Ακολουθώντας το Παράδειγμα του Ισραήλ και του Λιβάνου: Επιλύοντας τις Διαφορές επί Θαλασσίων Συνόρων στην Ανατολική Μεσόγειο


Όλγα Τσουκαλά
Résumé

Η πρόσφατη συμφωνία οριοθέτησης της Α.Ο.Ζ. του Λιβάνου με το Ισραήλ, με τη διαμεσολάβηση των Η.ΠΑ., δημιούργησε μία νέα διπλωματική και ενεργειακή πραγματικότητα στη δυναμικά εξελισσόμενη περιοχή της Ανατολικής Μεσογείου. Το παρόν εγχείρημα πραγματεύεται την νέα συμφωνία, τόσο υπό το πρίσμα των σχέσεων των δύο κρατών, όσο και το διπλωματικό και ενεργειακό γίγνεσθαι, το οποίο δημιουργεί στην περιοχή. Λαμβάνοντας υπ’όψιν την πολιτική πραγματικότητα, η οποία ήθελε μέχρι τώρα το Ισραήλ και το Λίβανο ως κράτη χωρίς καμία διπλωματική σχέση, το παρόν εγχείρημα καταλήγει σε ορισμένες προτάσεις πολιτικής ώστε η συμφωνία να αποτελέσει ευκαιρία αποκλιμάκωσης και πεδίο συνεργασίας για τα εμπλεκόμενα κράτη, ιδίως στην επιδίωξη της ενεργειακής ασφάλειας.

Article Details
  • Rubrique
  • Articles
Téléchargements
Les données relatives au téléchargement ne sont pas encore disponibles.
Références
Abadi, J. (2020). Israel and Lebanon: Relations Under Stress. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 7(1): 90–115.
Al Jazeera (2022). Israel, Lebanon sign US-brokered maritime border deal. Al Jazeera. 27/10/2022. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/27/israel-lebanon-sign-us-brokered-maritime-border-deal (Accessed: 13/11/2022).
Boms, N. & Cohen, S. (2021). Israel and Lebanon: A Bridge Over Troubled Waters?. Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies at Tel-Aviv University. 3/3/2021. Available at: https://dayan.org/content/israel-and-lebanon-bridge-over-troubled-waters (Accessed: 13/11/2022).
Control Risks (2021). Israel, Lebanon compete for maritime energy resources. Control Risks. 30/3/2021. Available at: https://www.controlrisks.com/our-thinking/insights/israel-lebanon-compete-for-maritime-energy-resources (Accessed: 13/11/2022).
Energean (n.d.). Karish. Available at: https://www.energean.com/operations/israel/karish/ (Accessed: 16/11/2022).
Harkov, L. (2022a). Israel ‘prepared to defend’ Karish gas rig after Lebanon threats. The Jerusalem Post. 8/6/2022. Available at: https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-708890 (Accessed: 14/11/2022).
Harkov, L. (2022b). Israel negotiating gas exports to Europe. The Jerusalem Post. 22/5/2022. Available at: https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/energy-and-infrastructure/article-707371 (Accessed: 14/11/2022).
Κεφαλά, Β. (2021). Διεθνής Πολιτική Στη Μέση Ανατολή Και Ανεπίλυτες Συγκρούσεις Παλαιστίνη, Λίβανος, Συρία, Ιράκ. Αθήνα: εκδόσεις Ι. Σιδέρης
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the State of Israel. (n.d.). Armistice lines (1949-1967). Available at:https://embassies.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/1949-1967%20Armistice%20Lines.aspx (Accessed: 14/11/2022).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the Hellenic Republic (2021). Trilateral meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Greece, the Republic of Cyprus and Lebanon (Athens, 15 April 2021). Available at: https://www.mfa.gr/en/current-affairs/statements-speeches/trilateral-meeting-of-the-ministers-of-foreign-affairs-of-greece-the-republic-of-cyprus-and-lebanon-athens-15-april-2021.html (Accessed: 15/11/2022).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the Hellenic Republic (2019). Minister for Foreign Affairs, G. Katrougalos, to participate in the proceedings of the Trilateral Ministerial Meeting between Greece, Cyprus, and Lebanon (Beirut, 10 April 2019). Available at: https://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/en/lebanon-en/news/minister-for-foreign-affairs-katrougalos-to-participate-in-the-proceedings-of-the-trilateral-ministerial-meeting-between-greece-cyprus-and-lebanon-beirut-10-april-2019.html (Accessed: 15/11/2022).
Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution (1983). International Legal Materials, 22(6): 1391-1394. Cambridge University Press.
Naval History and Heritage Command (2020). They came in Peace. 5/8/2020. Available at: https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/middle-east/lebanon.html (Accessed: 14/11/2022).
NewMed Energy (n.d.). Leviathan. Available at: https://newmedenergy.com/operations/leviathan/ (Accessed: 16/11/2022)
Πρεσβεία του Ισραήλ στην Ελλάδα (n.d.). Χεζμπολλάχ. Διαθέσιμο σε: https://embassies.gov.il/athens/AboutIsrael/the-middle-east/Pages/hizbulla.aspx (Accessed: 14/11/2022).
Τζιάρρας, Ζ. (2020). Διεθνής Πολιτική στην Ανατολική Μεσόγειο: Τουρκία, Κύπρος και Δίκτυα Συνεργασίας σε μία «Νέα» Υπο-Περιφέρεια. Διεθνής Πολιτική Οικονομία. Ινστιτούτο Διεθνών Οικονομικών Σχέσεων.
Reuters (2022). COP27: Israel says big boost in gas supply to Europe will take years. Reuters. 11/11/2022. Available at https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/cop27-israel-says-big-boost-gas-supply-europe-will-take-years-2022-11-11/ (Accessed: 15/11/2022).
S/RES/425 (1978). Resolution No. 425 (1978) for the establishment of buffer zone for the restoration of international peace and security, assisting the Government of Lebanon in ensuring the return of its effective authority in the area. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/368/70/PDF/NR036870.pdf?OpenElement (Accessed: 29/10/2022).
S/RES/508 (1982). Resolution No. 508 (1982) of the call by the UNSC to the Parties to cease immediately and simultaneously of all military activities to the Lebanon and the territory of Lebanon-Israeli borders. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/435/32/PDF/NR043532.pdf?OpenElement (Accessed: 29/10/2022).
S/RES/1559 (2004). Resolution No. 1559 (2004) about the call of the UNSC to all remaining foreign forces to withdraw from Lebanon and the disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/498/92/PDF/N0449892.pdf?OpenElement (Accessed: 29/10/2022).
S/RES/1701 (2006). Resolution No. 1701 (2006) about the call by the UNSC for a full cessation of hostilities based upon the immediate cessation by Hizbollah of all attacks and the immediate cessation by Israel of all offensive military operations. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/465/03/PDF/N0646503.pdf?OpenElement (Accessed: 29/10/2022).
Siegal, T. & Berman, L. (2022). Gas extraction begins at Karish field, day before Israel-Lebanon deal signing. The Times of Israel. 26/10/2022. Available at: https://www.timesofisrael.com/gas-extraction-begins-at-karish-field-ahead-of-israel-lebanon-deal-signing/ (Accessed: 15/11/2022).
Staff, T. (2022). Full text of the maritime border deal agreed between Israel and Lebanon. Times of Israel. 12/10/2022. Available at: https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-text-of-the-maritime-border-deal-agreed-between-israel-and-lebanon/ (Accessed: 15/11/2022).
Stevenson, P. (2022). QatarEnergy In Talks to Join Total & Eni In Lebanon. Middle East Economy Survey. 4/11/2022. Available at: https://www.mees.com/2022/11/4/corporate/qatarenergy-in-talks-to-join-total-eni-in-lebanon/977f9760-5c36-11ed-80be-b7ee043e62b1 (Accessed: 15/11/2022).
Susser, L. (n.d.) Israel and Lebanon: A History, Internal Lebanese politics have long influenced relations with Israel. My Jewish Learning. Available at: https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/israel-and-lebanon-a-history/ (Accessed: 15/11/2022).
Szymczak, P.D. (2022). Israeli-Lebanese Maritime Border Deal Secures Karish Gas Production. Journal of Petroleum Technology. 24/10/2022. Available at:https://jpt.spe.org/israeli-lebanese-maritime-border-deal-secures-karish-gas-production (Accessed: 15/11/2022).
Tamar Petroleum. (n.d.) The Tamar Reservoir. Available at: https://www.tamarpetroleum.co.il/en/tamarreservoir/ (Accessed: 16/11/2022)
Tsakiris, Th. (2019). The Importance of East Mediterranean Gas for EU Energy Security: The Role of Cyprus, Israel, and Egypt. Cyprus Review, 30(1): 25-50.
Tsoukala, O. (2021). Diplomatic Tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean: Developments in 2021 and Prospects. HAPSc Policy Briefs Series, 2(2): 157–171.
UNIFIL (2019). UNIFIL Mandate. 2/12/2019. Available at: https://unifil.unmissions.org/unifil-mandate (Accessed: 15/11/2022).
US Department of State (2022). Historic Agreement Establishing a Permanent Israel Lebanon Maritime Boundary [Press Statement]. 27/2/2022. Available at: https://www.state.gov/historic-agreement-establishing-a-permanent-israel-lebanon-maritime-boundary/ (Accessed: 15/11/2022).
Yiallourides, C. (2021). Maritime Boundaries and Cooperation over Straddling Seabed Resources in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Forthcoming in: Hunter, T. S. & Taylor, M. (eds.), Edward Elgar Research Handbook on Oil and Gas Law (EE 2022), 388-408.
Yiallourides, C., Ioannides, N.A. and Partain, R. A. (2022). Some Observations on the Agreement between Lebanon and Israel on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone. Blog of the European Journal of International Law. 26/10/2022. Available at: https://www.ejiltalk.org/some-observations-on-the-agreement-between-lebanon-and-israel-on-the-delimitation-of-the-exclusive-economic-zone/ (Accessed: 15/11/2022).
MESP (2022). The East Med Energy Report, Issue 11. Middle East Strategic Perspectives 17/10/2022. Available at https://www.mesp.me/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/The-East-Med-Energy-Report-Issue-11.pdf (Accessed: 15/11/2022).
Sovereign Limits (2022). Cyprus–Israel EEZ [Map]. Available at: https://sovereignlimits.com/boundaries/cyprus-israel-maritime (Accessed: 15/11/2022).
Allinson, T. (2020). Lebanon-Israel talks unlikely to yield US policy win. DW. 10/02/2020. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/israel-lebanon-maritime-borders-us-backed-talks/a-55133674 (Accessed: 15/11/2022).
Articles les plus lus par le même auteur ou la même autrice