Η πανδημία Covid-19 ως παράγοντας επιδείνωσης των ανισοτήτων υγείας


Δημοσιευμένα: Oct 22, 2020
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
πανδημία Covid-19 ανισότητες υγείας ευάλωτες κοινωνικές ομάδες φυλετικές διακρίσεις οικονομία
Panagiotis Stachteas
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1657-4696
Fotis Stachteas
Περίληψη

Η ταχέως διαδιδόμενη πανδημία Covid-19 προκάλεσε πρωτοφανείς επιπτώσεις στον παγκόσμιο πληθυσμό, επηρεάζοντας καθοριστικά ανθρώπινες ζωές, πολιτισμούς και οικονομίες. Αν και αρχικά είχε υποστηριχθεί η κοινωνική ουδετερότητά της, σύντομα επιβεβαιώθηκαν οι σαφείς διαφορές στη θνητότητα και τη νοσηρότητα, οι οποίες αντανακλούν τις ήδη υπάρχουσες ανισότητες υγείας. Οι οικονομικά άποροι, οι φυλετικές μειονότητες, οι πρόσφυγες, οι άστεγοι προσβάλλονται συχνότερα και σοβαρότερα, εντείνοντας το ήδη επιβαρυμένο υγειονομικό προφίλ τους. Επιπρόσθετα, η οικονομία έχει πληγεί ανεπανόρθωτα, αυξάνοντας κατακόρυφα τα ποσοστά ανεργίας και οδηγώντας πολλά νοικοκυριά στην ένδεια και στην εξαθλίωση. Τέλος, οι πολιτικές υγείας καλούνται να διαδραματίσουν καθοριστικό ρόλο τόσο στην αποφυγή της επιδείνωσης των ανισοτήτων, όσο και στη διαμόρφωση ενός ίσου, δίκαιου και αλληλέγγυου κόσμου.

Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
  • Ενότητα
  • Άρθρα
Λήψεις
Τα δεδομένα λήψης δεν είναι ακόμη διαθέσιμα.
Βιογραφικά Συγγραφέων
Panagiotis Stachteas, Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης
Ιατρός, Τμήμα Ιατρικής, Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης
Fotis Stachteas, Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης
Τμήμα Χημείας, Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης
Αναφορές
Διεθνής Οργανισμός Μετανάστευσης (2020, Μάρτιος 31). Ανακοίνωση. https://bit.ly/3kdOGhD
Ζήση, A. και Χτούρης, Σ. (2020). Η πανδημία Covid-19: Επιταχυντής των ανισοτήτων και εγκαταστάτης νέων μορφών ανισοτήτων. Επιθεώρηση Κοινωνικών Ερευνών, 154, σελ. 65-73. https://doi.org/10.12681/grsr.23229
Παπαδάτος-Αναγνωστόπουλος, Δ., Κουραχάνης, Ν. και Μακρίδου, Ε. (2020). Εξαίρεση των προσφύγων από την εθνική στρατηγική αντιμετώπισης του COVID-19 Έκθεση 2020.3. Θεσσαλονίκη: ΚΕΠΥ - Κέντρο Έρευνας και Εκπαίδευσης στη Δημόσια Υγεία, την Πολιτική Υγείας και την Πρωτοβάθμια Φροντίδα Υγείας. . https://www.healthpolicycenter.gr/el/topics/primary-health-care/covid-19
Abrams, E. M. and Szefler, S. J. (2020). COVID-19 and the impact of social determinants of health. The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 8(7), pp. 659–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30234-4
Ahmed, F., Ahmed, N., Pissarides, C. and Stiglitz, J. (2020). Why inequality could spread COVID-19. The Lancet. Public health, 5 (5), pp. e240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30085-2
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D. and Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International journal of mental health and addiction, pp. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Aldridge, R. W., Nellums, L. B., Bartlett, S., Barr, A. L., Patel, P., Burns, R., Hargreaves, S., Miranda, J. J., Tollman, S., Friedland, J. S. and Abubakar, I. (2018). Global patterns of mortality in international migrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet (London, England), 392 (10164), pp. 2553–2566. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32781-8
Bambra, C. (2016). Health divides: where you live can kill you. Policy Press.
Bambra, C., Riordan, R., Ford, J. and Matthews, F. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities. Journal of epidemiology and community health, jech-2020-214401. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214401
Belanger, M. J., Hill, M. A., Angelidi, A. M., Dalamaga, M., Sowers, J. R. and Mantzoros, C. S. (2020). Covid-19 and disparities in nutrition and obesity. The New England journal of medicine, 383(11), pp. e69. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2021264
Bibby, J., Everest, G. and Abbs, I. (2020, May 7). Will COVID-19 be a watershed moment for health inequalities? The Health Foundation. https://www.health.org.uk/publications/long-reads/will-covid-19-be-a-watershed-moment-for-health-inequalities
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020, May). The Employment Situation: April 2020. https:www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_05082020.pdf
Catalan Agency for Health Quality and Assessment (AQuAS) (2020). Coronavirus SARS-Cov-2 interactive map. http://aquas.gencat.cat/.content/IntegradorServeis/mapa_covid/atlas.html
Cheater, S. (2020). Health inequalities – Covid-19 will widen the gap. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 58 (4), pp. 223-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2020.1771035
Chowkwanyun, M. and Reed, A. L., Jr (2020). Racial health disparities and Covid-19 - Caution and context. The New England journal of medicine, 383(3), pp. 201–203. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2012910
Chung, R. Y., Dong, D. and Li, M. M. (2020). Socioeconomic gradient in health and the covid-19 outbreak. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 369, pp. m1329. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1329
Commission on the Social Determinants of Health. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/social_determinants/final_report/csdh_finalreport_2008.pdf
Dahlgren, G. and Whitehead, M. (1991). Policies and strategies to promote social equity in health. Institute for Future Studies.
Dorn, A. V., Cooney, R. E. and Sabin, M. L. (2020). COVID-19 exacerbating inequalities in the US. Lancet (London, England), 395 (10232), pp. 1243–1244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30893-X
Edgar, B. (2012). The ethos definition and classification of homelessness and housing exclusion. Journal of European Homelessness, 6, pp. 219-225.
EuroHealthNet (2020). What COVID-19 is teaching us about inequality and the sustainability of our health systems. European Partnership for Improving Health Equity and Wellbeing. https://eurohealthnet.eu/COVID-19
European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (2016). Handbook on implementing syndromic surveillance in migrant reception/detention centres and other refugee settings. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/ syndromic-surveillance-migrant-centres-handbook.pdf
European Commission. (2014). Roma health report: health status of the Roma population in the member states of the European union. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/social_determinants/docs/2014_roma_health_report_en.pdf
Galea, S. and Abdalla, S. M. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, unemployment, and civil unrest: Underlying deep racial and socioeconomic divides. Journal of American Medical Association, 324 (3), pp. 227–228. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.11132
Gibson, M., Petticrew, M., Bambra, C., Sowden, A. J., Wright, K. E. and Whitehead, M. (2011). Housing and health inequalities: a synthesis of systematic reviews of interventions aimed at different pathways linking housing and health. Health & Place, 17 (1), pp. 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.09.011
Goyal, K., Chauhan, P., Chhikara, K., Gupta, P. and Singh, M. P. (2020). Fear of COVID 2019: First suicidal case in India!. Asian journal of psychiatry, 49, 101989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101989
Guo, L., Wei, D., Zhang, X., Wu, Y., Li, Q., Zhou, M. and Qu, J. (2019). Clinical features predicting mortality risk in patients with viral pneumonia: The MuLBSTA score. Frontiers in microbiology, 10, 2752. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02752
Huang, Y. and Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
International Food Policy Research Institute. (2020, March 20). How much will poverty increase because of COVID-19?. https://www.ifpri.org/blog/how-much-will-global-poverty-increase-because-covid-19
Kawohl, W. and Nordt, C. (2020). COVID-19, unemployment, and suicide. The lancet. Psychiatry, 7 (5), pp. 389–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30141-3
Kelvin, D. J. and Rubino, S. (2020). Fear of the novel coronavirus. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 14(1), pp. 1-2. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12496
Khalatbari-Soltani, S., Cumming, R.G., Delpierre, C., and Kelly-Irning M. (2020). Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 74 (8), pp. 620-623. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214297
Krouse H. J. (2020). COVID-19 and the widening gap in health inequity. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery: official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 163 (1), pp. 65–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820926463
Krueger, R. F., Kotov, R., Watson, D., Forbes, M. K., Eaton, N. R., Ruggero, C. J., Simms, L. J., Widiger, T. A., Achenbach, T. M., Bach, B., Bagby, R. M., Bornovalova, M. A., Carpenter, W. T., Chmielewski, M., Cicero, D. C., Clark, L. A., Conway, C., DeClercq, B., DeYoung, C. G., Docherty, A. R., … Zimmermann, J. (2018). Progress in achieving quantitative classification of psychopathology. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 17 (3), pp. 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20566
Ku, L. and Brantley, E. (2020, June 10). Widening social and health inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Health Forum. https://jamanetwork.com/channels/health-forum/fullarticle/2767253
Laurencin, C.T. and McClinton, A. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: a call to action to identify and address racial and ethnic disparities. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 7, pp. 398–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00756-0
Marmot, M. (2020). Health equity in England: the Marmot review 10 years on. British Medical Journal (Clinical research ed.), 368, pp. m693. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m693
McNamara, C. L., Balaj, M., Thomson, K. H., Eikemo, T. A. and Bambra, C. (2017). The contribution of housing and neighbourhood conditions to educational inequalities in non-communicable diseases in Europe: findings from the European Social Survey (2014) special module on the social determinants of health. European journal of public health, 27 (suppl_1), pp. 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw224
Nordt, C., Warnke, I., Seifritz, E. and Kawohl, W. (2015). Modelling suicide and unemployment: a longitudinal analysis covering 63 countries, 2000-11. The lancet. Psychiatry, 2 (3), pp. 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00118-7
Patel, K. and Hardy, A. (2020, May 1). Covid-19: an opportunity or risk to addressing health inequalities?. The bmj opinion. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/05/01/covid-19-an-opportunity-or-risk-to-addressing-health-inequalities/
Spievack, N., Gonzalez, J. and Brown, S. (2020, May 8). Latinx unemployment is highest of all racial and ethnic groups for the first time on record. Urban Wire blog. https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/latinx-unemployment-highest-all-racial-and-ethnic-groups-first-time-record
Stein, R. A. and Ometa, O. (2020). When public health crises collide: Social disparities and COVID-19. International journal of clinical practice, 74(9), pp. e13524. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13524
Sydenstricker, E. (2006). The incidence of influenza among persons of different economic status during the epidemic of 1918. 1931. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974), 121 Suppl 1, pp. 191–190.
Thebault, R., Tran, A.B. and Williams, V. (2020, April 7). The coronavirus is infecting and killing black Americans at an alarmingly high rate. The Washington Post. https://wwwwashingtonpostcom/nation/2020/04/07/coronavirus-is-infecting-killing-blackamericans-an-alarmingly-high-rate-post-analysis-shows/?arc404=true
Wolfson, J. A. and Leung, C. W. (2020). Food insecurity and COVID-19: Disparities in early effects for US adults. Nutrients, 12 (6), pp. 1648. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061648
World Bank. (2020, June 8). Projected poverty impacts of COVID-19 (coronavirus). https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/projected-poverty-impacts-of-COVID-19
World Health Organization. (2020, March 11). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. (2018). Report on the health of refugees and migrants in the WHO European Region. No public health without refugee and migrant health. https://apps.who.int/ iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311347/9789289053846-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&ua=1.
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. (2020). Role of primary care in the COVID-19 response. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331921
World Food Programme. (2020). COVID-19: Potential impact on the world’s poorest people: A WFP analysis of the economic and food security implications of the pandemic [Brochure]. https://www.wfp.org/publications/covid-19-potential-impact-worlds-poorest-people
Wu, C., Chen, X., Cai, Y., Xia, J., Zhou, X., Xu, S., Huang, H., Zhang, L., Zhou, X., Du, C., Zhang, Y., Song, J., Wang, S., Chao, Y., Yang, Z., Xu, J., Zhou, X., Chen, D., Xiong, W., Xu, L., … Song, Y. (2020). Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA internal medicine, 180 (7), pp. 934–943. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994
Vardavas, C. I. and Nikitara, K. (2020). COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence. Tobacco induced diseases, 18, pp. 20. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/119324