Post-partum pathological conditions in the bitch - Part II


Опубликован: Nov 21, 2017
C. D. ORFANOU (Δ. Κ. ΟΡΦΑΝΟΥ)
N. H. VERVERIDIS (Χ. Ν. ΒΕΡΒΕΡΙΔΗΣ)
M. C. BOSCOS (Κ. Μ. ΜΠΟΣΚΟΣ)
Аннотация

Various disorders, some of which are life-threatening, can occur in bitches during the Puerperium. In this series of two articles, a detailed review of the literature on puerperal pathological conditions, along with excerpts from the authors' clinical experience and photographs, is presented. Initially, a brief account of the physiological processes during the Puerperium is presented. The hormonal changes, the changes in the genital system and the behavioural changes taking place as the genital system progressively returns to the non-pregnant state, are described. Subsequently, the various disorders, which are distinguished into systemic diseases, diseases of the mammary glands and diseases of the uterus, are reviewed. Systemic disorders that are manifested during the Puerperium are the puerperal hypocalcaemia and the abnormal maternal behaviour. Hypocalcaemia occurs usually after whelping, as calcium requirements of the bitch are increased due to milk production. The disease is due to the increased calcium requirements coupled with either a decreased intake of calcium (primary) or an inability to absorb it from the intestine or mobilise it from the bones (secondary). Abnormal maternal behaviour can be the consequence of factors causing nervousness, pain or disturbance of the bitch. Factors, such as genetic predisposition, caesarian section, young age or even the puppies themselves, may also trigger this condition. The puerperal mammary diseases are mastitis, agalactia and galactostasis. Mastitis is a disease of bacterial aetiology {Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. Streptococcus spp.) occurring with acute or subacute-chronic form. Agalactia is the inability for milk production and can be either primary or secondary; it is defined as full agalactia or hypogalactia. Galactostasis refers to the abnormal passage and expression of milk from the teats, resulting in increased accumulation into the mammary glands. The pathological conditions of the uterus include post-partum metritis, uterine prolapse, retention of foetal membranes, foetal retention, subinvolution of the placental sites and uterine haemorrhage. Post-partum metritis is caused by bacteria (mainly E. coli) invading the uterus during or immediately after whelping and occurs with systemic and genital signs. Uterine prolapse (full or partial) is usually the consequence of vigorous embryo manipulations or intense tenesmus of the bitch. Foetal retention is the consequence of dystocia or of misuse of long-acting progestagens. Subinvolution of the placental sites is the consequence of the erosion of the uterine wall by trophoblast-like cells; often, this erosion extends down to involve the entire mucosa and may even invade the myometrium. Puerperal haemorrhage occurs more frequently in bitches with pre-existing disorders of blood coagulation factors. All the above pathological conditions may cause serious problems to the affected bitches. For a successful treatment, early and correct diagnosis is important. For each condition, the clinical signs and the paraclinical findings are described and the procedure for accurate diagnosis is described. Finally, the recommended conservative or surgical treatment for each condition is presented. It should be noted that in every case, appropriate measures for the welfare of puppies need also to be taken. Measures for a frequent and efficient post-partum monitoring of bitches and puppies are proposed, in order to prevent the development of the various pathological situations.

Article Details
  • Раздел
  • Review Articles
Скачивания
Данные скачивания пока недоступны.
Библиографические ссылки
Al-Bassam ΜΑ, Thomson RG, O'Donnell L (1981) Involution abnormalities in the postpartum uterus of the bitch. Vet Pathol, 18:208-218.
Arbeiter Κ, Dickie MB (1993) Possible consequences of SIPS on the fertility of the bitch. Tierartztl Umschau, 48:420-422.
Boscos C, Samartzi F (1996) Post-partum disorders in the bitch. Bull Hell Vet Med Soc, 46:342-351.
Burke TJ (1977) Post parturient problems in the bitch. Vet Clin Ν Am, 7:693-698.
Bush BM (1993) Interpretation of Laboratory Results for Small Animal Clinicians. Blackwell, Oxford.
Dickie MB, Arbeiter Κ (1993) Diagnosis and therapy of the subinvolution of placental sites in the bitch. J Reprod Fert, 47(Suppl): 471-475.
England GCV (1998) Allen's Fertility and Obstetrics in the Dog. Blackwell, London.
England G, Yeager A, Concannon PW (2003) Ultrasound imaging ofthe reproductive tract of the bitch. In: Recent Advances in Small Animal Reproduction, I VIS, Ithaca (www.ivis.org).
Feeney DA, Johnston GR (2002) The uterus, ovaries and testes. In: Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology, 4th ed, Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 603-614.
Fernandez PE, Portiansky EL, Barbeito CG, Gimeno EJ (1998) Characterisation of cytotrophoblastic-like cells present in subinvolutioned placental sites of the bitch. Histol Histopathol, 13:995-1000.
Ferri STS, Vicente WRR, Toniollo GH (2003) Ultrasonographic study of the postpartum uterine involution in bitches after cesaerean section. Arq Bras Med Vet Zool, 55:167-172.
Gabor G, Siver L, Szenci Ο (1999) Intravaginal prostaglandin F2a for the treatment of metritis and pyometra in the bitch. Acta Vet Hung, 47:103-108.
Hirt RA, Kneissl S, Teinfalt M (2000) Severe hypercalcemia in a dog with a retained fetus and endometritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 216:1423-1425.
Hoskins JD (1995) Nutrition and nutritional disorders. In: Veterinary Pediatrics. Dogs and Cats from Birth to Six Months, 2nd ed, Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 511-524.
Johnston SD, Kustritz MVR, Olson PNS (2001) Canine and Feline Theriogenology. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Linde-Forsberg C (2005) Abnormalities in pregnancy, parturition and the periparturient period. In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 6th ed, Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1664-1667.
Magne ML (1986) Acute metritis in the bitch. In: Current Therapy in Theriogenology, 2nd ed, Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 505-506.
Nak D, Nak Y, Tek HB (2005). Total uterine prolapse in a bitch. Ind Vet J, 82:423-424.
Orfanou DC, Ververidis HN, Fthenakis GC (2008). Post-partum pathological conditions of bitches - Part I. J hell vet med Soc, in press.
Peter AT, Jakovljevic S (1992) Real-time ultrasonography of the small animal reproductive organs. Comp Cont Vet Educ, 14:739-746.
Pharr JW, Post Κ (1992) Ultrasonography and radiography of the canine post-partum uterus. Vet Radiol Ultrasound, 33:35-40.
Ritt MG, Fossum TW (1997) Successful treatment of uterine torsion and fetal retention in a postparturient Great Pyrenees bitch with septic peritonitis and prothrombotic complications. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 33:537-539.
Tejerina DFJC, Vega FJP (1995) Involution of placentation sites in the bitch. Med Vet, 12:328-332.
Ververidis HN, Stamou AI, Papazoglou L, Kokoli AN, Fthenakis GC, Boscos CM (2007) Extremely long retention of fetal remnants into the uterus of the bitch: description of three clinical cases. Proceedings of the 5th Annual Congress of the European Veterinary Society of Small Animal Reproduction (Lisbon, Portugal), p. 108.
Wheeler SL (1986) Subinvolution of placental sites in the bitch. In: Current Therapy in Theriogenology, 2nd ed, Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 513-515.
Wheeler SL, Magne ML, Kaufman J, Husted PW, Allen TA, Olson PN (1984) Postpartum disorders in the bitch. Comp Cont Educ Pract, 6:493-500.
Wood DS (1986) Canine uterine prolapse. In: Current Therapy in Theriogenology, 2nd ed, Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 510-511.
Wykes PM, Olson PN (1993) Diseases of the uterus. In: Disease Mechanisms in Small Animal Surgery, 2nd ed, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp 570-573.
Наиболее читаемые статьи этого автора (авторов)