesis of albumin, fibrinogen and alphal-acid glycoprotein by the isolated perfused rat liver. Biochem Pharmacol, 18:1135-1146
Jouany JP, Yiannikouris A, Bertin G (2009) Risk assessment of mycotoxins in ruminants and ruminant products. Options Mediterrannennes, 85: 205-224
Kato R, Onoda K, Omoki Y (1969) Effect of aflatoxins Bl on the incorporation of [14C] acetate into cholesterol by rat liver. Experentia, 25:1026
Kato R, Takanaka A, Onoda K, Omori Y (1970) Different effect of aflatoxin on the induction of tryptophan oxygenase and of microsomal drug-hydroxylase system. J Biochem, 68: 589-592
Madheswaran RC, Balachandran B, Murali M (2004) Influence of dietary culture material containing aflatoxin and T2 toxin on certain serum biochemical constituents in Japanese quail. Mycopathologia, 158: 337-341
Maryamma KI, Sivadas CG (1975) Aflatoxicosis in goats (an experimental study). Ind Vet J, 52: 385-392
Mba AI, Boyo BS, Oyenuga VA (1975) Studies on the milk composition of West Africa dwarf, Red Sokoto and Saanen goats at different stages of lactation. I. Total solids, butterfat, solid-nonfat, protein, lactose and energy contents of milk. J Dairy Res, 42:217-226
McGrew PB, Barnhart HM, Mertens DR, Wyatt RD (1982) Some effects of Phénobarbital dosing of dairy cattle on aflatoxins Ml and fat in milk. J Dairy Sci, 65:1227-1233
Mertens DR, Wyatt RD (1976) Acute aflatoxicosis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 60 (Suppl. 1): 153-154
Miller DM, Clark JD, Hatch RC, Jain AV (1984) Caprine aflatoxicoses: Serum electrophoresis and patologie changes. Am J Vet Res, 45 (6): 1136-1141
Nageswara AR, Reddy VR, Srilatha C (1999) Effect of Livol Classic on the performance of commercial broilers fed aflatoxin. Phytomedica, 20 (1-2): 65-70
Nakajima M, Tabata S, Akiyama H, Itoh Y, Tanaka T, Sunagawa H, Tyonan T, Yoshizawa T, Kumagai S (2004) Occurrence of aflatoxin Ml in domestic milk in Japan during the winter season. Food Addit Contam, 21 (5): 472-478
Neathery MW, Moos WH, Wyatt RD, Miller WJ, Gentry RP, George LW (1980) Effects of dietary aflatoxin on performance and zinc metabolism in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 63: 789-799
Oguz H, Kurtoglu F, Kurtoglu V, Birdane YO (2002) Evaluation of biochemical characters of broiler chickens during dietary aflatoxin (50 and 100 ppb) and clinoptilolite exposure. Res Vet Sci, 73:101-103
Osweiler GD, Trampel DW (1985) Aflatoxicosis in feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 187 (6): 636-637
Pong RS, Wogan GN (1970) Time course and dose-responsecharacteristics of aflatoxin Bl effects on rat liver RNA polymeraseand ultrastructure. Cancer Res, 30: 294-304
Roussi V, Govaris A, Varagouli A, Botsoglou NA (2002) Occurrence of aflatoxin Ml in raw and market milk commercialized in Greece. Food Addit Contam, 19 (9): 863-868
Samarajeewa U, Arseculeratne SN, Tennekoon GE (1975) Spontaneous and experimental aflatoxicosis in goats. Res Vet Sci, 19 (3):269-277
Sidransky H, Verney E, Murty CN, Sarma DS, Reid M (1977) Effect of aflatoxin Bl on hepatic polyribosomes and protein synthesis in the rat. Chem Biol Interact, 18 (1): 69-82
Smith EE, Phillips TD, Ellis JA, Harvey RB, Kubena LF, Thompson J, Newton G (1994) Dietary hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate reduction of aflatoxin Ml residue in dairy goat milk andeffects on milk production and components. J Anim Sci, 72 (3):677-682
Srivastava VP, Bu-Abbas A, Allaa-Basuny, Al-Johar W, ΑΙ-Mufti S, Siddiqui MKJ (2001) Aflatoxin Ml contamination in commercial samples of milk and dairy products in Kuwait. Food Addit Contam, 18 (11): 993-997
Swenson DH, Lin J-K, Miller EC, Miller JA (1977) Aflatoxin Bl-2, 3-oxide as a probable intermediate in the covalent binding of aflatoxins Bl and B2 to rat liver DNA and ribosomal RNA in vivo. Cancer Res, 37:172-181
Tung H, Donaldson WE, Hamilton PB (1972) Altered lipid transport during aflatoxicosis. Toxicol Appi Pharmacol, 22: 97-104
Van Dijk HJ, O' Dell GD, Bodine AB (1984) Effects of aflatoxin Ml intake at physiologic levels on newborn dairy calves. Am J Vet Res, 45 (10): 1994-1997
Voigt MN, Wyatt RD, Ayres JC, Koehler PE (1980) Abnormal concentrations of Β vitamins and amino acids in plasma, bile and liver of chicks with aflatoxicosis. Appi Environ Microbiol, 40 (5):870-875
Wogan GN, Friedman MA (1968) Inhibition by aflatoxin Bl of hydrocortisone induction of rat liver tryptophan pyrrolase and tyrosine transaminase. Arch Biochem Biophys, 128: 509-516
Zygogiannis D, Katsaounis Ν (1986) Milk yield and milk composition of indigenous goats (Capra prisca) in Greece. Anim Prod, 42:365-374
Γούλας Π (1993) Αναπαραγωγικό πρότυπο και αποδόσεις της εγχώριας αίγας (Capra prisca), κάτω από ημιεντατικες και εντατικές συνθήκες εκτροφής σε σχέση με την αίγα φυλής Zaanen. Διδακτορική Διατριβή, Τμήμα Κτηνιατρικής Α.Π.Θ.
Ζυγογιάννης Δ, Κατσαοΰνης Ν (1992) Γιδοτροφία. Α' έκδοση, Θεσσαλονίκη:83
Κουρουσεκος ΓΔ, Μπελιμπασάκη Σ, Σαράτσης Φ, Λυμπερόπουλος Α, Μπόσκος Κ (2006) Παρουσία της αφλατοξίνης ΜΙ στο νωπό γάλα αγελάδων γαλακτοπαραγωγής στην ευρύτερη περιοχή της Θεσσαλονίκης. 10ο Πανελλήνιο Κτηνιατρικό Συνέδριο, Αθήνα 2006, Τόμος περιλήψεων: 40
Κουρουσεκος ΓΔ, Λυμπερόπουλος ΑΓ, Σαράτσης Φ, Μπόσκος Κ, Μπελιμπασάκη Σ (2008) Επιπτώσεις από τη χορήγηση αφλατοξίνης Β1 στη χημική σύνθεση του γάλακτος σε αίγες φυλής Παγγαίου. Ιο Πανελλήνιο Συνέδριο Κτηνιατρικής Παραγωγικών Ζώων, Υγιεινή ς-Ασφάλειας Τροφίμων και Προστασίας του Καταναλωτή, Αθήνα 2008, Τόμος περιλήψεων: 278
Μάντης Α (1993) Υγιεινή και τεχνολογία του γάλακτος και των προϊόντων του. 2η έκδοση, Αφοι Κυριακίδη, Θεσσαλονίκη: 4-7
Puoi leggere altri articoli dello stesso autore/i