Characterization and causes of the building stone decay at the Artemis temple, Brauron, E. Attica, Greece


M. Tsipoura-Vlachou
K. Michopoulos
Résumé

At Brauron (Vraona or Vravrona) area, E. Attica, near the Brauron bay, by the Erasinos river there is an ancient monument of 415 B.C., dedicated to Artemis. The building material used for the construction of the monument is sandstone originated from Neogene sedimentary deposits. The ancient quarries are located 500m away from the monument and traces of quarring are still visible. Monument ruins had been buried under the mud load curried by Erasinos river for many centuries. During the restoration works of the Temple of Artemis besides the stone found in situ, new material provided by the same formation was as well, used. The restored monument stones display intensive deterioration. The purpose of this paper is to study of the decay forms and investigate the decay causes of the building stone in the monument. The decay forms result from intrinsic (endogenic) and environmental factors. The main endogenic factors of decay of the sandstone used as building material, are: a) the high porosity, and the pore size distribution, b) the calcite cement of the stone c) the mineralogical composition, especially the presence of swelling clay minerals. The main environmental factors of decay that result to the calcite and salt crystallization are a) the burial of the ancient building stones, in the brackish water-mud, for centuries b) the frequent floods and possible pollution of the nearby Erasinos river c) the acid rain and aerosol attack d) the bioteterioration. The conclusions of this case study may have application on other monuments of historical interest, in similar environment

Article Details
  • Rubrique
  • Geosciences and Culture
Téléchargements
Les données relatives au téléchargement ne sont pas encore disponibles.
Références
Arnold, Α., 1989. Salt weathering on monuments. In F. Zezza. Bari (ed.), Proceedings of the 1st Int. Symp. The Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, 59-63pp.
Benavente, D, Garcia del Cura, M.A., Bernabeu, Α., Ordonez, S., 2001. Quantification of salt weathering in porous stones using experimental continuous partial immersion method, Engineering Geology, 59, 313-25.
Benavente, D, Garcia del Cura, M.A., Fort, R, and Ordonez, S., 1999. Thermodynamic modelling of changes induced by salt pressure crystallization in porous media of stone, Journal of Crystal Growth, 204, 168-78.
Bouras, Ch., 1967. The restoration of Vravrona porticol (stoa). Architectural problems, ed. Archaeological Reports ,11, Athens, 8-24, 171-178, table 1-24.
Camuff, D., 1983. Condensation - Evaporation Cycles in pore and capillary systems according to the Kelvin model, Water Air & Soil Pollution, 21, 151-159.
Cardell, C, Delalieux, F., Roumpopoulos, K., Moropoulou, Α., Auger, F., and Van Grieken, R. 2003. Salt-induced decay in calcareous stone monuments and buildings in a marine environment in SW France, Construction and Building Materials, 17, 165-179.
Castanier, S., Le Metayer-Levrel, G., Orial, G., Loubiere, J.F., and Perthuisot, J.O.P., 1999. Bacterial carbonatogenesis and applications to preservation and restoration of historic property. In O. Ciferri, P. Tiano and G. Mastromei (eds), Of Microbes and Art. Toscana Nuova, Firenze, 246-252pp.
Colston, B.J., Watt, D.S., and Munro, H.L., 2001. Environmentally-induced stone decay: the cumulative effects of crystallization-hydration cycles, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 4, 297-307.
Curtius, E., and Kaupert, J.A., 1875-94. Karten von Attica in 1:25.000, Atlas.
Dornieden, Th., Gorbushina, A.A., and Krumbein, W., 2000. Biodecay of cultural heritage as a space/time-related ecological situation an evaluation of a series of studies, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 46, 261-270.
Fitner, B., Heinrichs, Κ., and Kownatzki, R., 1995. Weathering forms—classification and mapping. Berlin, Verlag Ernst and Sohn.
Gorbushina, A.A., Heyrman, J., Mergaert, J., Krumbein, W.E., and Swings, J., 2000. Comparison of the microora present on three severely damaged mural paintings subjected to dierent climatic conditions. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on the Conservation of Mediterranean Monuments, Sevilla, 78-8 lpp, Sohn, Berlin, 215-229pp.
I.G.M.E., 2003. Geological map of Greece. Sheet Koropi-Plaka, 1:50000. ed. IGME.
Inigo, A.C., and Vicente-Tavera, S., 2001. Different degrees of stone decay on the inner and outer walls of a Cloister, Building and Environment, 36, 911-917.
La Iglesia, Α., Garcia del Cura, M.A., Ordonez, S., 1994.The physicochemical weathering of monumental dolostones, granites and limestones; dimension stones of the Cathedral of Toledo (Spain), Sci Total Environ, 152, 179 -88.
Leith, S.D., Reddy, M.M., Ramirez, W.F., Heymans, M.J., 1996. Limestone characterisation to model damage from acidic precipitation: effect of pore structure on mass transfer, Environ Sci Technol, 30,22, 2-10.
Lewin, S.Z., 1981. The mechanism of masonry decay through crystallisation. In S.M. Barkin (ed.), Conservation of Historic Stone Buildings and Monuments, Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 120-44pp.
Lopez-Acevedo, V., Viedma, C, Gonzalez, V., and La Iglesia, Α., 1997. J. Cryst.Growth,%2, 103.
Maroukian, H., Gaki-Papanastasiou, Κ., Yalas, Ch., and Malagardis, N., 2002. The present and the future of the wetlands of Attica, Oceanographical Aspects for a Sustainable Medier. 1° Scientific Conference Athens, 27-29 Sept. 2002.
Mettos, Α., 1992. Geological and paleogeographic study of the continental Neogene and Quaternary formations of NE Attica and SE Biotia, Phd Thesis, National University of Athens.
Michopoulos, K., 2006. Study of the environmental effects on the building stones of monuments of Attica, Postgratuade study, ed. N.T.U.A.
Moropoulou, Α., Theoulakis, P., and Chrysophakis, T., 1995. Correlation between stone weathering and environmental factors in marine atmosphere, Atmos Environ, 29(8), 895-903.
Moropoulou, Α., and Theoulakis, P., 1991. Conditions causing destructive NaCl crystallization into the porous sandstone building material of the Medieval City of Rhodes. In D. Decrouez, J. Chamay and F. Zezza (eds), Proceedings of the Second International Symposium for the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, Pubi. Museum d'Histoirenaturelle andMuseed'artet d'histoire, Geneva, 493p.
Papadeas, G., 2002. Geological investigation of Attica, ed. N.U.O.A.
Pochon, J., Chalvignac, M.A., and Krumbein, W.E., 1964. Recherches biologiques sur le Mondmilch, Comptes Rendues Académie Sciences, 258, 5113-5115,102-129pp.
Pye, K, and Mottershead, D.N., 1995. Honeycomb weathering of carboniferous sandstone in a sea wall at Weston-super-Mare, UK, Q. J. Eng. Geol., 28, 333 -47.
Rodriguez-Navaro, C, Hansen, E., Sebastian, E., and Ginell, W., 1997. The role of clays in the decay of ancient Egyptian limestone sculptures, J of the Amer. Inst, for Corner., 36(2), ar.5,151-163.
Skoulikidis, T.N., and Papakonstantinou-Zeotis, P., 1981. Mechanism of sulfation by atmospheric S02 of the limstones and marbles of the ancient monuments and status III. Futther proof of the validy of the galvanic cell model, Br. Corros. J., vol. 16 No2.
Skoulikidis, T.N., 2000. Corrosion and preservation of structural materials of monuments, ed. Univ. ofKrete Pubi. 340pp.
Theoulakis, P., and Moropoulou, Α., 1997. Microstructural and mechanical parameters determining the susceptibility of porous building stones to salt decay, Constr Build Materials, 11(1), 65-71.
Török, 2002, The influence of wall orientation and lithology on the weathering of ooidal limestone in Budapest, Hungary, In R. Prikryl and H.A. Viles (eds), Understanding and managing stone decay, Carolinum Press, Prague 197-208pp.
Tsirabidis, Α., 1996. Greek marbles and other decorative rocks, University Studio Press Thessalonica, 63-106pp.
Warscheid, Th., and Krumbein, W.E., 1996. General aspects and selected cases. In E. Heitz, H.-C. Flemming and W. Sand (eds.), Microbially-induced Corrosion of Materials. Springer, Berlin, 274-295pp.
Webley , D. M., Henderson, M. E. K., and Taylor, E. F., 1963. The microbiology of rocks and weathered stone, J. Soil Sci., 14(1), 102-112.
Winkler, EM., 1966. Important agents of weathering for building and monumental stone, Engineering Geolog, 1, 381-400.
Young, A.R.M., 1987. Salt as an agent in the development of cavernous weathering, Geology, 15, 962 -6.
Zezza, F, and Macri, F., 1995. Marine aerosol and stone decay, Sci Total Environ, 167, 123 -43.
Zezza, F., 1996. Marine spray and polluted atmosphere as factors of damage to monuments in the Mediterranean coastal environment. In F. Zezza (ed.), Bari. Origin, mechanisms and effects of salts on degradation of monuments in marine and continental environments. Protection and Conservation of conservation of the European Cultural Heritage, E.C. Project, Report 4. 3-19p.
Articles les plus lus par le même auteur ou la même autrice