Basin-scale occurrence and distribution of mesophotic and upper bathyal red coral forests along the Italian coasts
Published:
Jun 20, 2022
Keywords:
Corallium rubrum Mediterranean Sea relative abundance habitat preferences historical fishing banks
Abstract
The analysis of 879 ROV dives carried out along the Italian coasts on hard substrata at mesophotic and upper bathyal depths (40-775 m) allowed us to evaluate the current basin-scale presence, relative abundance, bathymetric limits, and habitat preferences of one of the most charismatic Mediterranean habitat-former anthozoan species, Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758). The species is widespread, and its occurrence ranged from 13% of the explored sites in Ionian Calabria to a hotspot of approximately 80% in Sardinia. Population relative densities were generally low (< 10 colonies m-2), except along the Sardinian coasts and in some areas along the Apulian coast. Almost no red coral colonies were observed between 60 m and 590 m in the nine explored offshore seamounts in the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas. A distinctive coastal distribution discontinuity was found in the Ionian Sea. The optimum bathymetric distribution was between 75 m and 125 m, and no colonies were found below 247 m. Red coral colonies showed a preference for biogenic habitats dominated by crustose coralline algae (CCA) and vertical substrata. The species was absent on iron wrecks. Corallium rubrum disappeared from 14% of the historical fishing banks, while it was confirmed in 86% of them, some of which have been deeply harvested in the past. In particular, the still flourishing Sardinian populations could be supported by the high reproductive potential and favourable hydrodynamic conditions in the area.
Article Details
- How to Cite
-
TOMA, M., BO, M., CATTANEO-VIETTI, R., CANESE, S., CANESSA, M., CANNAS, R., CARDONE, F., CARUGATI, L., CAU, A., CORRIERO, G., FOLLESA, M. C., MERCURIO, M., GRECO, S., ANDALORO, F., & BAVESTRELLO, G. (2022). Basin-scale occurrence and distribution of mesophotic and upper bathyal red coral forests along the Italian coasts. Mediterranean Marine Science, 23(3), 484–498. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.28052
- Section
- Research Article
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Anderson, M. J., 2001. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Australia Ecology, 26, 32-46.
Angiolillo, M., Gori, A., Canese, S., Bo, M., Priori, C. et al., 2016. Distribution and population structure of deep-dwelling red coral in the Northwest Mediterranean. Marine Ecology, 37, 294-310.
Ballesteros, E., 2006. Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages: a synthesis of present knowledge. Oceanography and Marine Biology. An Annual Review, 44, 123-195.
Balzano, P., 1859. Dell’origine e storia del corallo, della sua pesca ed incremento che potrebbe questa ricevere. Giurisprudenza amministrativa, pp. 71-110.
Barsanti, M., Delbono, I., Ferretti, O., Peirano, A., Bianchi, C.N. et al., 2007. Measuring change of Mediterranean coastal biodiversity: diachronic mapping of the meadow of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson in the Gulf of Tigullio (Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean). Biodiversity in Enclosed Seas and Artificial Marine Habitats, pp. 35-41. Springer, Dordrecht.
Bavestrello, G., Bo, M., Canese, S., Sandulli, R., Cattaneo- Vietti, R., 2014. The red coral populations of the Gulf of Naples and Salerno: human impact and deep mass mortalities. Italian Journal of Zoology, 81, 552-563.
Bo, M., Bertolino, M., Borghini, M., Castellano, M., Harriague Covazzi A. et al., 2011. Characteristics of the mesophotic megabenthic assemblages of the Vercelli seamount (North Tyrrhenian Sea). PLoS ONE, 6, e16357.
Bo, M., Coppari, M., Betti, F., Massa, F., Gay, G. et al., 2020a. Unveiling the deep biodiversity of the Janua Seamount (Ligurian Sea): first Mediterranean sighting of the rare Atlantic bamboo coral Chelidonisis aurantiaca Studer, 1890. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 156, 103186.
Bo, M., Coppari, M., Betti, F., Enrichetti, F., Bertolino, M. et al., 2020b. The high biodiversity and vulnerability of two Mediterranean bathyal seamounts support the need for creating offshore protected areas. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 31, 543-566.
Boavida, J., Paulo, D., Aurelle, D., Arnaud-Haond, S., Marschal, C. et al., 2016. A well-kept treasure at depth: precious red coral rediscovered in Atlantic deep coral gardens (SW Portugal) after 300 years. PLoS ONE, 11, e0147228.
Boero, F., De Leo, F., Fraschetti, S., Ingrosso, G., 2019. The cells of ecosystem functioning: towards a holistic vision of marine space. Advances in Marine Biology, 82, 129-153.
Bramanti, L., Vielmini, I., Rossi, S., Tsounis, G., Iannelli, M. et al., 2014. Demographic parameters of two populations of red coral (Corallium rubrum L. 1758) in the North-Western Mediterranean. Marine Biology, 161, 1015-1026.
Bruckner, A.W., 2009. Rate and extent of decline in Corallium (pink and red coral) populations: existing data meet the requirements for a CITES Appendix II listing. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 397, 319-332.
Canestrini, G., Canestrini, R., 1883. Il corallo. Annali Industria e Commercio (1882). Ministero Agricoltura, Industria, Commercio, Roma, pp. 1-170.
Canessa, M., Bavestrello, G., Trainito, E., Navone, A., Cattaneo- Vietti, R., 2020. Lithology could affect benthic communities living below boulders. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 100, 879-888.
Cannas, R., Caocci, F., Follesa, M.C., Grazioli, E., Pedoni, C. et al., 2010. Multidisciplinary data on the status of red coral (Corallium rubrum) resource in Sardinian seas (central western Mediterranean). In: Bussoletti E., Cottingham D., Bruckner A., Roberts G., Sandulli R. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Red Coral Science, Management, and Trade: Lessons from the Mediterranean. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP-13, Silver Spring, MD, pp. 1-233.
Cannas, R., Sacco, F., Cau, A., Cuccu, D., Follesa, M.C. et al., 2016. Genetic monitoring of deep‐water exploited banks of the precious Sardinia coral Corallium rubrum (L., 1758): useful data for a sustainable management. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 26, 236-250.
Cannas, R., Sacco, F., Cau, A., Coluccia, E., Follesa, M.C. et al., 2015. New insights into connectivity patterns of mesophotic red coral (Corallium rubrum) populations. Hydrobiologia, 759, 63-73.
Cannas, R., Follesa, M.C., Cau, Al., Cau, A., Friedman, K., 2019. Global report on the biology, fishery and trade of precious corals. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular, 1184, 1-254.
Carugati, L., Cau, A., Follesa, M.C., Melis, R., Moccia, D. et al., 2020. On board scientific observers provide a realistic picture of harvesting and management priorities for the precious red coral (Corallium rubrum L.). Frontiers Marine Science, 7, 1-12.
Cattaneo-Vietti, R., Bavestrello, G., 2010. Sustainable use and conservation of precious corals in the Mediterranean. In: Iwasaki N. (Ed.), Biohistory of precious corals. Tokai University Press, pp. 1-364.
Cattaneo-Vietti, R., Bo, M., Cannas, R., Cau, Al., Follesa, C. et al., 2016. An Italian overexploited treasure: past and present distribution and exploitation of the precious red coral Corallium rubrum (L., 1758) (Cnidaria, Anthozoa). Italian Journal of Zoology, 83, 443-455.
Cattaneo-Vietti, R., Bavestrello, G., Bo, M., Canese, S., Vigo, A. et al., 2017. Illegal fisheries evidences on a deep red coral bank in the Sicily Channel. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 27, 604-616.
Cau, A., Follesa, M.C., Moccia, D., Alvito, A., Bo, M. et al., 2015. Deepwater corals biodiversity along roche du large ecosystems with different habitat complexity along the south Sardinia continental margin (CW Mediterranean Sea). Marine Biology, 162, 1865-1878.
Cau, A., Bramanti, L., Cannas, R., Follesa, M.C., Angiolillo, M. et al., 2016. Habitat constraints and self-thinning shape Mediterranean red coral deep population structure: implications for conservation practice. Scientific Reports, 6, 1-10.
Cicogna, F., Cattaneo-Vietti, R., 1993. Red coral in the Mediterranean Sea: art, history and science. Ministero delle Risorse Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali. Roma. pp. 1-263.
Cicogna, F., Bavestrello, G., Cattaneo-Vietti, R., 1999. Red coral and other Mediterranean octocorals: biology and protection. Ministero per le Politiche Agricole, Roma. pp. 1-238.
Colombo, A., 1887. La fauna sottomarina del Golfo di Napoli. Rivista Marittima, Roma. 20, 1-107.
Consoli, P., Altobelli, C., Perzia, P., Bo, M., Rosso, A. et al., 2021. Species and habitats of conservation interest in the ecologically and biologically significant area of the Strait of Sicily: a contribution towards the creation of a Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean importance. Mediterranean Marine Science, 22 (2), 297-316.
Corriero, G., Pierri, C., Mercurio, M., Nonnis Marzano, C., Onen Tarantini, S. et al., 2019. A Mediterranean mesophotic coral reef built by non-symbiotic scleractinians. Scientific Reports, 9, 3601.
Costantini, F., Fauvelot, C., Abbiati, M., 2007a. Fine-scale genetic structuring in Corallium rubrum: evidence of inbreeding and limited effective larval dispersal. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 340, 109-119.
Costantini, F., Fauvelot, C., Abbiati, M., 2007b. Genetic structuring of the temperate gorgonian coral (Corallium rubrum) across the western Mediterranean Sea revealed by microsatellites and nuclear sequences. Molecular ecology, 16, 5168-5182.
Costantini, F., Taviani, M., Remia, A., Pintus, E., Schembri, P.J. et al., 2010. Deep-water Corallium rubrum (L., 1758) from the Mediterranean Sea: preliminary genetic characterisation. Marine Ecology, 31, 261-269.
Costantini, F., Rossi, S., Pintus, E., Cerrano, C., Gili, J.M. et al., 2011. Low connectivity and declining genetic variability along a depth gradient in Corallium rubrum populations. Coral Reefs, 30, 991-1003.
Costantini, F., Carlesi, L., Abbiati, M., 2013. Quantifying spatial genetic structuring in mesophotic populations of the precious coral Corallium rubrum. PloS ONE, 8, e61546.
Costantini, F., Abbiati, M., 2016. Into the depth of population genetics: pattern of structuring in mesophotic red coral populations. Coral Reefs, 35, 39-52.
Costantini, F., Gori, A., Lopez-González, P., Bramanti, L., Rossi, S. et al., 2016. Limited genetic connectivity between gorgonian morphotypes along a depth gradient. PLoS ONE, 11, e0160678.
De la Torriente, A., Serrano, A., Fernández-Salas, L.M., García, M., Aguilar, R., 2018. Identifying epibenthic habitats on the Seco de los Olivos Seamount: Species assemblages and environmental characteristics. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 135, 9-22.
Dounas, C., Koutsoubas, D., Salomidi, M., Koulouri, P., Gerovasileiou, V. et al., 2009. Distribution and fisheries of the red coral Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Greek seas: an overview. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Red Coral Science, Management, and Trade: Lessons from the Mediterranean (Naples, Italy, September 23-26). NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP-13. Silver Spring: NOAA, pp. 106-114.
Enrichetti, F., Bavestrello, G., Betti, F., Coppari, M., Toma, M. et al., 2020. Keratose‐dominated sponge grounds from temperate mesophotic ecosystems (NW Mediterranean Sea). Marine Ecology, 41, e12620. Errico, C., Montanelli, M., 2008. Il corallo. Fedlici Ed., Pisa, pp. 1-266.
EUNIS, 2019. Marine habitat classification. https://www.eea. europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/Eunis-habitat-classification.
Favretto, A., 2012. Georeferencing historical cartography: a quality-control method. Cartographica: International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 47, 161-167.
Follesa, M.C., Cannas, R., Cau, Al., Pedoni, C., Pesci, P. et al., 2013. Deep-water red coral from the Island of Sardinia (north-western Mediterranean): a local example of sustainable management. Marine and Freshwater Research, 64, 706-715.
Gallmetzer, I., Haselmair, A., Velimirov, B., 2010. Slow growth and early sexual maturity: bane and boon for the red coral Corallium rubrum. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 90, 1-10.
Gaetani, G., 1867. Il corallo nella Provincia di Reggio di Calabria. Relazione alla Camera di Commercio ed Arti per l’Esposizione Universale di Parigi. Reggio Calabria (Italy). Gangemi, M., 2011. La pesca nel Mezzogiorno tra Otto e Novecento: tonnare, pesci, spugne e coralli. Cacucci Ed. Bari. pp. 1-214.
Gangemi, M., 2014. Pesche speciali in Sicilia tra Otto e Novecento. Tonno, corallo, spugne, sardelle e alacce nei compartimenti marittimi di Trapani e Porto Empedocle. In: Doneddu G, Fiori A (Eds). La pesca in Italia tra età moderna e contemporanea. Produzione, mercato, consumo. Editrice Democratica Sarda, Sassari, pp. 547-601.
Garrabou, J., Harmelin, J.G., 2002. A 20-year study on life-history traits of a harvested long-lived temperate coral in the NW Mediterranean: insights into conservation and management needs. Journal of Animal Ecology, 7, 966-978.
Garrabou, J., Sala, E., Linares, C., Ledoux, J.B., Montero-Serra, I. et al., 2017. Re-shifting the ecological baseline for the overexploited Mediterranean red coral. Scientific Reports, 7, 42404. GFCM, 2011. Recommendation on the exploitation of red coral in the GFCM area of application (GFCM/35/2011/2). www.fao.org/3/a-ax376e.pdf GFCM, 2017. Recommendation on the establishment of a regional adaptive management plan for the exploitation of red coral in the Mediterranean Sea (GFCM/41/2017/5). www.fao.org/3/I8500EN/i8500en.pdf
Harrington, L., Fabricius, K., De’Ath, G., Negri, A., 2004. Recognition and selection of settlement substrata determine post‐settlement survival in corals. Ecology, 85, 3428-3437.
Knittweis, L., Aguilar, R., Alvarez, H., Borg, J. A., Evans, J. et al., 2016. New depth record of the precious red coral Corallium rubrum for the Mediterranean. Rapports et Procés-Verbaux des Reunions. Commission International pour l’Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Méditérranée, Monaco. Pp. 467.
Ledoux, J.B., Mokhtar-Jamaï, K., Roby, C., Féral, J.-P., Garrabou, J. et al., 2010. Genetic survey of shallow populations of the Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758): new insights into evolutionary processes shaping nuclear diversity and implications for conservation. Molecular Ecology, 19, 675-690.
Linares, C., Diaz, D., Hereu, B., Zabala M., 2003. Avaluació de ala poblacio de corall Corallium rubrum de les illes Medes. Exercici 2003. Seguiment temporal de l’area marina protegida de les illes Medes. Infomre annual. Any 2003. Departament de Medi Ambient, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, pp. 56-66.
Liverino, B., 1998. Il corallo: dalle origini ai nostri giorni. Arte Tipografica Ed. pp. 1-276. Lo Bianco, S., 1909. Notizie biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturità sessuale degli animali del golfo di Napoli. Mitthmeer Zoological Station Naples, 19, 35-761.
Marini, M., Ferru, M. L., 1989. Il corallo: storia della pesca e della lavorazione in Sardegna e nel Mediterraneo. Tema Ed. pp. 1-246.
Martínez-Quintana, A., Bramanti, L., Viladrich, N., Rossi, S., Guizien, K., 2015. Quantification of larval traits driving connectivity: the case of Corallium rubrum (L. 1758). Marine Biology, 162, 309-318.
Mazzarelli, G., 1915. Banchi di corallo esplorati dalla R. Nave “Volta” nell’estate del 1913. Annali dell’Industria. Ministero di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio, Roma. pp. 1-173.
Mazzarelli, G., 1931. La pesca del corallo. In: La pesca nei mari e nelle acque interne d’Italia. II. Roma: Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato. pp. 406-415.
Mazzarelli, G., Mazzarelli, G., 1918. Prime indagini sui banchi di corallo del Golfo di Napoli. Annali Idrobiologia e Pesca, Pavia. 1, 1-42.
Mercurio, M., Cardone, F., Longo, C., Nonnis Marzano, C., Corriero, G., 2012. Dati preliminari sul corallo rosso delle coste pugliesi. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 19, 178-179.
Millot, C., 2005. Circulation in the Mediterranean Sea: evidences, debates and unanswered questions. Scientia Marina, 69, 5-21.
Moccia, D., Cau, A., Alvito, A., Canese, S., Cannas, R. et al., 2019. New sites expanding the “Sardinian cold‐water coral province” extension: A new potential cold‐water coral network? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 29, 153-160.
Montefalcone, M., Tunesi, L., Ouerghi, A., 2021. A review of the classification systems for marine benthic habitats and the new updated Barcelona Convention classification for the Mediterranean. Marine Environmental Research, 169, 105387.
Otero, M.D. M., Numa, C., Bo, M., Orejas, C., Garrabou, J. et al., 2017. Overview of the conservation status of Mediterranean Anthozoa. International Union for Conservation of Nature. pp. 1-86.
Panceri, P., 1871. Il corallo considerato come specie animale e come prodotto industriale. L’Esposizione Internazionale Marittima. Naples. pp. 10-14.
Parona, C., 1883. Il corallo in Sardegna. Relazione presentata a S.E. il Ministro di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio. Eredi Botta, Roma.
Peirano, A., 2013. Wrecks on the Bottom: Useful, Ecological Sentinels?. Marine Technology Society Journal, 47, 118-127.
Pérès, J.M., Picard, J., 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la Méditerranée. Recueil des travaux de la Station Marine d’Éndoume, 31, 1-137.
Peruzy, L., 1923. Il corallo e la sua industria. Gaspare Casella Ed. Naples. pp. 1-79.
Priori, C., Mastascusa, V., Erra, F., Angiolillo, M., Canese, S. et al., 2013. Demography of deep-dwelling red coral populations: Age and reproductive structure of a highly valued marine species. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 118, 43-49.
Ritson-Williams, R., Arnold, S. N., Fogarty, N.D., Steneck, R.S., Vermeij, M.J. A. et al., 2009. New perspectives on ecological mechanisms affecting coral recruitment on reefs. Smithsonian Contributions Marine Sciences, 38, 437-457.
Ritson-Williams, R., Arnold, S.N., Paul, V.J., Steneck, R.S., 2014. Larval settlement preferences of Acropora palmata and Montastraea faveolata in response to diverse red algae. Coral Reefs, 33, 59-66.
Rossi, S., Tsounis, G., Oreja, C., Padrón, T., Gili, J.M. et al., 2008. Survey of deep-dwelling red coral (Corallium rubrum) populations at Cap de Creus (NW Mediterranean). Marine Biology, 154, 533-545.
Rossi, S., Bramanti, L., Gori, A., Orejas, C. (Eds.), 2017. Marine animal forests: the ecology of benthic biodiversity hotspots. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1-1366.
Santangelo, G., Carletti, E., Maggi, E., Bramanti, L., 2003. Reproduction and population sexual structure of the overexploited Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 248, 99-108.
Santangelo, G., Maggi, E., Bramanti, L., Bongiorni, L., 2004. Demography of the over-exploited Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum L. 1758). Scientia Marina, 68, 199-204.
Santangelo, G., Bramanti, L., Iannelli, M., 2007. Population dynamics and conservation biology of the over-exploited Mediterranean red coral. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 44, 416-423.
Santangelo, G., Bramanti, L., 2010. Quantifying the decline in Corallium rubrum populations. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 418, 295-297.
Santangelo, G., Bramanti, L., Rossi, S., Tsounis, G., Vielmini, I. et al., 2012. Patterns of variation in recruitment and post-recruitment processes of the Mediterranean precious gorgonian coral Corallium rubrum. Journal Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 411, 7-13.
Scatizzi, I., 1935. La pesca del corallo. Bollettino Pesca Piscicoltura e Idrobiologia, 11, 706-726.
Targioni-Tozzetti, A., 1880. Rapporto a Sua Eccellenza il Ministro di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio sulla Mostra Internazionale di Pesca tenuta a Berlino nel 1880. Annali del Ministro di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio, 38. Roma, pp. 1-165.
Taviani, M., Freiwald, A., Beuck, L., Angeletti, L., Remia, A. et al., 2010. The deepest known occurrence of the precious red coral Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) in the Mediterranean Sea. In: Bussoletti E., Cottingham D., Bruckner A., Roberts G., Sandulli R. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Red Coral Science, Management, and Trade: Lessons from the Mediterranean. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP-13, Silver Spring, MD. pp. 87-93.
Tsounis, G., Rossi, S., Aranguren, M., Gili, J. M., Arntz, W., 2006. Effects of spatial variability and colony size on the reproductive output and gonadal development cycle of the Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum L.). Marine Biology, 148, 513-527.
Tsounis, G., Rossi, S., Gili, J.M., Arntz, W.E., 2007. Red coral fishery at the Costa Brava (NW Mediterranean): case study of an overharvested precious coral. Ecosystems, 10, 975- 986.
Tsounis, G., Rossi, S., Gili, J.M., 2009. Fishery management of the Mediterranean Red Coral: a call for a paradigm shift. In: International Workshop on Corallium Science, Management, and Trade, pp. 123.
Tsounis, G., Rossi, S., Grigg, R., Santangelo, G., Bramanti, L. et al., 2010. The exploitation and conservation of precious corals. Oceanography Marine Biology Annual Review, 48, 161-212.
Vergnaud-Grazzini, C., Borsetti, A.M., Cati, F., Colantoni, P., D’Onofrio, S. et al., 1988. Palaeoceanographic record of the last deglaciation in the Strait of Sicily. Marine Micropaleontology, 13, 1-21.
Villamor, A., Costantini, F., Abbiati, M., 2014. Genetic structuring across marine biogeographic boundaries in rocky shore invertebrates. PLoS ONE, 9, e101135.
Zelli, E., Quéré, G., Lago, G., Di Franco, G., Costantini, F. et al., 2020. Settlement dynamics and recruitment responses of Mediterranean gorgonians larvae to different crustose coralline algae species. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 530-531, 151527.
Zibrowius, H., 1980. Les Scleractiniaires de la Méditerranée et de l’Atlantique nordoriental. Bulletin de l’Institut Océanographique de Monaco, 11, 1-284.
Zibrowius, H., Marques, V., Grasshoff, N., 1984. La ripartition du corail rouge dans l’Atlantique. Tethys, 11, 163-170.
