Marine Heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea: A Literature Review
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged periods of exceptionally warm temperatures in the ocean, which have forced profound transformations in marine biodiversity and socio-economic systems globally over the last decades. The Mediterranean basin, a highly vulnerable area to climate change, has been particularly affected as a marginal sea, experiencing multifaceted changes due to these events. This literature review brings together a comprehensive list of interdisciplinary research on MHW evolution in the Mediterranean basin, from the past to the future, covering the most common driving mechanisms of MHWs, known feedbacks and impacts on various marine organisms and local economies. Aiming to enhance our understanding of Mediterranean MHWs across various dimensions, we further discuss ongoing challenges in their detection and characterization, highlighting the need to improve monitoring systems and forecasting capabilities using novel approaches in the basin and beyond.
Article Details
- Come citare
-
DARMARAKI, S., DENAXA, D., THEODOROU, I., LIVANOU, E., RIGATOU, D., RAITSOS E., D., STAVRAKIDIS-ZACHOU, O., DIMARCHOPOULOU, D., BONINO, G., McADAM, R., ORGANELLI, E., PITSOUNI , A., & PARASYRIS, A. (2024). Marine Heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea: A Literature Review. Mediterranean Marine Science, 25(3), 586–620. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.38392
- Sezione
- Review Article
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Downloads
I dati di download non sono ancora disponibili.
Riferimenti bibliografici
Aboelkhair, H., Mohamed, B., Morsy, M., Nagy, H., 2023. Co-Occurrence of Atmospheric and Oceanic Heatwaves in the Eastern Mediterranean over the Last Four Decades. Remote Sensing, 15 (7), 1841.
Adloff, F., Somot, S., Sevault, F., Jordà, G., Aznar, R. et al., 2015. Mediterranean Sea response to climate change in an ensemble of twenty first century scenarios. Climate Dynamics, 45, 2775-2802.
Agardy, T., 1996. Prospective climate change impacts on cetaceans and its implications for the conservation of whales and dolphins. Report to the World Wildlife Fund, 120.
Agawin, N.S.R., Duarte, C.M., Agustí, S., 2000. Nutrient and temperature control of the contribution of picoplankton to phytoplankton biomass and production. Limnology and Oceanography, 45 (3), 591-600.
Aguiar, E., Mourre, B., Alvera‐Azcárate, A., Pascual, A., Mason, E. et al., 2022. Strong Long‐Lived Anticyclonic Mesoscale Eddies in the Balearic Sea: Formation, Intensification, and Thermal Impact. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127 (5), e2021JC017589.
Albouy, C., Guilhaumon, F., Leprieur, F., Lasram, F.B.R., Somot, S. et al., 2013. Projected climate change and the changing biogeography of coastal Mediterranean fishes. Journal of Biogeography, 40 (3), 534-547.
Albouy, C., Leprieur, F., Le Loc’h, F., Mouquet, N., Meynard, C.N. et al., 2015. Projected impacts of climate warming on the functional and phylogenetic components of coastal Mediterranean fish biodiversity. Ecography, 38 (7), 681-689.
Alexander, M.A., Scott, J.D., Friedland, K.D., Mills, K.E., Nye, J.A. et al., 2018. Projected sea surface temperatures over the 21st century: changes in the mean, variability and extremes for large marine ecosystem regions of northern oceans. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 6.
Ali, E., Cramer, W., Carnicer, J., Georgopoulou, E., Hilmi, N.J.M. et al., 2022. Cross-Chapter Paper 4: Mediterranean Region. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:[H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. et al., (Eds.)]. IPCC, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Alvarez Fanjul, E., Ciliberti, S.A., Bahurel, P., 2022. Implementing Operational Ocean Monitoring and Forecasting Systems.
Amaya, D.J., Jacox, M.G., Fewings, M.R., Saba, V.S., Stuecker, M.F. et al., 2023. Marine heatwaves need clear definitions so coastal communities can adapt. Nature, 616 (7955), 29-32.
Androulidakis, Y.S., Krestenitis, Y.N., 2022. Sea surface temperature variability and marine heat waves over the Aegean, Ionian, and Cretan Seas from 2008-2021. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10 (1), 42.
Antoniadou, C., Pantelidou, M., Skoularikou, M., Chintiroglou, C.C., 2023. Mass Mortality of Shallow-Water Temperate Corals in Marine Protected Areas of the North Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). Hydrobiology, 2023, Vol. 2, Pages 311-325, 2 (2), 311-325.
Atalah, J., Ibañez, S., Aixalà, L., Barber, X., Sánchez-Jerez, P., 2024. Marine heatwaves in the western Mediterranean: Considerations for coastal aquaculture adaptation. Aquaculture, 588, 740917.
Avdelas, L., Avdic-Mravlje, E., Borges Marques, A.C., Cano, S., Capelle, J.J. et al., 2021. The decline of mussel aquaculture in the European Union: causes, economic impacts and opportunities. Reviews in Aquaculture, 13, 91-118.
Bally, M., Garrabou, J., 2007. Thermodependent bacterial pathogens and mass mortalities in temperate benthic communities: a new case of emerging disease linked to climate change. Global Change Biology, 13 (10), 2078-2088.
Barbeaux, S.J., Holsman, K., Zador, S., 2020. Marine Heatwave Stress Test of Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management in the Gulf of Alaska Pacific Cod Fishery. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 562630.
Bates, A.E., Cooke, R.S. C., Duncan, M.I., Edgar, G.J., Bruno, J.F. et al., 2019. Climate resilience in marine protected areas and the ‘Protection Paradox’. Biological Conservation, 236, 305-314.
Bay, R.A., Palumbi, S.R., 2017. Transcriptome predictors of coral survival and growth in a highly variable environment. Ecology and Evolution, 7 (13), 4794-4803.
Bearzi, G., Reeves, R.R., Notarbartolo-Di-Sciara, G., Politi, E., Canadas, A. et al., 2003. Ecology, status and conservation of short-beaked common dolphins Delphinus delphis in the Mediterranean Sea. Mammal Review, 33 (3-4), 224-252.
Beca-Carretero, P., Guihéneuf, F., Marín-Guirao, L., Bernardeau- Esteller, J., García-Muñoz, R. et al., 2018. Effects of an experimental heat wave on fatty acid composition in two Mediterranean seagrass species. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 134, 27-37.
Beca-Carretero, P., Winters, G., Teichberg, M., Procaccini, G., Schneekloth, F. et al., 2024. Climate change and the presence of invasive species will threaten the persistence of the Mediterranean seagrass community. Science of The Total Environment, 910, 168675.
Beever, E.A., Hall, L.E., Varner, J., Loosen, A.E., Dunham, J.B. et al., 2017. Behavioral flexibility as a mechanism for coping with climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 15, 299-308.
Ben Rais Lasram, F., Guilhaumon, F., Albouy, C., Somot, S., Thuiller, W. et al., 2010. The Mediterranean Sea as a ‘culde- sac’ for endemic fishes facing climate change. Global Change Biology, 16 (12), 3233-3245.
Benedetti, F., Vogt, M., Righetti, D., Guilhaumon, F., Ayata, S.D., 2018. Do functional groups of planktonic copepods differ in their ecological niches? Journal of Biogeography, 45 (3), 604-616.
Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Bates, A.E., Strona, G., Bulleri, F., Horta e Costa, B. et al., 2024. Marine protected areas promote stability of reef fish communities under climate warming. Nature Communications, 15 (1), 1822.
Bensoussan, N., Romano, J.C., Harmelin, J.G.,Garrabou, J., 2010. High resolution characterization of northwest Mediterranean coastal waters thermal regimes: To better understand responses of benthic communities to climate change. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 87 (3), 431-441.
Bensoussan, N., Pairaud, I., Garreau, P., Somot, S., Garrabou, J., 2013, September. Multidisciplinary approach to assess potential risk of mortality of benthic ecosystems facing climate change in the NW Mediterranean Sea. In 2013 OCEANS-San Diego (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
Bensoussan, N., Chiggiato, J., Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Pisano, A., Garrabou, J., 2019. Insights on the 2017 marine heat waves in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Operational Oceanography, 12, S1-S123.
Benthuysen, J.A., Smith, G.A., Spillman, C.M., Steinberg, C.R., 2021. Subseasonal prediction of the 2020 Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea marine heatwave. Environmental Research Letters, 16 (12), p.124050.
Bethoux, J.P., Gentili, B., Morin, P., Nicolas, E., Pierre, C. et al., 1999. The Mediterranean Sea: a miniature ocean for climatic and environmental studies and a key for the climatic functioning of the North Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, 44 (1-3), 131-146.
Bian, C., Jing, Z., Wang, H., Wu, L., 2024. Scale‐dependent drivers of marine heatwaves globally. Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2023GL107306.
Black, E., Blackburn, M., Harrison, G., Hoskins, B., Methven, J., 2004. Factors contributing to the summer 2003 European heatwave. Weather, 59 (8), 217-223. Black, E., Sutton, R., 2007. The influence of oceanic conditions on the hot European summer of 2003. Climate dynamics, 28, 53-66.
Boero, F., Féral, J.P., Azzurro, E., Cardin, V., Riedel, B. et al., 2008. I–Executive Summary of CIESM workshop climate warming and related changes in Mediterranean marine biota. In CIESM workshop monographs (Vol. 35, pp. 5-21). Bd de Suisse, Monaco: CIESM.
Bonino, G., Masina, S., Galimberti, G., Moretti, M., 2023. Southern Europe and western Asian marine heatwaves (SEWA- MHWs): A dataset based on macroevents. Earth System Science Data, 15 (3), 1269-1285.
Bonino, G., Galimberti, G., Masina, S., McAdam, R., Clementi, E., 2024. Machine learning methods to predict sea surface temperature and marine heatwave occurrence: a case study of the Mediterranean Sea. Ocean Science, 20 (2), 417-432. EGUsphere, 2023, 1-22.
Bosch-Belmar, M., Tantillo, M.F., Sarà, G., 2024. Impacts of increasing temperature due to global warming on key habitat- forming species in the Mediterranean sea: Unveiling negative biotic interactions. Global Ecology and Conservation, 50, e02844.
Boudouresque, C.-F., Astruch, P., André, S., Belloni, B., Blanfuné, A. et al., 2024. The Heatwave of Summer 2022 in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea: Some Species Were Winners. Water, 16 (2), Article 2.
Boukabara, S.-A., Krasnopolsky, V., Stewart, J.Q., Maddy, E.S., Shahroudi, N. et al., 2019.Leveraging modern artificial intelligence for remote sensing and NWP: Benefits and challenges, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100 (12), ES473-ES491.
Bramanti, L., Manea, E., Giordano, B., Estaque, T., Bianchimani, O. et al., 2023. The deep vault: a temporary refuge for temperate gorgonian forests facing marine heat waves. Mediterranean Marine Science, 24 (3), 601-609.
Brewin, R.J., Sathyendranath, S., Kulk, G., Rio, M.H., Concha, J.A. et al., 2023. Ocean carbon from space: Current status and priorities for the next decade. Earth-science reviews, 240, 104386.
Brothers, C.J., McClintock, J.B., 2015. The effects of climate- induced elevated seawater temperature on the covering behavior, righting response, and Aristotle’s lantern reflex of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 467, 33-38.
Buizza, C., Casas, C.Q., Nadler, P., Mack, J., Marrone, S. et al., 2022. Data learning: Integrating data assimilation and machine learning. Journal of Computational Science, 58, 101525.
Burke, M., Grant, J., Filgueira, R., Swanson, A., 2022. Oxygenation effects on temperature and dissolved oxygen at a commercial Atlantic salmon farm. Aquacultural Engineering, 99, 102287.
Cabrerizo, M.J., Medina-Sánchez, J.M., González-Olalla, J.M., Sánchez-Gómez, D., Carrillo, P., 2022. Microbial plankton responses to multiple environmental drivers in marine ecosystems with different phosphorus limitation degrees. Science of The Total Environment, 816, 151491.
Capdevila, P., Zentner, Y., Rovira, G., Garrabou, J., Medrano, A. et al., 2023. Marine heatwaves favour resistant Mediterranean octocoral populations at the expense of their speed of recovery. BioRxiv, 2023-11.
Cappelletto, M., Santoleri, R., Evangelista, L., Galgani, F., Garcés, E. et al., 2021. The Mediterranean Sea we want. Ocean and Coastal Research, 69, e21031.
Caputi, N., Kangas, M., Denham, A., Feng, M., Pearce, A. et al., 2016. Management adaptation of invertebrate fisheries to an extreme marine heat wave event at a global warming hot spot. Ecology and Evolution, 6 (11), 3583-3593.
Carbonne, C., Comeau, S., Plichon, K., Schaub, S., Gattuso, J.P. et al., 2024. Response of two temperate scleractinian corals to projected ocean warming and marine heatwaves. Royal Society Open Science, 11 (3).
Carey, J., 2022. The drivers and the implications of marine heatwaves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119 (26), e2209393119.
Cascarano, M.C., Stavrakidis-Zachou, O., Mladineo, I., Thompson, K.D., Papandroulakis, N., et al., 2021. Mediterranean Aquaculture in a Changing Climate: Temperature Effects on Pathogens and Diseases of Three Farmed Fish Species. Pathogens, 10 (9), 1205. MDPI AG.
Cerrano, C., Bavestrello, G., Bianchi, C.N., Cattaneo‐vietti, R., Bava, S. et al., 2000. A catastrophic mass‐mortality episode of gorgonians and other organisms in the Ligurian Sea (North‐western Mediterranean), summer 1999. Ecology letters, 3 (4), 284-293.
Chatzimentor, A., Doxa, A., Katsanevakis, S., Mazaris, A.D., 2023. Are Mediterranean marine threatened species at high risk by climate change? Global Change Biology, 29 (7), 1809-1821.
Chatzimentor, A., Doxa, A., Butenschön, M., Kristiansen, T., Peck, M.A. et al., 2024. Diving into warming oceans: Assessing 3D climatically suitable foraging areas of loggerhead sea turtles under climate change. Journal for Nature Conservation, 79, 126620.
Chefaoui, R.M., Duarte, C.M., Serrão, E.A., 2018. Dramatic loss of seagrass habitat under projected climate change in the Mediterranean Sea. Global Change Biology, 24 (10), 4919-4928.
Cheung, W.W., Watson, R., Pauly, D., 2013. Signature of ocean warming in global fisheries catch. Nature, 497(7449), 365-368.
Cheung, W.W., Frölicher, T.L., Lam, V.W., Oyinlola, M.A., Reygondeau, G. et al., 2021. Marine high temperature extremes amplify the impacts of climate change on fish and fisheries. Science Advances, 7 (40), eabh0895.
Cheng, Y., Zhang, M., Song, Z., Wang, G., Zhao, C. et al., 2023. A quantitative analysis of marine heatwaves in response to rising sea surface temperature. Science of The Total Environment, 881, 163396.
Chust, G., Allen, J.I., Bopp, L., Schrum, C., Holt, J. et al., 2014. Biomass changes and trophic amplification of plankton in a warmer ocean. Global Change Biology, 20 (7), 2124-2139.
Chust, G., Villarino, E., McLean, M., Mieszkowska, N., Benedetti- Cecchi, L. et al., 2024. Cross-basin and cross-taxa patterns of marine community tropicalization and deborealization in warming European seas. Nature Communications, 15 (1), 2126.
Clark, N.J., Kerry, J.T., Fraser, C.I., 2020. Rapid winter warming could disrupt coastal marine fish community structure. Nature Climate Change, 10 (9), 862-867.
Clementi, E., Aydogdu, A., Goglio, A. C., Pistoia, J., Escudier, R. et al., 2021. Mediterranean sea physical analysis and forecast (CMEMS MED-Currents, EAS6 system)(Version 1)[Data set]. Copernicus Monitoring Environment Marine Service (CMEMS).
Coll, M., Albo-Puigserver, M., Navarro, J., Palomera, I., Dambacher, J.M. 2019. Who is to blame? Plausible pressures on small pelagic fish population changes in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 617, 277-294.
Coma, R., Ribes, M., Serrano, E., Jiménez, E., Salat, J. et al., 2009. Global warming-enhanced stratification and mass mortality events in the mediterranean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 (15), 6176-6181.
Conversi, A., Peluso, T., Fonda-Umani, S. 2009. Gulf of Trieste: A changing ecosystem. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 114 (C3), 3-90.
Coppini, G., Clementi, E., Cossarini, G., Salon, S., Korres, G. et al., 2023. The Mediterranean Forecasting System–Part 1: Evolution and performance. Ocean Science, 19 (5), 1483-1516.
Courboulès, J., Mostajir, B., Trombetta, T., Mas, S., Vidussi, F., 2022. Warming Disadvantages Phytoplankton and Benefits Bacteria During a Spring Bloom in the Mediterranean Thau Lagoon. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 878938.
Cowie, R. H., Bouchet, P., & Fontaine, B. 2022. The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation? Biological Reviews, 97 (2), 640-663.
Crabbe, M.J.C., 2008. Climate change, global warming and coral reefs: Modelling the effects of temperature. Computational Biology and Chemistry, 32 (5), 311-314.
Crisci, C., Bensoussan, N., Romano, J.-C., Garrabou, J. 2011. Temperature anomalies and mortality events in marine communities: insights on factors behind differential mortality impacts in the nw mediterranean. Plos one, 6 (9):e23814.
Cutroneo, L., Capello, M. 2023. The Cold Waters in the Port of Genoa (NW Mediterranean Sea) during the Marine Heatwave in Summer 2022. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11 (8), 1568.
Danovaro, R., Umani, S. F., Pusceddu, A., 2009. Climate Change and the Potential Spreading of Marine Mucilage and Microbial Pathogens in the Mediterranean Sea. Plos one, 4 (9), e7006.
Darmaraki, S., 2019. Mediterranean marine heatwaves: detection, past variability and future evolution (Doctoral dissertation, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III).
Darmaraki, S., Somot, S., Sevault, F., Nabat, P. 2019a. Past variability of Mediterranean Sea marine heatwaves. Geophysical Research Letters, 46 (16), 9813-9823.
Darmaraki, S., Somot, S., Sevault, F., Nabat, P., Cabos Narvaez, W. D. et al., 2019b. Future evolution of marine heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea. Climate Dynamics, 53, 1371-1392.
Dayan, H., McAdam, R., Masina, S., Speich, S., 2022. Diversity of marine heatwave trends across the Mediterranean Sea over the last decades. Copernicus marine service ocean state report, (6), 205-210.
Dayan, H., McAdam, R., Juza, M., Masina, S., Speich, S., 2023. Marine heat waves in the Mediterranean Sea: An assessment from the surface to the subsurface to meet national needs. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1045138.
de Boisséson, E., Balmaseda, M.A., 2024. Predictability of marine heatwaves: assessment based on the ECMWF seasonal forecast system. Ocean Science, 20 (1), pp.265-278.
de Burgh-Day, C.O., Spillman, C.M., Smith, G., Stevens, C.L., 2022. Forecasting extreme marine heat events in key aquaculture regions around New Zealand. Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science, 72 (1), pp.58-72.
Denaxa D., Korres G., Sotiropoulou M., Perivoliotis L., 2022. Extreme Marine Heatwave in the eastern Mediterranean in May 2020. In: Copernicus Ocean State Report, Issue 6, Journal of Operational Oceanography, 15:sup1, s192-s198.
Denaxa, D., Korres, G., Flaounas, E., Hatzaki, M., 2024. Investigating extreme marine summers in the Mediterranean Sea. Ocean Science, 20 (2), 433-461.
Deserti, M., Cacciamani, C., Chiggiato, J., Rinaldi, A., Ferrari, C.R., 2005. Relationships between northern Adriatic Sea mucilage events and climate variability. Science of The Total Environment, 353 (1-3), 82-88.
de Wolff, T., Carrillo, H., Martí, L., Sanchez-Pi, N., 2021, May. Assessing physics informed neural networks in ocean modelling and climate change applications. In AI: Modeling Oceans and Climate Change Workshop at ICLR 2021.
Díaz-Almela, E., Marba, N., Martínez, R., Santiago, R., Duarte, C.M., 2009. Seasonal dynamics of Posidonia oceanica in Magalluf Bay (Mallorca, Spain): Temperature effects on seagrass mortality. Limnology and Oceanography, 54 (6), 2170-2182.
Domaizon, I., Lepère, C., Debroas, D., Bouvy, M., Ghiglione, J.F. et al., 2012. Short-term responses of unicellular planktonic eukaryotes to increases in temperature and UVB radiation. Bmc Microbiology, 12, 1-13.
Dueben, P.D., Bauer, P., 2018. Challenges and design choices for global weather and climate models based on machine learning. Geoscientific Model Development, 11 (10), 3999-4009.
Egea, L.G., Jiménez-Ramos, R., Vergara, J.J., Hernández, I., Brun, F.G., 2018. Interactive effect of temperature, acidification and ammonium enrichment on the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 134, 14-26.
Eissa, A.E., 2024. A mini-review on fish mass kills within the Egyptian fisheries and aquaculture sectors: Impacts and proposed solutions. Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences 9, 87-90.
El Hourany, R., Mejia, C., Faour, G., Crépon, M., Thiria, S., 2021. Evidencing the Impact of Climate Change on the Phytoplankton Community of the Mediterranean Sea Through a Bioregionalization Approach. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126 (4), e2020JC016808.
Elzahaby, Y., Schaeffer, A., Roughan, M., Delaux, S., 2022. Why the mixed layer depth matters when diagnosing marine heatwave drivers using a heat budget approach. Frontiers in Climate, 4, 838017.
El Zrelli, R., Rabaoui, L., Roa-Ureta, R.H., Gallai, N., Castet, S. et al., 2020. Economic impact of human-induced shrinkage of Posidonia oceanica meadows on coastal fisheries in the Gabes Gulf (Tunisia, Southern Mediterranean Sea). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 155, 111124.
Estaque, T., Richaume, J., Bianchimani, O., Schull, Q., Mérigot, B. et al., 2023. Marine heatwaves on the rise: One of the strongest ever observed mass mortality event in temperate gorgonians. Global Change Biology, 29 (22), 6159-6162.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Product, 2022a: Mediterranean Sea Surface Temperature time series and trend from Observations Reprocessing, Mercator Ocean International DOI: 10.48670/moi-00268.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Product, 2022b: Global Ocean Sea Surface Temperature time series and trend from Observations Reprocessing, Mercator Ocean International, DOI: 10.48670/moi-00242.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Product, 2022c: Mediterranean Sea Surface Temperature Cumulative trend Map from Observations Reprocessing, Mercator Ocean International, DOI:https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00269.
Evans, P. G. H.,Waggitt, J. J., 2020. Impacts of climate change on marine mammals, relevant to the coastal and marine environment around the UK. MCCIP Science Review, 421-455.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., 2020. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020: Sustainability in action. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Fabbrizzi, E., Munari, M., Fraschetti, S., Arena, C., Chiarore, A. et al., 2023. Canopy-forming macroalgae can adapt to marine heatwaves. Environmental Research, 238, 117218.
Feidantsis, K., Georgoulis, I., Zachariou, A., Campaz, B., Christoforou, M., 2020. Energetic, antioxidant, inflammatory and cell death responses in the red muscle of thermally stressed Sparus aurata. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 190, 403-418.
Fernández De Puelles, M.L., Molinero, J.C., 2008. Decadal changes in hydrographic and ecological time-series in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean), identifying links between climate and zooplankton. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65 (3), 311-317.
Feudale, L., Shukla, J., 2007. Role of Mediterranean SST in enhancing the European heat wave of summer 2003. Geophysical Research Letters, 34 (3).
Feudale, L., Shukla, J., 2011. Influence of sea surface temperature on the European heat wave of 2003 summer. Part II: a modeling study. Climate Dynamics, 36, 1705-1715.
Fortibuoni, T., Aldighieri, F., Giovanardi, O., Pranovi, F., Zucchetta, M., 2015. Climate impact on Italian fisheries (Mediterranean Sea). Regional Environmental Change, 15 (5), 931-937.
Fouilland, E., Mostajir, B., Torréton, J.P., Bouvy, M., Got, P. et al., 2013. Microbial carbon and nitrogen production under experimental conditions combining warming with increased ultraviolet-B radiation in Mediterranean coastal waters. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 439, 47-53.
Fragkopoulou, E., Sen Gupta, A., Costello, M. J., Wernberg, T., Araújo, M.B., et al., 2023. Marine biodiversity exposed to prolonged and intense subsurface heatwaves. Nature Climate Change, 13 (10), 1114-1121.
Francour, P., Boudouresque, C.F., Harmelin, J.G., Harmelin- Vivien, M.L., Quignard, J.P., 1994. Are the Mediterranean waters becoming warmer? Information from biological indicators. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 28 (9), 523-526.
Free, C.M., Anderson, S.C., Hellmers, E.A., Muhling, B.A., Navarro, M.O. et al., 2023. Impact of the 2014-2016 marine heatwave on US and Canada West Coast fisheries: Surprises and lessons from key case studies. Fish and Fisheries, 24, 652-674.
Fuller, A., Mitchell, D., Maloney, S.K., Hetem, R.S., 2016. Towards a mechanistic understanding of the responses of large terrestrial mammals to heat and aridity associated with climate change. Climate Change Responses, 3 (1), 1-19.
Fullgrabe, L., Grosjean, P., Gobert, S., Lejeune, P., Leduc, M. et al., 2020. Zooplankton dynamics in a changing environment: A 13-year survey in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Environmental Research, 159, 104962.
Gagliardi, N., Arévalo, P., Pamies-Sumner, S., 2022. The Fiscal Impact of Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Evidence for EU Countries. Publications Office of the European Union.
Galli, G., Solidoro, C., Lovato, T., 2017. Marine heat waves hazard 3D maps and the risk for low motility organisms in a warming Mediterranean Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, 136.
Gambaiani, D. D., Mayol, P., Isaac, S. J., Simmonds, M. P., 2009. Potential impacts of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions on Mediterranean marine ecosystems and cetaceans. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (1), 179-201.
Garcia-Corral, L. S., Martinez-Ayala, J., Duarte, C. M., Agusti, S., 2015. Experimental assessment of cumulative temperature and UV-B radiation effects on Mediterranean plankton metabolism. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2 (JUL), 145176.
Garcia‐Gorriz, E., Garcia‐Sanchez, J., 2007. Prediction of sea surface temperatures in the western Mediterranean Sea by neural networks using satellite observations. Geophysical research letters, 34 (11).
García-Herrera, R., Díaz, J., Trigo, R.M., Luterbacher, J., Fischer, E.M., 2010. A review of the European summer heat wave of 2003. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 40 (4), 267-306.
Garrabou, J., Coma, R., Bensoussan, N., Bally, M., Chevaldonné, P. et al., 2009. Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave. Global Change Biology, 15 (5), 1090-1103.
Garrabou, J., Gómez-Gras, D., Ledoux, J.B., Linares, C., Bensoussan, N. et al., 2019. Collaborative Database to Track Mass Mortality Events in the Mediterranean Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 478167.
Garrabou, J., Ledoux, J.B., Bensoussan, N., Gómez-Gras, D., Linares, C., 2021. Sliding toward the collapse of Mediterranean coastal marine rocky ecosystems. In Ecosystem collapse and climate change (pp. 291-324). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Garrabou, J., Gomez‐Gras, D., Medrano, A., Cerrano, C., Ponti, M. et al., 2022. Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea. Global Change Biology, 28 (19), 5708-5725.
Gillooly, J.F., Brown, J.H., West, G.B., Savage, V.M., Charnov, E.L., 2001. Effects of Size and Temperature on Metabolic Rate. Science, 293 (5538), 2248-2251.
Giorgi, F., 2006. Climate change hot‐spots. Geophysical research letters, 33 (8).
Givan, O., Edelist, D., Sonin, O., Belmaker, J., 2017. Thermal affinity as the dominant factor changing Mediterranean fish abundances. Global Change Biology, 24 (1), e80-e89.
Gkanasos, A., Schismenou, E., Tsiaras, K., Somarakis, S., Giannoulaki, M. et al., 2021. A three dimensional, full life cycle, anchovy and sardine model for the North Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean): Validation, sensitivity and climatic scenario simulations. Mediterranean Marine Science, 22 (3), 653-668.
Gómez-Gras, D., Linares, C., López-Sanz, A., Amate, R., Ledoux, J.B. et al., 2021a. Population collapse of habitat-forming species in the Mediterranean: a long-term study of gorgonian populations affected by recurrent marine heatwaves. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 288 (1965), 20212384.
Gómez Murciano, M., Liu, Y., Ünal, V., Sánchez LIzaso, J.L., 2021b. Comparative analysis of the social vulnerability assessment to climate change applied to fisheries from Spain and Turkey. Scientific Reports, 11 (1), 13949.
González-Alemán, J.J., Insua-Costa, D., Bazile, E., González-Herrero, S., Marcello Miglietta, M. et al., 2023. Anthropogenic warming had a crucial role in triggering the historic and destructive Mediterranean derecho in summer 2022. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 10 (8), E1526-E1532.
Grazzini, F., Viterbo, P., 2003. Record-breaking warm sea surface temperature of the Mediterranean Sea. ECMWF Newsletter, 98, 30-31.
Gruber, N., Boyd, P.W., Frölicher, T.L., Vogt, M., 2021. Biogeochemical extremes and compound events in the ocean. Nature, 600 (7889), 395-407.
Guerrero-Meseguer, L., Marín, A., Sanz-Lázaro, C., 2020. Heat wave intensity can vary the cumulative effects of multiple environmental stressors on Posidonia oceanica seedlings. Marine Environmental Research, 159, 105001.
Guinaldo, T., Voldoire, A., Waldman, R., Saux Picart, S., Roquet, H., 2023. Response of the sea surface temperature to heatwaves during the France 2022 meteorological summer. Ocean Science, 19 (3), 629-647.
Gunderson, A.R., Leal, M., 2016. A conceptual framework for understanding thermal constraints on ectotherm activity with implications for predicting responses to global change. Ecology Letters, 19 (2), 111-120.
Guo, X., Gao, Y., Zhang, S., Wu, L., Chang, P. et al., 2022. Threat by marine heatwaves to adaptive large marine ecosystems in an eddy-resolving model. Nature climate change, 12 (2), 179-186.
Hamdeno, M., Alvera-Azcarate, A., 2023. Marine heatwaves characteristics in the Mediterranean Sea: Case study the 2019 heatwave events. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1093760.
Hayashida, H., Matear, R. J., Strutton, P. G., Zhang, X., 2020. Insights into projected changes in marine heatwaves from a high-resolution ocean circulation model. Nature communications, 11 (1), 4352.
Herbert, R. J.H., Humphreys, J., Davies, C.J., Roberts, C., Fletcher, S. et al., 2016. Ecological impacts of non-native Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and management measures for protected areas in Europe. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2 (14), 2835-2865.
Hernán, G., Ortega, M.J., Gándara, A.M., Castejón, I., Terrados, J. et al., 2017. Future warmer seas: increased stress and susceptibility to grazing in seedlings of a marine habitat-forming species. Global Change Biology, 23 (11), 4530-4543.
Herrmann, M., Estournel, C., Adloff, F., Diaz, F., 2014. Impact of climate change on the northwestern Mediterranean Sea pelagic planktonic ecosystem and associated carbon cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (9), 5815-5836.
Hidalgo, M., El-Haweet, A.E., Tsikliras, A.C., Tirasin, E.M., Fortibuoni, T. et al., 2022. Risks and adaptation options for the Mediterranean fisheries in the face of multiple climate change drivers and impacts. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 79 (9), 2473-2488.
Hobday, A.J., Alexander, L.V., Perkins, S.E., Smale, D.A., Straub, S.C. et al., 2016. A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves. Progress in Oceanography, 141, 227-238.
Hobday, A.J., Oliver, E.C., Gupta, A.S., Benthuysen, J.A., Burrows, M.T. et al., 2018. Categorizing and naming marine heatwaves. Oceanography, 31 (2), 162-173.
Holbrook, N.J., Sen Gupta, A., Oliver, E.C., Hobday, A.J., Benthuysen, J.A. et al., 2020. Keeping pace with marine heatwaves. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 1 (9), 482-493.
Hornik, K, 1991. Approximation capabilities of multilayer feedforward networks, Neural Networks, 4, 251-257.
Ibrahim, O., Mohamed, B., Nagy, H., 2021. Spatial variability and trends of marine heat waves in the eastern mediterranean sea over 39 years. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9 (6), 643.
Islam, M.J., Kunzmann, A., Bögner, M., Meyer, A., Thiele, R. et al., 2020a. Metabolic and molecular stress responses of European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax at low and high temperature extremes. Ecological Indicators, 112, 106118.
Islam, M.J., Kunzmann, A., Thiele, R., Slater, M.J., 2020b. Effects of extreme ambient temperature in European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax acclimated at different salinities: Growth performance, metabolic and molecular stress responses. Science of The Total Environment, 735, 139371.
Islam, M.J., Slater, M.J., Bögner, M., Zeytin, S., Kunzmann, A., 2020c. Extreme ambient temperature effects in European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax: Growth performance and hemato- biochemical parameters. Aquaculture, 522, 735093.
Issifu, I., Alava, J.J., Lam, V.W.Y., Sumaila, U.R., 2022. Impact of Ocean Warming, Overfishing and Mercury on European Fisheries: A Risk Assessment and Policy Solution Framework. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 770805.
Jackson, J.M., Johnson, G.C., Dosser, H.V., Ross, T., 2018. Warming from recent marine heatwave lingers in deep British Columbia fjord. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (18), 9757-9764.
Jacox, M.G., 2019. Marine heatwaves in a changing climate. Nature 571, 485-487.
Jacox, M.G., Alexander, M.A., Siedlecki, S., Chen, K., Kwon, Y.O. et al., 2020. Seasonal-to-interannual prediction of North American coastal marine ecosystems: Forecast methods, mechanisms of predictability, and priority developments. Progress in Oceanography, 183, 102307.
Jacox, M.G., Alexander, M.A., Amaya, D., Becker, E., Bograd, S.J. et al., 2022. Global seasonal forecasts of marine heatwaves. Nature, 604 (7906), 486-490.
Jacquemont, J., Loiseau, C., Tornabene, L., Claudet, J., 2024. 3D ocean assessments reveal that fisheries reach deep but marine protection remains shallow. Nature Communications, 15 (1), 4027.
Jordà, G., Marbà, N., Duarte, C.M., 2012. Mediterranean seagrass vulnerable to regional climate warming. Nature climate change, 2 (11), 821-824.
Josey, S.A., Somot, S., Tsimplis, M., 2011. Impacts of atmospheric modes of variability on Mediterranean Sea surface heat exchange. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 116 (C2).
Josey, S.A., Schroeder, K., 2023. Declining winter heat loss threatens continuing ocean convection at a Mediterranean dense water formation site. Environmental Research Letters, 18 (2), 024005.
Jung, T., Ferranti, L., Tompkins, A.M., 2006. Response to the summer of 2003 Mediterranean SST anomalies over Europe and Africa. Journal of Climate, 19 (20), 5439-5454.
Juza, M., Fernández-Mora, À., Tintoré, J., 2022. Sub-Regional marine heat waves in the Mediterranean Sea from observations: Long-term surface changes, Sub-surface and coastal responses. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 785771.
Kalloniati, K., Christou, E.D., Kournopoulou, A., Gittings, J.A., Theodorou, I. et al., 2023. Long-term warming and human-induced plankton shifts at a coastal Eastern Mediterranean site. Scientific Reports, 13 (1), 1-14.
Kamburska, L., Fonda-UmaniI, S., 2006. Long-Term Copepod Dynamics in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea) : recent changes and trends. Climate Research, 31, 195-203.
Kersting, D.K., Bensoussan, N., Linares, C., 2013. Long-term responses of the endemic reef-builder cladocora caespitosa to mediterranean warming. Plos one, 8 (8):e70820.
Kır, M., Sunar, M.C., Altındağ, B.C., 2017. Thermal tolerance and preferred temperature range of juvenile meagre acclimated to four temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology, 65, 125-129.
Kır, M., 2020. Thermal tolerance and standard metabolic rate of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) acclimated to four temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology, 93, 102739.
Konsta, K., Doxa, A., Katsanevakis, S., Mazaris, A. D., et al. rojected intensification of subsurface marine heatwaves under climate change, 22 September 2023, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square [https://doi.org/10.21203/ rs.3.rs-3091828/v1]
Lacoue-Labarthe, T., Nunes, P.A., Ziveri, P., Cinar, M., Gazeau, F., et al., 2016. Impacts of ocean acidification in a warming Mediterranean Sea: An overview. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 5, 1-11.
La Manna, G., Ronchetti, F., Perretti, F., Ceccherelli, G., 2023. Not only wide range shifts: Marine warming and heat waves influence spatial traits of a mediterranean common bottlenose dolphin population. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 285, 108320.
Lazzari, P., Mattia, G., Solidoro, C., Salon, S., Crise, A., et al., 2014. The impacts of climate change and environmental management policies on the trophic regimes in the Mediterranean Sea: Scenario analyses. Journal of Marine Systems, 135, 137-149.
Le Grix, N., Zscheischler, J., Laufkötter, C., Rousseaux, C.S., Frölicher, T.L., 2021. Compound high-temperature and low-chlorophyll extremes in the ocean over the satellite period. Biogeosciences, 18 (6), 2119-2137.
Lejart, M., Hily, C., 2011. Differential response of benthic macrofauna to the formation of novel oyster reefs (Crassostrea gigas, Thunberg) on soft and rocky substrate in the intertidal of the Bay of Brest, France. Journal of Sea Research, 65 (1), 84-93.
Le Traon, P.Y., Reppucci, A., Alvarez Fanjul, E., Aouf, L., Behrens, A. et al., 2019. From observation to information and users: The Copernicus Marine Service perspective. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, p.234.
Li, X., Liu, B., Zheng, G., Ren, Y., Zhang, S. et al., 2020. Deep-learning-based information mining from ocean remote- sensing imagery. National Science Review, 7 (10), 1584-1605.
Li, X., Donner, S., 2023. Assessing future projections of warm‐season marine heatwave characteristics with three CMIP6 models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, e2022JC019253.
Li, M., Organelli, E., Serva, F., Bellacicco, M., Landolfi, A. et al., 2024. Phytoplankton spring bloom inhibited by marine heatwaves in the North‐Western Mediterranean Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2024GL109141.
Lionello, P., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., Boscolo, R., Alpert, P., Artale, V. et al., 2006. The Mediterranean climate: an overview of the main characteristics and issues. Developments in earth and environmental sciences, 4, 1-26.
Lloret, J., Sabatés, A., Muñoz, M., Demestre, M., Solé, I. et al., 2015. How a multidisciplinary approach involving ethnoecology, biology and fisheries can help explain the spatio- temporal changes in marine fish abundance resulting from climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 24 (4), 448-461.
Macias, D. M., Garcia-Gorriz, E., Stips, A., 2015. Productivity changes in the Mediterranean Sea for the twenty-first century in response to changes in the regional atmospheric forcing. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2, 79.
Madeira, D., Madeira, C., Costa, P.M., Vinagre, C., Pörtner, H.O. et al., 2020. Different sensitivity to heatwaves across the life cycle of fish reflects phenotypic adaptation to environmental niche. Marine Environmental Research, 162, 105192.
Major, W.R., 2021. Marine Heatwaves and Oxygen Extremes in the Mediterranean Sea under Climate Change (Doctoral dissertation, University of Bristol).
Mannino, A.M., Vaglica, V., Cammarata, M., Oddo, E., 2016. Effects of temperature on total phenolic compounds in Cystoseira amentacea (C. Agardh) Bory (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) from southern Mediterranean Sea. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology, 150 (1), 152-160.
Marbà, N., Duarte, C.M., 2010. Mediterranean warming triggers seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) shoot mortality. Global Change Biology, 16 (8), 2366-2375.
Marbà, N., Jordà, G., Agustí, S., Girard, C., Duarte, C.M., 2015. Footprints of climate change on Mediterranean Sea biota. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2, 56.
Marbà, N., Jordà, G., Bennett, S., Duarte, C.M., 2022. Seagrass Thermal Limits and Vulnerability to Future Warming. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 860826.
Margirier, F., Testor, P., Heslop, E., Mallil, K., Bosse, A. et al., 2020. Abrupt warming and salinification of intermediate waters interplays with decline of deep convection in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Scientific Reports, 10 (1), 20923.
Marie, G., Tal, I., Pierre, C., Thierry, P., 2023. Mediterranean marine keystone species on the brink of extinction. Global Change Biology, 29 (7), 1681-1683.
Marin, M., Feng, M., Bindoff, N.L., Phillips, H.E., 2022. Local drivers of extreme upper ocean marine heatwaves assessed using a global ocean circulation model. Frontiers in Climate, 4, 788390.
Marín-Guirao, L., Entrambasaguas, L., Dattolo, E., Ruiz, J.M., Procaccini, G., 2017. Molecular Mechanisms behind the Physiological Resistance to Intense Transient Warming in an Iconic Marine Plant. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8.
Marín-Guirao, L., Bernardeau-Esteller, J., García-Muñoz, R., Ramos, A., Ontoria, Y. et al., 2018. Carbon economy of Mediterranean seagrasses in response to thermal stress. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 135, 617-629.
Marín-Guirao, L., Entrambasaguas, L., Ruiz, J.M., Procaccini, G., 2019. Heat-stress induced flowering can be a potential adaptive response to ocean warming for the iconic seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Molecular Ecology, 28 (10), 2486-2501.
Martin, Y., Bonnefont, J.L., Chancerelle, L., 2002. Gorgonians mass mortality during the 1999 late summer in French Mediterranean coastal waters: the bacterial hypothesis. Water Research, 36 (3), 779-782.
Martín, M.L., Calvo‐Sancho, C., Taszarek, M., González‐ Alemán, J.J., Montoro‐Mendoza, A. et al., 2024. Major role of marine heatwave and anthropogenic climate change on a Giant hail Event in Spain. Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2023GL107632.
Martínez, J., Leonelli, F.E., García-Ladona, E., Garrabou, J., Kersting, D.K. et al., 2023. Evolution of marine heatwaves in warming seas: the Mediterranean Sea case study. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1193164.
Marullo, S., Guarracino, M., 2003. L’anomalia termica del 2003 nel mar Mediterraneo osservata da satellite. Energia, ambiente e innovazione, 6 (03), 48-53.
Marullo, S., Artale, V., Santoleri, R., 2011. The SST multidecadal variability in the Atlantic–Mediterranean region and its relation to AMO. Journal of Climate, 24 (16), 4385-4401.
Marullo, S., Serva, F., Iacono, R., Napolitano, E., di Sarra, A. et al., 2023. Record-breaking persistence of the 2022/23 marine heatwave in the Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Research Letters, 18 (11), 114041.
Mavrakis, A. F., Tsiros, I.X., 2019. The abrupt increase in the Aegean sea surface temperature during June 2007–a marine heatwave event? Weather, 74 (6), 201-207.
Maynou, F., Sabatés, A., Salat, J., 2014. Clues from the recent past to assess recruitment of Mediterranean small pelagic fishes under sea warming scenarios. Climatic Change, 126 (1-2), 175-188.
Mayot, N., Boudouresque, C. F., Leriche, A., 2005. Unexpected response of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica to a warm-water episode in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 328(3), 291-296.
Mazaris, A.D., Kallimanis, A.S., Sgardelis, S.P., Pantis, J.D., 2008. Do long-term changes in sea surface temperature at the breeding areas affect the breeding dates and reproduction performance of Mediterranean loggerhead turtles? Implications for climate change. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 367 (2), 219-226.
Mazaris, A.D., Dimitriadis, C., Papazekou, M., Schofield, G., Doxa, A. et al., 2023. Priorities for Mediterranean marine turtle conservation and management in the face of climate change. Journal of Environmental Management, 339, 117805.
Mazzocchi, M.G., Di Capua, I., Kokoszka, F., Margiotta, F., d’Alcalà, M.R. et al., 2023. Coastal mesozooplankton respond to decadal environmental changes via community restructuring. Marine Ecology, 44 (3), e12746.
McAdam, R., Masina, S., Gualdi, S., 2023. Seasonal forecasting of subsurface marine heatwaves. Communications Earth & Environment, 4 (1), 225.
McAdam, R., (2023, July 7) “Over 30 C: Marine Heatwaves currently hitting the Mediterranean, https://www.cmcc. it/article/over-30c-marine-heatwaves-currently-hitting- the-mediterranean
Menna, M., Gačić, M., Martellucci, R., Notarstefano, G., Fedele, G. et al., 2022. Climatic, decadal, and interannual variability in the upper layer of the Mediterranean Sea using remotely sensed and in-situ data. Remote Sensing, 14 (6), 1322.
Miglietta, M.M., Mazon, J., Motola, V., Pasini, A., 2017. Effect of a positive sea surface temperature anomaly on a Mediterranean tornadic supercell. Scientific reports, 7 (1), 12828.
Mohamed, B., Abdallah, A.M., Alam El-Din, K., Nagy, H. et al., 2019. Inter-annual variability and trends of sea level and sea surface temperature in the Mediterranean Sea over the last 25 years. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 176, 3787-3810.
Molinero, J.C., Ibanez, F., Souissi, S., Buecher, E., Dallot, S. et al., 2008. Climate control on the long-term anomalous changes of zooplankton communities in the Northwestern Mediterranean. Global Change Biology, 14 (1), 11-26.
Moltó, V., Palmer, M., Ospina-Álvarez, A., Pérez-Mayol, S., Benseddik, A.B. et al., 2021. Projected effects of ocean warming on an iconic pelagic fish and its fishery. Scientific Reports, 11 (1), 8803.
Monteiro, M., de Castro, S.L.P., Marques, S.C., Freitas, R., Azeiteiro, U.M., 2023. An emergent treat: Marine heatwaves - Implications for marine decapod crustacean species - An overview. Environmental Research, 229, 116004.
Moullec, F., Barrier, N., Drira, S., Guilhaumon, F., Marsaleix, P. et al., 2019. An end-to-end model reveals losers and winners in a warming Mediterranean Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 345.
Olita, A., Sorgente, R., Natale, S., Gaberšek, S., Ribotti, A. et al., 2007. Effects of the 2003 European heatwave on the Central Mediterranean Sea: surface fluxes and the dynamical response. Ocean Science, 3 (2), 273-289.
Oliver, E.C., Donat, M.G., Burrows, M.T., Moore, P.J., Smale, D.A. et al., 2018. Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century. Nature communications, 9 (1), 1-12.
Oliver, E.C., Burrows, M.T., Donat, M.G., Sen Gupta, A., Alexander, L.V. et al., 2019. Projected marine heatwaves in the 21st century and the potential for ecological impact. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 734.
Oliver, E.C., Benthuysen, J.A., Darmaraki, S., Donat, M.G., Hobday, A.J. et al., 2021. Marine heatwaves. Annual Review of Marine Science, 13, 313-342.
Ontoria, Y., Cuesta-Gracia, A., Ruiz, J.M., Romero, J., Pérez, M., 2019. The negative effects of short-term extreme thermal events on the seagrass Posidonia oceanica are exacerbated by ammonium additions. Plos one, 14 (9), e0222798.
Orenes-Salazar, V., Navarro-Martínez, P.C., Ruíz, J.M., García-Charton, J.A., 2023. Recurrent marine heatwaves threaten the resilience and viability of a key Mediterranean octocoral species. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 33 (11), 1161-1174.
Osland, M.J., Stevens, P.W., Lamont, M.M., Brusca, R.C., Hart, K.M. et al., 2021. Tropicalization of temperate ecosystems in North America: The northward range expansion of tropical organisms in response to warming winter temperatures. Global Change Biology, 27 (13), 3009-3034.
Palomera, I., Olivar, M.P., Salat, J., Sabatés, A., Coll, M. et al., 2007. Small pelagic fish in the NW Mediterranean Sea: An ecological review. Progress in Oceanography, 74 (2- 3), 377-396.
Panzeri, D., Reale, M., Cossarini, G., Salon, S., Carlucci, R. et al., 2024. Future distribution of demersal species in a warming Mediterranean sub-basin. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1308325.
Parras-Berrocal, I.M., Vazquez, R., Cabos, W., Sein, D., Mañanes, R. et al., 2020. The climate change signal in the Mediterranean Sea in a regionally coupled atmosphere– ocean model. Ocean Science, 16 (3), 743-765.
Parravicini, V., Guidetti, P., Morri, C., Montefalcone, M., Donato, M. et al., 2010. Consequences of sea water temperature anomalies on a Mediterranean submarine cave ecosystem. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 86 (2), 276-282.
Pastor, F., Valiente, J. A., Khodayar, S., 2020. A warming Mediterranean: 38 years of increasing sea surface temperature. Remote sensing, 12 (17), 2687.
Pastor, F., Khodayar, S., 2023. Marine heat waves: Characterizing a major climate impact in the Mediterranean. Science of The Total Environment, 861, 160621.
Pazzaglia, J., Santillán-Sarmiento, A., Helber, S.B., Ruocco, M., Terlizzi, A. et al., 2020. Does Warming Enhance the Effects of Eutrophication in the Seagrass Posidonia oceanica? Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 564805.
Pilo, G.S., Holbrook, N.J., Kiss, A.E., Hogg, A.M., 2019. Sensitivity of marine heatwave metrics to ocean model resolution. Geophysical Research Letters, 46 (24), 14604-14612.
Piontkovski, S.A., Fonda-Umani, S., Olita, A., 2010. The 2003 heat wave and marine plankton communities. In Workshop to Compare Zooplankton Ecology and Methodologies between the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic (WKZEM) (p. 56).
Pisano, A., Marullo, S., Artale, V., Falcini, F., Yang, C. et al., 2020. New evidence of Mediterranean climate change and variability from sea surface temperature observations. Remote Sensing, 12 (1), 132.
Plecha, S.M., Soares, P.M., 2020. Global marine heatwave events using the new CMIP6 multi-model ensemble: from shortcomings in present climate to future projections. Environmental Research Letters, 15 (12), 124058.
Prioux, C., Tignat-Perrier, R., Gervais, O., Estaque, T., Schull, Q. et al., 2023. Unveiling microbiome changes in Mediterranean octocorals during the 2022 marine heatwaves: quantifying key bacterial symbionts and potential pathogens. Microbiome, 11(1), 1-19.
Pulina, S., Brutemark, A., Suikkanen, S., Padedda, B. M., Grubisic, L. M. et al., 2016. Effects of warming on a Mediterranean phytoplankton community. Web Ecology, 16 (1), 89-92.
Pulina, S., Suikkanen, S., Padedda, B.M., Brutemark, A., Grubisic, L.M., et al., 2020. Responses of a Mediterranean coastal lagoon plankton community to experimental warming. Marine Biology, 167 (2), 1-14.
Qiu, Z., Qiao, F., Jang, C.J., Zhang, L., Song, Z., 2021. Evaluation and projection of global marine heatwaves based on CMIP6 models. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 194, 104998.
Raitsos, D.E., Beaugrand, G., Georgopoulos, D., Zenetos, A., Pancucci-Papadopoulou, A.M. et al., 2010. Global climate change amplifies the entry of tropical species into the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Limnology and Oceanography, 55 (4), 1478-1484.
Ramírez, F., Pennino, M.G., Albo-Puigserver, M., Steenbeek, J., Bellido, J.M., et al., 2021. SOS small pelagics: A safe operating space for small pelagic fish in the western Mediterranean Sea. Science of The Total Environment, 756, 144002.
Reusch, T.B., Ehlers, A., Hämmerli, A., Worm, B., 2005. Ecosystem recovery after climatic extremes enhanced by genotypic diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102 (8), 2826-2831.
Reuters. (2022, November 14). Mediterranean marine heatwaves threaten coastal livelihoods, Dawn (https://www. dawn.com/news/1720813)
Richon, C., Dutay, J.C., Bopp, L., Le Vu, B., Orr, J.C. et al., 2019. Biogeochemical response of the Mediterranean Sea to the transient SRES-A2 climate change scenario. Biogeosciences, 16 (1), 135-165.
Rivetti, I., Fraschetti, S., Lionello, P., Zambianchi, E., Boero, F., 2014. Global Warming and Mass Mortalities of Benthic Invertebrates in the Mediterranean Sea. Plos one, 9 (12), e115655.
Rinaldi, A., Martinez, M., Badalamenti, F., D’Anna, G., Mirto, S. et al., 2023. The ontogeny-specific thermal sensitivity of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10.
Rindi, L., He, J., Benedetti-Cecchi, L., 2022. Spatial correlation reverses the compound effect of multiple stressors on rocky shore biofilm. Ecology and Evolution, 12 (10), e9418.
Rodrigues, L.C., Van den Bergh, J.C., Massa, F., Theodorou, J.A., Ziveri, P. et al., 2015. Sensitivity of Mediterranean bivalve mollusc aquaculture to climate change, ocean acidification, and other environmental pressures: findings from a producer survey. Journal of Shellfish Research, 34 (3), 1161-1176.
Rodrigues, L.C., van den Bergh, J.C., Loureiro, M.L., Nunes, P.A., Rossi, S., 2016. The cost of Mediterranean Sea warming and acidification: a choice experiment among scuba divers at Medes Islands, Spain. Environmental and resource economics, 63, 289-311.
Roman, M.R., Brandt, S.B., Houde, E.D., Pierson, J., 2019. Interactive effects of hypoxia and temperature on coastal pelagic zooplankton and fish. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 139.
Romano, J.C., Bensoussan, N., Younes, W.A., Arlhac, D., 2000. Anomalie thermique dans les eaux du golfe de Marseille durant l’été 1999. Une explication partielle de la mortalité d’invertébrés fixés?. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences-Series III-Sciences de la Vie, 323 (4), 415-427.
Rosselló, P., Pascual, A., Combes, V., 2023. Assessing marine heat waves in the Mediterranean Sea: a comparison of fixed and moving baseline methods. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1168368.
Rubio-Portillo, E., Izquierdo-Muñoz, A., Gago, J.F., Rosselló- Mora, R., Antón, J. et al., 2016. Effects of the 2015 heat wave on benthic invertebrates in the Tabarca Marine Protected Area (southeast Spain). Marine Environmental Research, 122, 135-142.
Ruesink, J.L., Lenihan, H.S., Trimble, A.C., Heiman, K.W., Micheli, F. et al., 2005. Introduction of non-native oysters: ecosystem effects and restoration implications. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 36 (1), 643-689.
Russo, A., Maccaferri, S., Djakovac, T., Precali, R., Degobbis, D. et al., 2005. Meteorological and oceanographic conditions in the northern Adriatic Sea during the period June 1999–July 2002: Influence on the mucilage phenomenon. Science of The Total Environment, 353 (1-3), 24-38.
Saada, G., Nicastro, K.R., Jacinto, R., McQuaid, C.D., Serrão, E.A. et al., 2016. Taking the heat: Distinct vulnerability to thermal stress of central and threatened peripheral lineages of a marine macroalga. Diversity and Distributions, 22 (10), 1060-1068.
Sabatés, A., Martín, P., Lloret, J., Raya, V., 2006. Sea warming and fish distribution: the case of the small pelagic fish, Sardinella aurita, in the western Mediterranean. Global Change Biology, 12 (11), 2209-2219.
Sabatés, A., Salat, J., Raya, V., Emelianov, M., Segura-Noguera, M., 2009. Spawning environmental conditions of Sardinella aurita at the northern limit of its distribution range, the western Mediterranean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 385, 227-236.
Sánchez-Cueto, P., Stavrakidis-Zachou, O., Clos-Garcia, M., Bosch, M., Papandroulakis, N. et al., 2023. Mediterranean Sea heatwaves jeopardize greater amberjack’s (Seriola dumerili) aquaculture productivity through impacts on the fish microbiota. ISME communications, 3 (1), 36.
Sánchez-Jerez, P., Babarro, J.M.F., Padin, X.A., Longa Portabales, A., Martinez-Llorens, S. et al., 2022. Cumulative climatic stressors strangles marine aquaculture: Ancillary effects of COVID 19 on Spanish mariculture. Aquaculture, 549, 737749.
Santos, R., Russo, A., Gouveia, C.M., 2024. Co-occurrence of marine and atmospheric heatwaves with drought conditions and fire activity in the Mediterranean region. Scientific Reports, 14, 19233.
Sanz-Martín, M., Hidalgo, M., Puerta, P., Molinos, J. G., Zamanillo, M., et al., 2024. Climate velocity drives unexpected southward patterns of species shifts in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Ecological Indicators, 160, 111741.
Serva, F., 2024. Marine heatwaves and cold spells events based on ESA-CCI SSTs (experimental product) (Version v1) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo. 1377159.
Schiaparelli, S., Castellano, M., Povero, P., Sartoni, G., Cattaneo- Vietti, R., 2007. A benthic mucilage event in North-Western Mediterranean Sea and its possible relationships with the summer 2003 European heatwave: short term effects on littoral rocky assemblages. Marine Ecology, 28 (3), 341-353.
Simon, A., Plecha, S.M., Russo, A., Teles-Machado, A., Donat, M.G. et al., 2022. Hot and cold marine extreme events in the Mediterranean over the period 1982-2021. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 892201.
Simon, A., Pires, C., Frölicher, T.L., Russo, A., 2023. Longterm warming and interannual variability contributions’ to marine heatwaves in the Mediterranean. Weather and Climate Extremes, 42, 100619.
Skliris, N., Sofianos, S., Gkanasos, A., Mantziafou, A., Vervatis, V. et al., 2012. Decadal scale variability of sea surface temperature in the Mediterranean Sea in relation to atmospheric variability. Ocean Dynamics, 62, 13-30.
Smale, D.A., Wernberg, T., Oliver, E.C., Thomsen, M., Harvey, B.P. et al., 2019. Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services. Nature Climate Change, 9 (4), 306-312.
Smith, K.E., Burrows, M.T., Hobday, A.J., Sen Gupta, A., Moore, P.J., et al., 2021. Socioeconomic impacts of marine heatwaves: Global issues and opportunities. Science, 374 (6566), eabj3593.
Smith, K.E., Burrows, M.T., Hobday, A.J., King, N.G., Moore, P.J., et al., 2023. Biological impacts of marine heatwaves. Annual Review of Marine Science, 15 (1), 119-145.
Šolić, M., Krstulović, N., Šantić, D., Šestanović, S., Kušpilić, G. et al., 2017. Impact of the 3 °C temperature rise on bacterial growth and carbon transfer towards higher trophic levels: Empirical models for the Adriatic Sea. Journal of Marine Systems, 173, 81-89.
Šolić, M., Grbec, B., Matić, F., Šantić, D., Šestanović, S. et al., 2018). Spatio-temporal reproducibility of the microbial food web structure associated with the change in temperature: Long-term observations in the Adriatic Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 161, 87-101.
Šolić, M., Šantić, D., Šestanović, S., Bojanić, N., Jozić, S. et al., 2019. Temperature and phosphorus interacts in controlling the picoplankton carbon flux in the Adriatic Sea: an experimental versus field study. Environmental Microbiology, 21 (7), 2469-2484.
Somot, S., Sevault, F., Déqué, M., 2006. Transient climate change scenario simulation of the Mediterranean Sea for the twenty-first century using a high-resolution ocean circulation model. Climate Dynamics, 27, 851-879.
Soto-Navarro, J., Jordá, G., Amores, Á., Cabos, W., Somot, S. et al., 2020. Evolution of Mediterranean Sea water properties under climate change scenarios in the Med-CORDEX ensemble. Climate Dynamics, 54, 2135-2165.
Soulié, T., Vidussi, F., Mas, S., Mostajir, B., 2022a. Functional Stability of a Coastal Mediterranean Plankton Community During an Experimental Marine Heatwave. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 831496.
Soulié, T., Vidussi, F., Courboulès, J., Mas, S., Mostajir, B., 2022b. Metabolic responses of plankton to warming during different productive seasons in coastal Mediterranean waters revealed by in situ mesocosm experiments. Scientific Reports, 12 (1), 9001.
Soulié, T., Vidussi, F., Mas, S., Mostajir, B., 2023. Functional and structural responses of plankton communities toward consecutive experimental heatwaves in Mediterranean coastal waters. Scientific Reports, 13 (1), 8050.
Sparnocchia, S., Schiano, M.E., Picco, P., Bozzano, R., Cappelletti, A., 2006 (March). The anomalous warming of summer 2003 in the surface layer of the Central Ligurian Sea (Western Mediterranean). In Annales Geophysicae (Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 443-452). Göttingen, Germany: Copernicus Publications.
Stavrakidis-Zachou, O., Lika, K., Anastasiadis, P., Papandroulakis, N., 2021a. Projecting climate change impacts on Mediterranean finfish production: a case study in Greece. Climatic Change, 165, 67.
Stavrakidis-Zachou, O., Lika, K., Michail, P., Tsalafouta, A., Mohamed, A.H. et al., 2021b. Thermal tolerance, metabolic scope and performance of meagre, Argyrosomus regius, reared under high water temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology 100, 103063.
Stavrakidis-Zachou, O., Lika, K., Pavlidis, M., Asaad, M.H., Papandroulakis, N., 2022. Metabolic scope, performance and tolerance of juvenile European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax upon acclimation to high temperatures. Plos one 17, e0272510.
Stefanidou, N., Genitsaris, S., Lopez-Bautista, J., Sommer, U., Moustaka-Gouni, M., 2018. Effects of heat shock and salinity changes on coastal Mediterranean phytoplankton in a mesocosm experiment. Marine Biology, 165 (10), 1-14.
Stefanon, M., D’Andrea, F., Drobinski, P., 2012. Heatwave classification over Europe and the Mediterranean region. Environmental Research Letters, 7 (1), 014023.
Stephenson, D.B., Diaz, H.F., Murnane, R.J., 2008. Definition, diagnosis, and origin of extreme weather and climate events. Climate extremes and society, 340, 11-23.
Stevens, C.L., Spillman, C.M., Behrens, E., Broekhuizen, N., Holland, P. et al., 2022. Horizon scan on the benefits of ocean seasonal forecasting in a future of increasing marine heatwaves for Aotearoa New Zealand. Frontiers in Climate, 4, p.907919.
Stipcich, P., Marín-Guirao, L., Pansini, A., Pinna, F., Procaccini, G. et al., 2022a. Effects of Current and Future Summer Marine Heat Waves on Posidonia oceanica: Plant Origin Matters? Frontiers in Climate, 4, 844831.
Stipcich, P., Apostolaki, E.T., Chartosia, N., Efthymiadis, P.T., Jimenez, C.E. et al., 2022b. Assessment of Posidonia oceanica traits along a temperature gradient in the Mediterranean Sea shows impacts of marine warming and heat waves. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 895354.
Stipcich, P., Beca-Carretero, P., Álvarez-Salgado, X.A., Apostolaki, E.T., Chartosia, N. et al., 2023. Effects of high temperature and marine heat waves on seagrasses: Is warming affecting the nutritional value of Posidonia oceanica? Marine Environmental Research, 184, 105854.
Stipcich, P., La Manna, G., Ceccherelli, G., 2024. Warming-induced flowering and fruiting in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica and uncertainties due to context-dependent features. Marine Biology, 171 (3), 67.
Sun, W., Zhou, S., Yang, J., Gao, X., Ji, J. et al., 2023a. Artificial intelligence forecasting of marine heatwaves in the South China Sea using a combined U-Net and ConvLSTM system. Remote Sensing, 15 (16), 4068.
Sun, D., Jing, Z., Li, F.,Wu, L., 2023b. Characterizing global marine heatwaves under a spatio-temporal framework. Progress in Oceanography, 211, 102947.
Taylor, J., Feng, M., 2022. A deep learning model for forecasting global monthly mean sea surface temperature anomalies. Frontiers in Climate, 4, 932932.
Thomas, C.D., Cameron, A., Green, R.E., Bakkenes, M., Beaumont, L.J. et al., 2004. Extinction risk from climate change. Nature, 427 (6970), 145-148.
Tilves, U., Purcell, J.E., Fuentes, V.L., Torrents, A., Pascual, M. et al., 2016. Natural diet and predation impacts of Pelagia noctiluca on fish eggs and larvae in the NW Mediterranean. Journal of Plankton Research, 38 (5), 1243-1254.
Tomas, F., Hernan, G., Mañez-Crespo, J., Arona, A., Meléndez, D.H. et al., 2024. Mass flowering and unprecedented extended pseudovivipary in seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) after a Marine Heat Wave. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 203, 116394.
Tomassini, L., Elizalde, A., 2012. Does the Mediterranean Sea influence the European summer climate? The anomalous summer 2003 as a test bed. Journal of Climate, 25 (20), 7028-7045.
Trombetta, T., Vidussi, F., Mas, S., Parin, D., Simier, M. et al., 2019. Water temperature drives phytoplankton blooms in coastal waters. Plos one, 14 (4), e0214933.
Trombetta, T., Vidussi, F., Roques, C., Scotti, M., Mostajir, B., 2020. Marine Microbial Food Web Networks During Phytoplankton Bloom and Non-bloom Periods: Warming Favors Smaller Organism Interactions and Intensifies Trophic Cascade. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 502336.
Tsikliras, A.C., Stergiou, K.I., 2014. Mean temperature of the catch increases quickly in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 515, 281-284.
Tsikliras, A.C., Peristeraki, P., Tserpes, G., Stergiou, K.I., 2015. Mean temperature of the catch (MTC) in the Greek Seas based on landings and survey data. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2, 23.
Tsirintanis, K., Azzurro, E., Crocetta, F., Dimiza, M., Froglia, C. et al., 2022. Bioinvasion impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human health in the Mediterranean Sea. Aquatic invasions, 17 (3), 308-352.
Turicchia, E., Abbiati, M., Sweet, M., Ponti, M., 2018. Mass mortality hits gorgonian forests at Montecristo Island. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 131 (1), 79-85.
Turkozan, O., Almpanidou, V., Yılmaz, C., Mazaris, A.D., 2021. Extreme thermal conditions in sea turtle nests jeopardize reproductive output. Climatic Change, 167 (3-4), 1-16.
Tzanatos, E., Raitsos, D.E., Triantafyllou, G., Somarakis, S., Tsonis, A.A., 2014. Indications of a climate effect on Mediterranean fisheries. Climatic Change, 122 (1-2), 41-54. United Nations Environment Programme. (n.d.). Biological diversity in the Mediterranean. UNEP/MAP. Retrieved July 3, 2024, from https://www.unep.org/unepmap/resources/ factsheets/biological-diversity
Valente, S., Moro, S., Di Lorenzo, M., Milisenda, G., Maiorano, L. et al., 2023. Mediterranean fish communities are struggling to adapt to global warming. Evidence from the western coast of Italy. Marine Environmental Research, 191, 106176.
Van De Bildt, M.W.G., Vedder, E.J., Martina, B.E.E., Sidi, B.A., Jiddou, A.B. et al., 1999. Morbilliviruses in Mediterranean monk seals. Veterinary Microbiology, 69 (1-2), 19-21.
Vaquer-Sunyer, R., Duarte, C.M., 2013. Experimental Evaluation of the Response of Coastal Mediterranean Planktonic and Benthic Metabolism to Warming. Estuaries and Coasts, 36 (4), 697-707.
Vasilakopoulos, P., Raitsos, D.E., Tzanatos, E., Maravelias, C.D., 2017. Resilience and regime shifts in a marine biodiversity hotspot. Scientific reports, 7 (1), 13647.
Velaoras, D., Zervakis, V., Theocharis, A., 2021. The physical characteristics and dynamics of the Aegean water masses. In: The Aegean Sea Environment: The Natural System, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry; Anagnostou, C., Kostianoy, A., Mariolakos, I., Panayotidis, P., Soilemezidou, M., Tsaltas, G. (Eds), Springer Nature, pp. 1-19.
Vergés, A., Tomas, F., Cebrian, E., Ballesteros, E., Kizilkaya, Z. et al., 2014. Tropical rabbitfish and the deforestation of a warming temperate sea. Journal of Ecology, 102 (6), 1518-1527.
Vidussi, F., Mostajir, B., Fouilland, E., Le Floc’H, E., Nouguier, J. et al., 2011. Effects of experimental warming and increased ultraviolet B radiation on the Mediterranean plankton food web. Limnology and Oceanography, 56 (1), 206-218.
Villarino, E., Irigoien, X., Villate, F., Iriarte, A., Uriarte, I. et al., 2020. Response of copepod communities to ocean warming in three time-series across the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 636, 47-61.
Vrana, I., Gašparovi, B., Geček, S., Godrijan, J., Novak, T. et al., 2023. Successful acclimation of marine diatoms Chaetoceros curvisetus/pseudocurvisetus to climate change. Limnology and Oceanography, 68 (S1), S158-S173.
Wang, S., Jing, Z., Sun, D., Shi, J., Wu, L., 2022. A new model for isolating the marine heatwave changes under warming scenarios. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 39 (9), 1353-1366.
Wei, L., Guan, L., 2022. Seven-day sea surface temperature prediction using a 3DConv-LSTM model. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 905848.
Wernberg, T., Bennett, S., Babcock, R.C., De Bettignies, T., Cure, K. et al., 2016. Climate-driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem. Science, 353 (6295), 169-172.
Xoplaki, E., González-Rouco, J.F., Luterbacher, J., Wanner, H., 2003. Mediterranean summer air temperature variability and its connection to the large-scale atmospheric circulation and SSTs. Climate dynamics, 20, 723-739.
Xu, T., Newman, M., Capotondi, A., Stevenson, S., Di Lorenzo, E. et al., 2022. An increase in marine heatwaves without significant changes in surface ocean temperature variability. Nature Communications, 13 (1), 7396.
Yebra, L., Puerto, M., Valcárcel-Pérez, N., Putzeys, S., Gómez-Jakobsen, F. et al., 2022. Spatio-temporal variability of the zooplankton community in the SW Mediterranean 1992-2020: Linkages with environmental drivers. Progress in Oceanography, 203, 102782.
Zanetta, F., Nerini, D., Beucler, T., Liniger, M.A., 2023. Physics- constrained deep learning postprocessing of temperature and humidity. Artificial Intelligence for the Earth Systems, 2 (4), e220089.
Zentner, Y., Rovira, G., Margarit, N., Ortega, J., Casals, D. et al., 2023. Marine protected areas in a changing ocean: Adaptive management can mitigate the synergistic effects of local and climate change impacts. Biological Conservation, 282, 110048.
Zervoudaki, S., Protopapa, M., Koutsandrea, A., Jansson, A., von Weissenberg, E. et al., 2024. Zooplankton responses to simulated marine heatwave in the Mediterranean Sea using in situ mesocosms. Plos one, 19 (8), e0308846.
Zgouridou, A., Tripidaki, E., Giantsis, I.A., Theodorou, J.A., Kalaitzidou, M. et al., 2022. The current situation and potential effects of climate change on the microbial load of marine bivalves of the Greek coastlines: An integrative review. Environmental Microbiology, 24 (3), 1012-1034.
Zhu, Y., Zhang, R.H., Moum, J.N., Wang, F., Li, X. et al., 2022. Physics-informed deep-learning parameterization of ocean vertical mixing improves climate simulations. National Science Review, 9 (8), nwac044.
